Midterm Key Terms Flashcards
Hierarchy and Hegemony
D
Sukarno & Suharto
Sukarno was Indonesia’s first president , formed the national party of Indonesia, one of the founding fathers. He opposed capitalism.
Suharto was the 2nd president, he took power after a coup and was friendly towards the US.
Kellog-Braind Pact
1928
Named after US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand
Signatories include Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States and many other countries
Renounce war [not just aggressive war] and prohibit use of war as “an instrument of national policy”
Sino-Soviet alliance
ROC
August 14 1945
Collaborate in war against Japan
Administration of Dairen by China; but harbor-master will be Russian; and free lease of one-half of port to USSR for 30 years
Joint USSR-ROC use of Port Arthur as a naval base in order to strengthen security against further Japanese aggression
Recognition of independence of Outer Mongolia
PRC:
Feb 1950
Undertake jointly necessary measures to prevent resumption of aggression & violation of peace by Japan or any other state that may collaborate with Japan
•USSR provide $300 million loan to China
•Mandate return to Chinese control Port Arthur, Dairen, and major railroads
•Joint stock companies for resources in Xinjiang
•Exclude non-Soviet foreigners from Xinjiang & Manchuria
Russo JP War
The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria and the seas around Korea, Japan and the Yellow Sea.
Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for their navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok was operational only during the summer, whereas Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by China, was operational all year. Since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, negotiations between Russia and Japan proved impractical.[
1% GNP ceiling
In 1976, then Prime Minister Miki Takeo announced defense spending should be maintained within 1% of Japan’s gross domestic product (GDP), a ceiling that was observed until 1986. As of 2005, Japan’s military budget was maintained at about 3% of the national budget; about half is spent on personnel costs, while the rest is for weapons programs, maintenance and operating costs. As of 2015, Japan currently has the sixth largest defense budget in the world.
Ichiro Hatoyama
Prime Minister: 1954 - 1956
Favor revision of constitution to possess defense forces
More independent foreign policy –normalize relations with Soviet Union, but US block compromise with USSR on territorial dispute
Japan-China Peace and Friendship Treaty
August 1978
Neither party seek hegemony in Asia-Pacific region or in any other region; and each opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to seek such hegemony
Good-neighborly & friendly spirit; principles of equality & mutual benefit and non-interference; develop economic & cultural relations
Not affect relations of either party with third countries
[Shelve Diaoyu/Senkaku Island dispute]
[1979 –start of Japan’s yen loans to China]
Qing Empire
1644 - 1912
Conquest of China by the Manchus
Universal rulership and imperial dominance
Preservation of ethnic distinctions
Not open to Western ideas
Most geographically expansive empire since Mongols
ASEAN
ASEAN is a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic integration amongst its members. Since its formation on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, the organisation’s membership has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and Vietnam. Its principal aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, and sociocultural evolution among its members, alongside the protection of regional stability and the provision of a mechanism for member countries to resolve differences peacefully.
Port Arthur
In 1896, Russia sign secret defense treaty with China
In 1898, Russia signs 25-year lease on Liaodong Peninsula and sets up naval station at Port Arthur
In 1899, Russia begin railway construction from Harbin to Port Arthur
In 1900, Russia joins international intervention to quell Boxer Rebellion; sends 177,000 troops to Manchuria
Japan launches surprise attack against Port Arthur Feb 4, 1904; declare war 3 hours later
Russia recognizes Japan’s sphere of influence over Korea, leaves Manchuria, transfers lease on Port Arthur, and cedes half of Sakhalin
1910, Japan “annexes” Korea into its empire
Koizumi Junichiro and Abe Shinzo
Prime Minister before Abe,
Koizumi led the LDP to win one of the largest parliamentary majorities in modern Japanese history. Koizumi also attracted international attention through his deployment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to Iraq, and through his visits to Yasukuni Shrine.
Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping
Last 3 rulers of China
Three Non Nuclear Principles
Has guided Japanese nuclear policy since their inception in the late 1960s, and reflect general public sentiment and national policy since the end of World War II. The tenets state that Japan shall neither possess nor manufacture nuclear weapons, nor shall it permit their introduction into Japanese territory. The principles were outlined by Prime Minister Eisaku Satō in a speech to the House of Representatives in 1967 amid negotiations over the return of Okinawa from the United States. The Diet formally adopted the principles in 1971.
- To promote the peaceful use of nuclear power,
- To work toward global nuclear disarmament,
- To rely on the extended U.S. nuclear deterrent
- To support the Three Non-Nuclear Principles.
Manchuria
F
Open door policy
In China’s modern day economic history the Open Door Policy refers to the new policy announced by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China.[2] Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were set up in 1980 in his belief that in order to modernize China’s industry and boost its economy, it needed to welcome foreign direct investment. Chinese economic policy then shifted to encouraging and supporting foreign trade & investment. It is the turning point in China economic fortune that truly started China on the path to becoming The World’s Factory.
Triple Intervention
Triple Intervention was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on April 23 1895 over the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki (Korea recognized) signed between Japan and Qing Dynasty China that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.
Liaotung Peninsula
The peninsula was an important area of conflict during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), which the Japanese won. Defeat precipitated decline in the Chinese Qing dynasty which was exploited by colonial powers who extracted numerous concessions. The peninsula was ceded to Japan, along with Taiwan and Penghu, by the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 17 April 1895. However the ceding of Liaodong peninsula was rescinded after the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895 by Russia, France and Germany. In the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy.
Nomonhan
The Battles of Khalkhyn Gol were the decisive engagements of the undeclared Soviet–Japanese border conflicts fought among the Soviet Union, Mongolia and the Empire of Japan in 1939. The conflict was named after the river Khalkhyn Gol, which passes through the battlefield. In Japan, the decisive battle of the conflict is known as the Nomonhan Incident after a nearby village on the border between Mongolia and Manchuria. The battles resulted in the defeat of the Japanese Sixth Army.
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
ARF is a formal, official, multilateral, dialogue in the Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it consists of twenty-seven participants. ARF’s objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and to promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region. The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current participants in the ARF are: all ASEAN members, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Timor-Leste, the United States, and Sri Lanka
Tributary System
In ancient China, the tribute system provided an administrative means to control their interests, as well as providing exclusive trading priorities to those who paid tribute from foreign regions. (Siam etc…)
Tianamen Crackdown
Fucked June 4, 1989
•US: suspension of military-to-military cooperation, high-level leadership exchanges, export licenses (for defense equipment, satellites, nuclear production); and restrictions on foreign aid
•Japan: freeze of yen loans and grant aid to China
•Tarnish international image of China
Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
JP View:
Formally annex Senkaku Islands in January 1895
US administer Senkakus 1945-72 as part of Ryukyu Islands
US transfer administration of Senkaku Islands to Japan with Okinawa reversion agreement of 1971
China raise claim only after discovery of petroleum resources in the late 1960s
PRC no mention of issue during 1972 normalization talks
China View:
•Part of Chinese territory since 1534
•Japan took control of islands during 1894-95 Sino-Japanese War
•Potsdam Declaration (terms of Japan’s surrender) of July 1945 require Japan to give control of islands to China (reference to “minor islands”)
•Shelve issue temporarily during conclusion of China-Japan Peace & Friendship Treaty of 1978
21 demands
1915
Confirm Japanese acquisitions in Shandong peninsula
Japan’s sphere of influence over southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia & control over southern Manchurian railway
No more coastal or island concessions by China to other foreign powers (except Japan)
Japanese advisors in Chinese government and Japanese administration over police
