Midterm Key Terms

Question 1

Hierarchy and Hegemony

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sukarno & Suharto

Answer 2

Sukarno was Indonesia’s first president , formed the national party of Indonesia, one of the founding fathers. He opposed capitalism.
Suharto was the 2nd president, he took power after a coup and was friendly towards the US.

Question 3

Kellog-Braind Pact

Answer 3

1928
Named after US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand
Signatories include Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States and many other countries
Renounce war [not just aggressive war] and prohibit use of war as “an instrument of national policy”

Question 4

Sino-Soviet alliance

Answer 4

ROC
August 14 1945
Collaborate in war against Japan
Administration of Dairen by China; but harbor-master will be Russian; and free lease of one-half of port to USSR for 30 years
Joint USSR-ROC use of Port Arthur as a naval base in order to strengthen security against further Japanese aggression
Recognition of independence of Outer Mongolia

PRC:
Feb 1950
Undertake jointly necessary measures to prevent resumption of aggression & violation of peace by Japan or any other state that may collaborate with Japan
•USSR provide $300 million loan to China
•Mandate return to Chinese control Port Arthur, Dairen, and major railroads
•Joint stock companies for resources in Xinjiang
•Exclude non-Soviet foreigners from Xinjiang & Manchuria

Question 5

Russo JP War

Answer 5

The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria and the seas around Korea, Japan and the Yellow Sea.

Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for their navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok was operational only during the summer, whereas Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by China, was operational all year. Since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, negotiations between Russia and Japan proved impractical.[

Question 6

1% GNP ceiling

Answer 6

In 1976, then Prime Minister Miki Takeo announced defense spending should be maintained within 1% of Japan’s gross domestic product (GDP), a ceiling that was observed until 1986. As of 2005, Japan’s military budget was maintained at about 3% of the national budget; about half is spent on personnel costs, while the rest is for weapons programs, maintenance and operating costs. As of 2015, Japan currently has the sixth largest defense budget in the world.

Question 7

Ichiro Hatoyama

Answer 7

Prime Minister: 1954 - 1956
Favor revision of constitution to possess defense forces
More independent foreign policy –normalize relations with Soviet Union, but US block compromise with USSR on territorial dispute

Question 8

Japan-China Peace and Friendship Treaty

Answer 8

August 1978
Neither party seek hegemony in Asia-Pacific region or in any other region; and each opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to seek such hegemony
Good-neighborly & friendly spirit; principles of equality & mutual benefit and non-interference; develop economic & cultural relations
Not affect relations of either party with third countries
[Shelve Diaoyu/Senkaku Island dispute]
[1979 –start of Japan’s yen loans to China]

Question 9

Qing Empire

Answer 9

1644 - 1912
Conquest of China by the Manchus
Universal rulership and imperial dominance
Preservation of ethnic distinctions
Not open to Western ideas
Most geographically expansive empire since Mongols

Question 10

ASEAN

Answer 10

ASEAN is a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic integration amongst its members. Since its formation on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, the organisation’s membership has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and Vietnam. Its principal aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, and sociocultural evolution among its members, alongside the protection of regional stability and the provision of a mechanism for member countries to resolve differences peacefully.

Question 11

Port Arthur

Answer 11

In 1896, Russia sign secret defense treaty with China
In 1898, Russia signs 25-year lease on Liaodong Peninsula and sets up naval station at Port Arthur
In 1899, Russia begin railway construction from Harbin to Port Arthur
In 1900, Russia joins international intervention to quell Boxer Rebellion; sends 177,000 troops to Manchuria

Japan launches surprise attack against Port Arthur Feb 4, 1904; declare war 3 hours later
Russia recognizes Japan’s sphere of influence over Korea, leaves Manchuria, transfers lease on Port Arthur, and cedes half of Sakhalin
1910, Japan “annexes” Korea into its empire

Question 12

Koizumi Junichiro and Abe Shinzo

Answer 12

Prime Minister before Abe,
Koizumi led the LDP to win one of the largest parliamentary majorities in modern Japanese history. Koizumi also attracted international attention through his deployment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to Iraq, and through his visits to Yasukuni Shrine.

Question 13

Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping

Answer 13

Last 3 rulers of China

Question 14

Three Non Nuclear Principles

Answer 14

Has guided Japanese nuclear policy since their inception in the late 1960s, and reflect general public sentiment and national policy since the end of World War II. The tenets state that Japan shall neither possess nor manufacture nuclear weapons, nor shall it permit their introduction into Japanese territory. The principles were outlined by Prime Minister Eisaku Satō in a speech to the House of Representatives in 1967 amid negotiations over the return of Okinawa from the United States. The Diet formally adopted the principles in 1971.

1. To promote the peaceful use of nuclear power,
2. To work toward global nuclear disarmament,
3. To rely on the extended U.S. nuclear deterrent
4. To support the Three Non-Nuclear Principles.

