Final

Question 1

Hatoyama Yukio

Answer 1

JP PM 2009 -2010
East Asian Community Proposal:
The central idea of my ‘East Asian community’ initiative is based upon reconciliation and cooperation in Europe
He resigned due to him not wanting to close bases in Oki

Question 2

FGP, Flying Geese Paradigim

Answer 2

is a view of Japanese scholars upon the technological development in Southeast Asia viewing Japan as a leading power. It was developed in the 1930s, but gained wider popularity in the 1960s after its author Kaname Akamatsu published his ideas in the Journal of Developing Economies.

Question 3

Agreed Framework of 1994 DRPK-US

Answer 3

North Korea freeze nuclear program & agree to enhanced IAEA safeguards
Both sides cooperate to replace DPRK’s graphite reactors with light-water reactors; and DPRK to receive annual shipments of heavy fuel oil
Both countries move toward full normalization of political & economic relations
Both sides work together for peace & security on nuclear-free Korean peninsula
Both sides work to strengthen the international nuclear non-proliferation regime
Collapsed in 2002 when Bush accuses DPRK of secretly enriching uranium

Question 4

Sunshine Policy by ROK President Kim Dae Jung

Answer 4

North Korea freeze nuclear program & agree to enhanced IAEA safeguards
Both sides cooperate to replace DPRK’s graphite reactors with light-water reactors; and DPRK to receive annual shipments of heavy fuel oil
Both countries move toward full normalization of political & economic relations
Both sides work together for peace & security on nuclear-free Korean peninsula
Both sides work to strengthen the international nuclear non-proliferation regime

Question 5

6 party talks

PRC, JP, DPRK, Russia, ROK, and US

Answer 5

Verifiable denuclearization; observe & realize 1992 Denuclearization Declaration
States respect North Korea’s right to peaceful use of nuclear energy
US & ROK declare no nuclear weapons on Korean peninsula
US affirm no intention to attack or invade North Korea & will provide security guarantee
US & Japan work to normalize relations with North Korea
5 Parties to promote economic cooperation with North Korea
Collapse in 2007 when US accuses DPRK of not providing full inventory list

Question 6

1992 Consensus

Answer 6

One China
Each side state intention to adhere to “one China principle” and work toward unification
Each side understand that a common definition of the “one China principle” would not be specified
Each side would express orally its own interpretation of the “one China principle

Question 7

Lee Teng-hui

Answer 7

Grew up in Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule
Graduate of Kyoto University
President of ROC: 1988-2000
Supports “Taiwanization”
Sees Chinese & Taiwanese identity as incompatible
Taiwan-China relations as state-to-state relations
Spiritual leader of Taiwan Solidarity Union, formed in 2001

Question 8

Bill Clinton’s 3 Nos

Answer 8

Don’t support independence of Taiwan
Don’t support one China-one Taiwan
Don’t believe Taiwan should be a member of any organization for which statehood is a requirement

Question 9

Chen Shui Bian

Answer 9

Taiwan
Democratic Progressive Party
CHEN support constitutional reform and a “peace referendum”

Question 10

Ma Ying-jeou

Answer 10

Taiwan
Support “1992 Consensus” as “one China with different interpretations”
“Three links”: direct shipping, direct flights, and direct mail
Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement –signed in June 2010
Promote closer economic ties between mainland China and Taiwan by removing trade & investment barriers

Question 11

Tsai Ing-wen

Answer 11

Current Taiwan President
Does not aknowledge the 1992 consensus
Maintain the status quo
Pursue the development of cross-strait relations based on the ROC constitutional order and the public will of the Taiwan people
Move forward cross-strait relations based on results of over 20 years of negotiations & exchanges between the two sides

Question 12

Air-Sea Battle Concept

Answer 12

Cross-domain synergy to gain access and freedom of operation
Air, sea, land, cyber, space
“Blind” enemy by destroying long-range surveillance & missile systems
Missile defense and missile suppression
Submarines and anti-submarine warfare
Improves US deterrence, but what about the security dilemma?
Real target is defense budget dollars?

Question 13

Anti-Access/Area Denial

Answer 13

Air-Sea Battle Concept (Eldridge Colby)
Offshore Control (T.X. Hammes)
Mutual denial/deterrence and limited accommodation with China
Offshore Balancing (Mearsheimer)

Question 14

UNCLOS

UN Convention on the Law Of Sea

Answer 14

stablishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources
Demarcation of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 200 nautical miles from coast or seabed of continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles
China: natural prolongation of continental shelf
Japan: median line if overlapping EEZs

Question 15

EEZ

Answer 15

UNCLOS: an island is “a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide”: an island has a territorial sea & EEZ
”[R]ocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone.” –but can have 12 mile territorial sea
Low-tide elevations (LTEs) –no territorial sea or EEZ

Question 16

South China Sea Economic Resources

Answer 16

Oil: estimate between 28 to 213 billion barrels (Saudi Arabia reserves estimate to be 267 billion barrels); no proven oil estimates
Natural Gas: high estimates 900-2,000 trillion cubic feet (Russian reserves estimated to be 1,680 trillion cubic feet); proven about 4-6 trillion near Spratly Islands
Rich fishing grounds: Chinese-Vietnamese-Filipino conflicts over fishing

