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midterm key terms Flashcards

1
Q

microbiome

A

human body consists of multiple organisms (gut bacteria). microbiomes exist everywhere

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2
Q

prokaryotes

A

single celled, simplistic structure and function, bacteria live everywhere, archaea live in mainly extreme environments

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3
Q

eukaryotes

A

single celled or multicellular, complex internal structures and functions, more limited environments

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4
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

a large eukaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryote

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5
Q

biotic factors

A

living factors in an ecosystem

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6
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving factors in an ecosystem

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7
Q

autotroph

A

make their own food

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8
Q

heterotroph

A

eats others as food; primary, secondary, tertiary, and consumers

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9
Q

producers

A

make their own food

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10
Q

consumers

A

have to ingest food

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11
Q

competition

A

+/+ both species are harmed

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12
Q

exploitation

A

+/- one species benefits, & other is harmed

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13
Q

commensalism

A

+/0 where one species benefits at no cost to the other

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14
Q

mutualism

A

+/+ both species benefit

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15
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with motion

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16
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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17
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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18
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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19
Q

food chain

A

smaller links grass-> humans

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20
Q

food web

A

larger links; many species

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21
Q

evolution

A

descent with modification

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22
Q

mutation

A

changes in the DNA sequence of a cell’s genome, resulting in changes in the organism

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23
Q

gene flow

A

genetic exchange between population

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24
Q

endotoxins

A

lipopolysaccharides; structural molecules only released into the host if the bacterial cell dies

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25
exotoxins
mostly proteins which are produced and secreted mainly as a defense
26
pickling
acidic vinegar kills microbes
27
preserving
sugar prevents microbial growth
28
canning
food is heated then sealed
29
drying
nothing grows without water
30
salting
high salinity kills microbes
31
preservatives
chemicals kill microbes
32
green algae
no adaptations for land, can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial, often have both asexual and sexual means of reproduction
33
bryophytes
the first land plants, found in moist environments, surface is covered in waxy coating to prevent water loss, absorb water by diffusion, no true
34
ferns
surface covered in waxy coating, absorb water through roots, xylem & phloem found throughout plant for nutrient transport
35
gymnosperms
gymnos (naked) sperma (seeds), most ancient seed bearing vascular plants, typically evergreen, roots and stomates present
36
angiosperms (flowering plants)
angio (container) sperma (seeds)- seeds enclosed in fruits, flowering plants, very commercially important, stomata, true roots
37
monoecious
male and female flowers occur on a single plant
38
dioecious
male and female flowers occur on two separate plants
39
photosynthesis
autotrophs produce their own food ultimate product= glucose 1. light dependent 2. light independent
40
light dependent reactions
take place in thylakoids, products: ATP, NADPH, & Oxygen
41
light independent reactions
Calvin cycle, take place in the stroma, carbon dioxide becomes glucose through carbon fixation
42
homologous structures
characteristics present in the ancestral organism, that have been modified over time
43
analogous structures
characteristics with similar functions that evolved independently not from a common ancestor
44
cellular respiration
production of energy in organisms at the cellular level
45
aerobic cellular respiration
oxygen is present; heterotrophs consume glucose and need to break it down; autotrophs run both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
46
anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
oxygen is absent, ATP is made (IDLY)
47
glycolysis
occurs outside of the mitochondria in the cell's cytoplasm; glucose is split in half-> 2 pyruvate molecules (2 ATP molecules are created)
48
krebs cycle
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, 2 pyruvate are broken down & its protons/ electrons are used to make NADH and FADH
49
electron transport chain
the stage with the highest energy production
50
atp synthase
creates adp-> atp using protons removed from fadh
51
anaerobic cellular respiration
oxygen: production of bread/ alcohol fermentation: lactic acid, ethanol fermentation
52
alcohol respiration
in yeast cells, cells switch to alcohol fermentation. in bread-making the ethanol produced typically evaporates and the co2 creates holes in bread
53
lactic acid respiration
in humans our cells switch to lactic acid fermentation; production of lactate and nad+
54
macromolecules
polymers, repetitive arrangements of small organic molecules called monomers
55
monomer
smallest version
56
polymer
multiple/ large versions of the biological molecule
57
carbohydrates
monosaccharides have molecular formula that are multiples of ch20; glucose is most common monosaccharide
58
lipids
steroids, fatty acids, phospholipids
59
saturated fats
common in meat/ saturated by single bonds between H-C on the molecule
60
unsaturated fats
common in plants/ unsaturated because they have 1 or more double bonds between hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms on the chain
61
cholesterol
HDL= good cholesterol LDL= bad cholesterol
62
hydrogenation
process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
63
nucleic acids
monomer= nucleic acids (acts) polymer= dna or rna
64
proteins
monomer= amino acid polymer= protein 4 levels of structure= amino acid chain, beta pleated sheet, folding of polypeptide chain, multiple peptides

bisc 1005 (2 decks)

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