Question 15

Manchuria

Answer 15

F

Question 16

Open door policy

Answer 16

In China’s modern day economic history the Open Door Policy refers to the new policy announced by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China.[2] Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were set up in 1980 in his belief that in order to modernize China’s industry and boost its economy, it needed to welcome foreign direct investment. Chinese economic policy then shifted to encouraging and supporting foreign trade & investment. It is the turning point in China economic fortune that truly started China on the path to becoming The World’s Factory.

Question 17

Triple Intervention

Answer 17

Triple Intervention was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on April 23 1895 over the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki (Korea recognized) signed between Japan and Qing Dynasty China that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.

Question 18

Liaotung Peninsula

Answer 18

The peninsula was an important area of conflict during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), which the Japanese won. Defeat precipitated decline in the Chinese Qing dynasty which was exploited by colonial powers who extracted numerous concessions. The peninsula was ceded to Japan, along with Taiwan and Penghu, by the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 17 April 1895. However the ceding of Liaodong peninsula was rescinded after the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895 by Russia, France and Germany. In the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy.

Question 19

Nomonhan

Answer 19

The Battles of Khalkhyn Gol were the decisive engagements of the undeclared Soviet–Japanese border conflicts fought among the Soviet Union, Mongolia and the Empire of Japan in 1939. The conflict was named after the river Khalkhyn Gol, which passes through the battlefield. In Japan, the decisive battle of the conflict is known as the Nomonhan Incident after a nearby village on the border between Mongolia and Manchuria. The battles resulted in the defeat of the Japanese Sixth Army.

Question 20

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)

Answer 20

ARF is a formal, official, multilateral, dialogue in the Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it consists of twenty-seven participants. ARF’s objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and to promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region. The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current participants in the ARF are: all ASEAN members, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Timor-Leste, the United States, and Sri Lanka

Question 21

Tributary System

Answer 21

In ancient China, the tribute system provided an administrative means to control their interests, as well as providing exclusive trading priorities to those who paid tribute from foreign regions. (Siam etc…)

Question 22

Tianamen Crackdown

Answer 22

Fucked June 4, 1989
•US: suspension of military-to-military cooperation, high-level leadership exchanges, export licenses (for defense equipment, satellites, nuclear production); and restrictions on foreign aid
•Japan: freeze of yen loans and grant aid to China
•Tarnish international image of China

Question 23

Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands

Answer 23

JP View:
Formally annex Senkaku Islands in January 1895
US administer Senkakus 1945-72 as part of Ryukyu Islands
US transfer administration of Senkaku Islands to Japan with Okinawa reversion agreement of 1971
China raise claim only after discovery of petroleum resources in the late 1960s
PRC no mention of issue during 1972 normalization talks
China View:
•Part of Chinese territory since 1534
•Japan took control of islands during 1894-95 Sino-Japanese War
•Potsdam Declaration (terms of Japan’s surrender) of July 1945 require Japan to give control of islands to China (reference to “minor islands”)
•Shelve issue temporarily during conclusion of China-Japan Peace & Friendship Treaty of 1978

Question 24

21 demands

Answer 24

1915
Confirm Japanese acquisitions in Shandong peninsula
Japan’s sphere of influence over southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia & control over southern Manchurian railway
No more coastal or island concessions by China to other foreign powers (except Japan)
Japanese advisors in Chinese government and Japanese administration over police

Question 25

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Answer 25

Deepens Military Trust
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an international alliance that consists of 6 member states and 5 observers from Eurasia. It was established on 26 April 1996 as Shanghai Five. Of the 6 member states and 5 observers, SCO currently also have 3 dialogue partners and 3 guest attendance entries.

Question 26

SEATO

Answer 26

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines.
The formal institution of SEATO was established on 19 February 1955.
Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left long-standing effects in Southeast Asia. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost interest and withdrew.

Question 27

Japan-China Communique

Answer 27

Japan: Recognize PRC is sole legal gov’t of China
China: Taiwan is inalienable part of PRC territory
China & Japan: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs; peaceful settlement of disputes
[China refrains from seeking reparations; Japan states “deep reflection” about the past]

Question 28

Offensive verse Defensive Realisim

Answer 28

D

Question 29

Yoshida Doctrine

Answer 29

Signed after WW2 and shapes JP’s foreign policy
Japan sign’s security and peace treaty with the US
US bases on JP
Limited rearmament
Concentrate on economic reconstruction

Question 30

Washington Treaty System

Answer 30

Experiment with Multilateral Collective Security Arrangement
Alternative to Balance of Power System
Washington Conference: Nov 1921 to Feb 1922
Treaties in the Washington Treaty System:
Four-Power Pacific Treaty (US, Britain, France, Japan)
Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (US, Britain, Japan, France, & Italy
Nine-Power Treaty on China (US, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, & China)

Reasons it failed:
Rise of Japanese militant nationalism and seizure of “Manchuria” in 1931
Global economic crisis & protectionism
Turbulence in China, and rise of Chinese nationalism
Exclusion of Soviet Union and Germany
Contradiction between Wilsonian internationalism and imperialism

Question 31

Northern Territories

Answer 31

Disputed territories between Japan and Russia
like other islands in the Kuril chain that are not in dispute, were annexed by Soviet forces during the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation at the end of World War II. The disputed islands are under Russian administration as the South Kuril District of the Sakhalin Oblast. They are claimed by Japan, which refers to them as its Northern Territories.

