midterm key terms

Question 1

Global judgments of life satisfaction, health, and engagement with life. it is a positive outcome that is meaningful for people and for many sectors of society, because it tells us that people perceive that their lives are going well.

Answer 1

Well-being

Question 2

The study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.

Answer 2

Biology

Question 3

The physiology, behavior, and other qualities of homo sapiens.

Answer 3

Human biology

Question 4

The study of mind and behavior. Explores the development of the human mind from biological roots through the life course

Answer 4

Psychology

Question 5

The scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.

Answer 5

sociology

Question 6

The potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.

Answer 6

Human behavior

Question 7

The state of being free of illness or injury

Answer 7

Health: Traditional medical definition

Question 8

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

Answer 8

Health: WHO defintion

Question 9

The ability to maintain a healthy lifestyle to do daily activities without undue fatigue or physical stress. This includes the absence of injury, disease, and death.

Answer 9

Physical well-being

Question 10

A statistical measure of the average time a person is expected to live, based on the year of birth, current age, and other demographic factors like sex, ethnic group, and nationality.

Answer 10

Life expectancy

Question 11

How long, on average, a newborn can expect to live, if current death rates do not change.

Answer 11

Life expectancy at birth

Question 12

The number of infant deaths under one year of age for every 1,000 live births.

Answer 12

Infant mortality rate

Question 13

Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period, which has an effect on the well-being of the child.

Answer 13

Maternal health effects

Question 14

The average number of years that a person at that age can be expected to live, assuming that age-specific mortality levels remain constant.

Answer 14

Life expectancy at age 65

Question 15

a person with special needs as someone suffering from a temporary or permanent, full or partial deficiency or infirmity in his physical, sensory, mental, communication, educational or psychological abilities to an extent that limits his possibility of performing the ordinary requirements as people without special needs.

Answer 15

Person of determination

Question 16

A time-based measure that combines years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years of life lost due to time lived in states of less than full health, or years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs). One DALY is the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health (WHO).

Answer 16

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

Question 17

A measure of the impact of living with illness and injury and dying prematurely. The summary measure ‘disability-adjusted life years’ (or DALY) measures the years of healthy life lost from death and illness.

Answer 17

Burden of disease

Question 18

Measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead).

Answer 18

Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)

Question 19

The combination of feeling good and functioning effectively.

Answer 19

Psychological well-being

Question 20

The types of people an individual interacts with (family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, etc.), the quality of the relationship (close, trusting, etc.), and the frequency with which one interacts with those in her or his network.

Answer 20

Social network

Question 21

The perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.

Answer 21

Social support

Question 22

Those features of social relationships—such as levels of interpersonal trust and norms of reciprocity and mutual aid—that facilitate collective action for mutual benefit.

Answer 22

Social capital

Question 23

a single human being.

Answer 23

Individual

Question 24

relations, exchanges, and contacts with other individuals in social contexts (e.g., at home, school, work, worship, play, etc.

Answer 24

Social interactions

Question 25

a large-scale social arrangement that is stable and predictable, created and maintained to serve the needs of society.

Answer 25

Social institution

Question 26

a broad, cohesive set of social ideas, including values and beliefs. It shapes our thoughts, actions, and interactions, along with what happens in society at large.

Answer 26

Ideas (also termed ideology)

Question 27

the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals.

Answer 27

Social Structure

Question 28

perspectives in sociology and social psychology that emphasize a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and political programs of revolution or, at least, reform.

Answer 28

Conflict theory

Question 29

In social sciences, a perspective based on the premise that all aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc.—serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term survival of the society.

Answer 29

Functionalism

Question 30

a perspective to understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds, and in return, how these worlds shape individual behaviors. It clarifies how society is preserved and created through repeated interactions between individuals.

Answer 30

Symbolic Interaction

Question 31

a biological category that refers to either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions.

Answer 31

sex

Question 32

a social category that refers to characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviors and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.

Answer 32

Gender

Question 33

a set of concepts in the social sciences centered on models of social stratification which occur due to economic inequality, in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle, and lower classes.

Answer 33

Social Class

Question 34

the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. Often ethnicity and cultural identity are used interchangeably.

Answer 34

Ethnicity

Question 35

the movement of people from one location to another.

Answer 35

Migration

Question 36

“those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups”.

Answer 36

Acculturation

Question 37

the “strategy used when individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek close interaction with other cultures (or in some cases adopt the cultural values, norms, and traditions of the new society).”

Answer 37

Assimilation

Question 38

the strategy of “individuals who place a high value on holding on to their original culture and avoid interaction with members of the new society.”

Answer 38

Separation

Question 39

the strategy “used by individuals with an interest in maintaining one’s original culture while having daily interactions with other groups—there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained, while at the same time they seek, as a member of an ethnocultural group, to participate as an integral part of the larger social network.”

Answer 39

Integration

Question 40

The strategy “defined by little possibility or lack of interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss) and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination).”

Answer 40

Marginalization

Question 41

the types of people an individual interacts with (family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, etc.), the quality of the relationship (close, trusting, etc.), and the frequency with which one interacts with those in her or his network.

Answer 41

Social Network

Question 42

a social category that is made up of aspects of an individual’s self-image that derive from the social categories to which they perceive themselves as belonging.

Answer 42

Self Identity

Question 43

how a person perceives themselves. It is a number of self-impressions that have built up over time. These can be very positive, giving a person confidence in their thoughts and actions, or negative, making a person doubtful of their capabilities and ideas.

Answer 43

Self Image

Question 44

in an economic sense, any asset that produces or can be used to produce income goods or services. More broadly, capital is anything, either tangible or intangible, that can be used to produce an outcome.

Answer 44

Capital

Question 45

an intangible form of capital that derives largely from the social connections and contacts one has. Social capital influences one’s ability to coordinate social behavior to reach desired outcomes.

Answer 45

Social Capital

Question 46

describes how the social perceiver uses the information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment.

Answer 46

Attribution Theory

Question 47

assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person, rather than to outside forces.

Answer 47

Dispositional Attribution

Question 48

assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a person’s control rather than to some internal characteristic.

Answer 48

Situational Attribution

Question 49

is a social psychological theory that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when there are other people present.

Answer 49

Bystander Effect or bystander apathy

Question 50

The amount of influence a person experiences in group settings depends on (a) the strength (power or social status) of the group, (b) immediacy (physical or psychological distance) of the group, and (c) the number of people in the group exerting the social influence (i.e., number of sources).

Answer 50

Social Impact Theory

Question 51

the concept that people are prone to exert less effort when working collectively as part of a group compared to performing a task alone. Social loafing is more evident in tasks where the contribution of each group member is combined into a group outcome, making it difficult to identify the contribution of a single person.

Answer 51

Social Loafing