final bisc terms Flashcards
1
Q
monomers/ polymers of lipids
A
glycerol & fatty acids/ lipids
2
Q
monomers/ polymers of nucleic acids
A
nucleotide/ dna rna (nucleic acid)
3
Q
nutrition label
A
lists nutritional content, serving size, and calories for a recommended serving of food
4
Q
carbohydrates
A
monosaccharides have molecular formula that are multiples of ch20; glucose is most common monosaccharide
5
Q
protein
A
monomer= amino acid
polymer= protein
4 levels of structure= amino acid chain, beta pleated sheet, folding of polypeptide chain, multiple peptides
6
Q
saturated fats
A
common in meat/ saturated by single bonds between H-C on the molecules
7
Q
unsaturated fats
A
common in plants/ unsaturated because they have 1 or more double bonds between hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms on the chain
8
Q
enzyme
A
speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells
9
Q
lock and key model
A
substrates fit into an enzyme the way a key fits into a lock; if the substrate is not the correct shape, it won’t fit into the enzyme
10
Q
substrate
A
the base on which an organism lives
11
Q
optimal temperature and pH of enzymes
A
activity of enzymes is greatest when pH is between 5 &7. ideal temperature is between 20-35 degrees celsius
12
Q
primary structure
A
amino acid sequence
13
Q
secondary structure
A
local interactions between stretches of a polypeptide chain (a helix and b pleated sheet)
14
Q
tertiary structure
A
3 dimension folding driven by large interactions between R groups
15
Q
essential v/s nonessential amino acids
A
nonessential= amino acids made by the body
essential= amino acids that cannot be made by the body
16
Q
codon
A
sequence of 3 nucleotides which come together to form a unit of genetic code in DNA or RNA molecule
17
Q
dehydration synthesis
A
creation of lager molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released
18
Q
hydrolysis
A
water is used break down a compound
19
Q
central dogma
A
dna-> rna-> protein
flow of genetic information
20
Q
transcription
A
process of making an rna copy of a gene’s dna sequence
21
Q
translation
A
processing of an mRNA script into a protein
22
Q
peptide
A
short chain of amino acids
23
Q
polypeptide
A
continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
24
Q
what makes a functional protein?
A
the unique amino acid sequence of a protein is reflected in its unique folded structure
25
prion
abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins called prion proteins in the brain
26
channel protein
protein that allows the transport of a specific substance across a cell membrane
27
chaperone protein
functionally related group of protein assisting protein folding in the cell under stressful conditions
28
digestion
process that converts nutrients in ingested food in forms that can be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract
29
absorption
process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body
30
chemical digestion
uses certain enzymes to break down nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats into smaller particles
31
mechanical digestion
physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to undergo chemical digestion
32
salivary amylase
glucose-polymer cleavage enzyme that is produced by the salivary glands
33
bolus
ball-like mix of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during chewing
34
chyme
thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and small intestine during digestion
35
taste bud anatomy
tiny sensory organs that allow you to experience taste
36
olfactory bulb
structure located in the forebrain that receives neural Input about odors sensed in the nasal cavity
37
5 qualities of taste
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
38
peristalsis
movement of muscles that line the gastrointestinal tract. moves food through the digestive system, throat-> esophagus -> stomach -> intestines
39
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) is a common condition in which the stomach contents move up into the esophagus
40
gastric reflux
gerd is a more serious version of gastric reflux, occurs after meals or after lying down
41
protease
enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides
42
pepsin
stomach enzyme that digests proteins that are found in ingested food
43
stomach
muscular organ part of the digestive system, which work together to take in food and liquid to break it down and absorb nutrients
44
pyloric sphincter
Bottom of stomach, muscular value that allows food to pass from the stomach to the top of the small intestine
45
villi/microvilli
cells on the villi are packed fully of tiny hairlike structures Called this ___; helps increase the surface of each individual cell
46
celiac disease
caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten; gluten is found in bread
47
accessory/ secretion organs
teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, bile, glands, and pancreas; facilitate the process of digestion/ each stores or secretes substances
48
bile
alkaline fluid that aids in digestion that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
49
detox
getting rid of waste from the body
50
osmosis
diffusion through water
51
simple diffusion
movement of substances from higher to lower concentration
52
facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules along the concentration gradient
53
active transport
movement of substances with energy
54
channel protein
protein that allows the transport of substances across a cell membrane
55
endocytosis
process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell and engulf them in a vesicle
56
exocytosis
cells move materials from within the cell into the cell exterior
57
hypertonic
external solution that has high solute and low water concentration (solvent)
58
isotonic
external solution that has the same solute and solvent
59
hypotonic
external solution with low solute and more solvent
60
the plasma membrane
the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior contents of the cell from the outside
61
ingestion
taking in food
62
digestion
converts nutrients in ingested food into forms that can absorbed by the digestive tract
63
absorption
the digestive tract absorbs nutrients from digested food
64
elimination
removal of something
65
how do humans pre digest food?