Question 17

Freedom of Navigation OPS

Answer 17

Triton –one of the Chinese controlled islands in the Paracels (naturally formed feature, not an artificial island)
30 January 2016, US destroyer Curtis Wilbur sail within 12 nautical miles (territorial waters) as innocent passage
US challenge Chinese claim that permission needed to transit through territorial waters and the use of straight baselines to determine territorial waters of Paracel Islands

Question 18

Paracel Islands (NW of Spratly Islands)

Answer 18

Over 30 islets, reefs, and sandbanks
Spread over 15,000 square kilometers of water
Under administration of Hainan Province of PRC, but claimed by Vietnam and ROC
1974 China gain control of all Paracel Islands after military conflict with South Vietnam

Question 19

Spratly Islands

Answer 19

750 islands, reefs, atolls
Land area less than 5 square kilometers; spread over 425,000 square kilometers of water
45 islands and reefs occupied by PRC, ROC, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia

Question 20

Ienaga Saburō

Answer 20

JP historian
published textbooks but censored what they said were factual errors and matters of opinion, regarding Japanese war crimes. Ienaga undertook a series of lawsuits against the Ministry for violation of his freedom of speech. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999 and 2001

Question 21

Yasukuni Shrine

Answer 21

Established in 1869 originally to “console the spirits” of those who fought & died for imperial cause during Meiji Restoration
Renamed Yasukuni Jinja (Shrine of the Peaceful Land) in 1879 at suggestion of Emperor Meiji
Honored ordinary soldiers who died in battle, of battle wounds, in detention, or of illness
Enshrinement: add name to “Book of Souls” –transform individual souls to deity attached to nation
Under military jurisdiction –part of State Shinto

Question 22

Koizumi Junichiro

Answer 22

JP Prime Minister who visited Yasukuni 6 times

Question 23

Murayama Statement

Answer 23

on August 15, 1995. In it, he apologized for the damage and suffering caused by Japan to its Asian neighbors

Question 24

Yasuhiro Nakasone

Answer 24

he is best known for helping to revitalize Japanese nationalism during and after his term as prime minister. Attempted to deinshrine Class A War Criminals but failed

Question 25

Asian Women Fund

Answer 25

Established in July 1995 at the initiative of the Murayama government
Public-private effort to provide redress to CW survivors and to promote education
Letter of apology from prime minister
Atonement money: ¥2 million ($20,000) for each survivor plus medical welfare support
Rejection by Korean Council because not legal compensation, but rather charity
Nationalistic backlash in Japan

Question 26

East Asian Community

Answer 26

is a proposed trade bloc for the East Asian and Southeast Asian countries that may arise out of either ASEAN Plus Three or the East Asia Summit (EAS).
The central idea of my ‘East Asian community’ initiative is based upon reconciliation and cooperation in Europe.

Question 27

ASEAN plus 3

Answer 27

ASEAN ROK JP and China promoted by China

Free Trade

Question 28

RCEP

Answer 28

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a so-called mega-regional economic agreement being negotiated between the 10 ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) governments and their six FTA partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea.

Question 29

Asian Monetary Fund

Answer 29

Summer 1997: sharp drop in value of Thai, Malaysian, Philippine, & Indonesia currencies (precipitated by increase in foreign debt to GDP ratios)
Fall 1997: sharp drop in South Korean currency
Japan takes lead to create consortium to provide capital to Thailand in late summer after US balks
Japan floats idea of Asian Monetary Fund
After crisis spreads to South Korea, US much more proactive

Question 30

Rare Earth Elements REE

Answer 30

China dominates REE exports
Deng Xiaoping reported to have said in 1990s: “the Middle East has oil and China has rare earths.”
What does this mean or imply?
Gives China an economic advantage?
China can use rare earth elements to gain political leverage?
Or just a neutral statement of fact
Uses: rechargeable batteries; illuminated screens; high-quality glass; defense systems; etc

Question 31

APEC

Answer 31

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.

Question 32

Chiang Mai Initiative currency swap agreement

Answer 32

The initiative began as a series of bilateral swap arrangements after the ASEAN Plus Three countries met on 6 May 2000 in Chiang Mai, Thailand, at an annual meeting of the Asian Development Bank. After 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, member countries started this initiative to manage regional short-term liquidity problems and to facilitate the work of other international financial arrangements and organisations like International Monetary Fund.

Question 33

Crony Capitalism

Answer 33

is a term describing an economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks, or other forms of state interventionism.

Question 34

Democratic Progressive Party

Answer 34

Taiwan ruling party

Question 35

Taiwan Relations Act

Answer 35

enacted 1979
s an act of the United States Congress. Since the recognition of the People’s Republic of China, the Act has defined the substantial but non-diplomatic relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan.

Question 36

Kim Dae Jung

Answer 36

Brought ROK out of their financial crisis