Question 32

Acheson Line

Answer 32

January 12 1950
Defensive perimeter “runs along the Aleutians to Japan … and to the Ryukyus…” and “from Ryukyus to the Philippine Islands”
“other areas in the Pacific…no person can guarantee these areas against military attack”
[June 1949, US withdrawal military forces from Republic of Korea]

Question 33

Rebalance to the pacific

Answer 33

Leon Panetta 2012
Promote international rules and order to advance peace and security in the region
Modernize and strengthen US alliances and partnerships in the region
Enhance and adapt the U.S. military’s enduring presence in the region
Make new investments in capabilities needed to project power and operate in the Asia-Pacific

Question 34

Article 9

Answer 34

Article 9 of the JP Constitution is a clause in the national Constitution of Japan outlawing war as a means to settle international disputes involving the state. The Constitution came into effect on May 3, 1947, following World War II.

Question 35

Taiwan Relations Act

Answer 35

April 10 1979
Authorize diplomatic ties through American Institute in Taiwan
Treat Taiwan under US laws same as “foreign countries, nations, states, governments, or similar entities”
“consider any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means, including by boycotts or embargoes, a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific area and of grave concern to the United States”
Provide Taiwan arms of defensive character
US maintain capacity to resist force or coercion against Taiwan

Question 36

APEC

Answer 36

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. It was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional trade blocs in other parts of the world; to defuse fears that highly industrialised Japan (a member of G8) would come to dominate economic activity in the Asia-Pacific region; and to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe.

An annual APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting is attended by the heads of government of all APEC members except Taiwan (which is represented by a ministerial-level official under the name Chinese Taipei as economic leader). The location of the meeting rotates annually among the member economies, and a famous tradition, followed for most (but not all) summits, involves the attending leaders dressing in a national costume of the host country.

Question 37

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 37

24 character policy:
Observe calmly; secure our position; cope with affairs calmly; hide our capacities and bide our time; be good at maintaining a low profile; and never claim leadership” (US translation)
12-character explanation: “Enemy troops are outside the walls. They are stronger than we. We should be mainly on the defensive.”

Question 38

Liberal Hegemony

Answer 38

Hegemonic stability theory (HST) is a theory of international relations, rooted in research from the fields of political science, economics, and history. HST indicates that the international system is more likely to remain stable when a single nation-state is the dominant world power, or hegemon.
Reluctant Hegemony: “an empire by invitation”
Openness and “voice opportunities”
Institutionalism: more legitimate and stable hegemonic order
Fickleness rather than reluctance?
Unilateralism and tolerance of authoritarian regimes if they serve US material interests
Opposition or weak support for regional institutions in East Asia; greater support for global institutions and European institutions

Question 39

Off-shore balancing

Answer 39

Contain and prevent China from achieving regional hegemony
Get other countries to assume burden of containing an aspiring regional hegemon (e.g., India, Japan, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Vietnam, the Philippines, etc)
Costs less money than global dominance so US is better prepared to face true threats

Question 40

Anglo-JP alliance

Answer 40

Anglo-Japanese Alliance, (1902–23), alliance that bound Britain and Japan to assist one another in safeguarding their respective interests in China and Korea. Directed against Russian expansionism in the Far East, it was a cornerstone of British and Japanese policy in Asia until after World War I.

Question 41

Pacific Pact

Answer 41

TTP:
is a trade agreement among twelve of the Pacific Rim countries - notably not including China. The finalized proposal was signed on 4 February 2016 in Auckland, New Zealand, concluding seven years of negotiations. It is currently awaiting ratification to enter into force. The 30 chapters of the agreement aim to “promote economic growth; support the creation and retention of jobs; enhance innovation, productivity and competitiveness; raise living standards; reduce poverty in the signatories’ countries; and promote transparency, good governance, and enhanced labor and environmental protections.”[5] The TPP contains measures to lower both non-tariff and tariff barriers to trade,[6] and establish an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism.

Question 42

US-China Shanghai Communique

Answer 42

August 17, 1982
US gov’t attaches great importance to its relations with China, and reiterates that it has no intention of infringing on Chinese sovereignty & territorial integrity, or interfering in China’s internal affairs, or pursuing a policy of two Chinas or one China, one Taiwan.
US arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed, either in qualitative or in quantitative terms, level of recent years and US intends to reduce arms sales over a period of time to a final resolution.

Question 43

Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism

Answer 43

Realism: Establish and preserve a favorable balance of power in the Asia-Pacific
Liberalism:
Opening up of trade and investment
Encourage democratization [but tolerate anti-communist authoritarian states]
Support integration of friendly states into global international institutions
Constructivism: Ends and means of strategy shaped by liberal national identity