the food is broken down by the teeth and moistened by the saliva to make it easy to swallow
66
the effect of fire and cooking on food and nutrition
exposing foods to high levels of heat, light, and oxygen can cause it to lose its nutrients
67
lactose intolerance
when body cannot digest lactose
68
food allergy
immune reaction to proteins in the food
69
food intolerance
difficulty digesting certain foods
70
autoimmune disorder
body's natural defense system can't tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells, causing the body to mistakenly attack normal cells
71
anaphylactic shock
life threatening allergic reaction that can develop rapidly
72
horticulture
practice of garden cultivation and management
73
pastoralism
method of subsistence that involves raising animals in grassland
74
artificial selection
evolutionary process in which humans select for or against particular features in organisms
75
selective breeding
choosing parents of particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring of desired characteristics
76
genetically modified organisms (gmos)
animal plant or microbe whose dna has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
77
crispr cas 9
enables the editing of the genome by removing, adding, or altering parts of dna sequence
78
microbiome
human body consists of multiple organisms (gut bacteria); microbiomes exist everywhere
79
prokaryotes
single celled, simplistic structure and function, bacteria live everywhere, archaea live mainly in extreme environments
80
eukaryotes
single or multicellular organisms, complex internal structures and functions, more limited environments
81
endosymbiotic theory
large eukaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryote
82
biotic factors
living factors in an ecosystem
83
abiotic factors
nonliving factors in an ecosystem
84
autotroph
make their own food
85
heterotroph
eats others as food; primary, secondary, tertiary consumers
86
producers
make their own food
87
consumers
have to ingest food
88
competition
+/+ both species are harmed
89
exploitation
+/- one species benefits, & other is harmed
90
commensalism
+/0 where one species benefits at no cost to the other
91
mutualism
+/+ both species benefit
92
kinetic energy
energy associated with motion
93
thermal energy
kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
94
potential energy
energy that matter possess because of its location or structure
95
chemical energy
potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
96
food chain
smaller links grass -> humans
97
food web
larger links; many species
98
evolution
descent with modification
99
mutualism
changes in the dna sequence of a cell's genome, resulting in changes in the organism
100
gene flow
genetic exchange between population
101
endotoxins
lipopolysaccharides; structural molecules only released into the host if the bacterial cells die
102
exotoxins
mostly proteins which are produced and secreted mainly as a defense
103
pickling
acidic vinegar kills microbes
104
preserving
sugar prevents microbial growth
105
canning
food is heated then sealed
106
drying
nothing grows without water
107
salting
high salinity kills microbes
108
preservatives
chemicals kill microbes
109
green algae
no adaptations for land, can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial, often have both asexual and sexual means of production
110
bryophytes
the first land plants, found in moist environments, surface is covered in waxy coating to prevent water loss, absorb water by diffusion, no true
111
ferns
surface covered in waxy coating, absorb water through roots, xylem & phloem found throughout plant for nutrient transport
112
gymnosperms
gymnos (naked) sperma (seeds), most ancient seed bearing vascular plants, typically evergreen, roots and stomates present
113
angiosperms (flowering plants)
angio (container) sperma (seeds)- seeds enclosed in fruits, flowering plants, very commercially important, stomata, true roots
114
monoecious
male and female flowers occur on a single plant
115
dioecious
male and female flowers occur on two separate plants
116
photosynthesis
autotrophs produce their own food
ultimate product= glucose
1. light dependent
2. light independent
117
light dependent reaction
take place in thylakoids, products: ATP, NADPH, & oxygen
118
light independent reactions
Calvin cycle, take place in the stroma, carbon dioxide becomes glucose through carbon fixation
119
homologous structures
characteristics present in the ancestral organism, that have been modified over time
120
analogous structures
characteristics with similar functions that evolved independently not from a common ancestor
121
cellular respiration
production of energy in organisms at the cellular level
122
aerobic cellular respiration
oxygen is present; heterotrophs consume glucose and need to break it down; autotrophs run both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
123
anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
oxygen is absent, ATP is made (IDLY)
124
electron transport chain
the stage with the highest energy production
125
atp synthase
creates adp-> app using protons removed from fads
126
anaerobic cellular respiration
oxygen: production of bread/ alcohol fermentation: lactic acid, ethanol fermentation
127
alcohol respiration
in yeast cells, cells switch to alcohol fermentation. in bread-making the ethanol produced typically evaporates and the co2 creates holes in the bread
128
lactic acid respiration
in humans our cells switch to lactic acid fermentation; production of lactate and nad+
129
cholesterol
HDL= good cholesterol
LDL= bad cholesterol
130
hydrogenation
process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
