final key terms Flashcards
The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes you to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. it involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior.
motivation
A study on delayed gratification in 1972 led by psychologist Walter Mischel, a professor at Stanford University. In this study, a child was offered a choice between one small but immediate reward, or two small rewards if they waited for a period of time.
The Stanford marshmallow experiment
The act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future. The ability to delay gratification is essential to self-regulation, or self-control.
Delay of Gratification
When people are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity because they want to earn a reward or avoid punishment. You will engage in behavior not because you enjoy it or because you find it satisfying, but because you expect to get something in return or avoid something unpleasant.
Extrinsic motivation:
When people engage in a behavior because they find it rewarding. You are performing an activity for its own sake rather than from the desire for some external reward. The behavior itself is its own reward.
Intrinsic motivation:
The belief that success is the result of effort and the use of the appropriate strategies. these individuals strive to develop their understanding and competence at a task by exerting a high level of effort.
Mastery orientation:
The belief that success is the result of superior ability and of surpassing one’s peers. these individuals desire to outperform others and demonstrate (validate) their ability.
Performance orientation:
A series of documentary films that follows the lives of ten males and four females in England beginning in 1964, when they were seven years old. It follows up with the same people every 7 years.
Up series:
In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. He wanted to investigate the impact of situational variables on human behavior.
Stanford Prison Experiment:
A person’s motivation to reach his or her full potential. As shown in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a person’s basic needs must be met before self-actualization can be achieved.
Self-actualization:
The unique psychological qualities of an individual that influence a variety of characteristic behavior patterns (both overt and covert) across different situations and over time.”
Personality:
The potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.
Human Behavior:
often named as the originator of psychology, and is the most influential intellectual of the 20th Century. He is best known for the creation of psychoanalysis.
Sigmund Freud:
Psychoanalytic theories of personality development have incorporated and emphasized ideas about internalized relationships and interactions and the complex ways in which we maintain our sense of self into the models that began with Freud.
Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development:
People’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. they imply consistency and stability. Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that people differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a set of basic trait dimensions that persist over time and across situations.
Personality Traits:
A widely accepted model of personality traits. Advocates of the model believe that much of the variability in people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be summarized with five broad traits. These five traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
Five-Factor Model (also called the Big Five):
A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to seek out and to appreciate new things, including thoughts, feelings, values, and experiences.
Openness to Experience:
A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to be careful, organized, hardworking, and to follow rules.
Conscientiousness:
A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to be sociable, outgoing, active, and assertive.
Extraversion:
A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, warm, and caring to others. People low in agreeableness tend to be rude, and hostile, and to pursue their own interests over those of others.
Agreeableness:
A personality trait that reflects the tendency to be interpersonally sensitive and the tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, fear, sadness, and anger.
Neuroticism:
positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual’s perseverance of effort combined with the passion for a particular long-term goal or end state (a powerful motivation to achieve an objective).
Grit:
People’s beliefs in their capabilities to exercise control over their own functioning and over events that affect their lives. One’s sense of self-efficacy can provide the foundation for motivation, well-being, and personal accomplishment.
Self-efficacy:
The most influential source of efficacy information because they provide the most authentic evidence of whether one can muster whatever it takes to succeed. Success builds a robust belief in one’s personal efficacy. Failures undermine it, especially if failures occur before a sense of efficacy is firmly established.
Mastery experiences:
