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MICRO 308 > Midterm Information > Flashcards

Midterm Information Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of the Size of Bacteria

A
  • small size = large Surface Area to Volume ratio which makes them metabolically efficient
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2
Q

Growth of Bacteria

A
  • rapid growth rates with high rates of genetic adaptation (mutation rate = 1/10^6)
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3
Q

Main Structures of Bacteria

A
  • Cell membrane (cytoplasmic) made of a phospholipid bilayer

- Peptidoglycan made of a sugar backbone cross linked by peptides which is rigid and confers the shape of the bacteria

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4
Q

Functions of the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

1) Selectively permeability barrier
2) Anchors Proteins invoked in transport or energetics of the cell
3) Site of energy conservation - where the proton motive force in generated and used

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5
Q

Proton Motive Force

A

The proton gets pumped into the periplasm which creates a pH gradient and an electrochemical potential across the membrane. The cytoplasm becomes electrically negative and alkaline, and the periplasm becomes electrically positive and acidic. IT CREATES A BATTERY!

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6
Q

Peptidogylcan in Gram Negatives:

A
  • NAM - N-acetyl Muramic Acid and NAG - N-acetyl Glucosamine
  • NAM has L-Ala, D-Glu, L-DAP (di-aminopimelic acid), and D-Ala linked to it
  • the L-DAP from one NAM links to the D-Ala of the next NAM
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7
Q

Peptidogylcan in Gram Positives:

A
  • NAM - N-acetyl Muramic Acid and NAG - N-acetyl Glucosamine
  • NAM has L-Ala, D-Glu, L-Lys, and D-Ala linked to it
  • the L-Lys links to the D-Ala by a pentaglycine bridge
  • the PG contains Teichoic acid (a polysaccharide), lipoteichoic acid and Surface Proteins
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8
Q

Assembly of Peptidogylcan

A

1) The Building blocks are made in the Cytoplasm
2) NAM attaches to the peptide chain
3) NAM plus peptide move to the cytoplasmic membrane and attache to C55P (bactoprenol or carrier lipid)
4) NAG get attached to NAM
5) the NAG - NAM complex is flipped to the surface or Periplasm and is released from C55P
6) the NAG-NAM complex is attached to the growing PG chain
7) Transglycosylation occurs linking NAG to NAM
8) Transpeptidation occurs linking the NAM peptide chains

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9
Q

Differences between Gram Positives and Gram Negatives

A
  • Gram negatives have:
    1) an outer membrane made of Lipoproteins
    2) only a few layers of PG
  • Gram positives have:
    1) up to 20 layers of PG
    2) No outer membrane
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10
Q

Lipoproteins are composed of:

A
  • a Lip A
  • a sugar core
  • an O Antigen
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11
Q

Other Structures that may be on the Surface of Bacteria

A
  • Flagella for motility
  • Pili (Fimbriae) for conjugation or as an adherence factor
  • Secreted Proteins for example toxins
  • Capsule usually composed of polysaccharides
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12
Q

Major Classes of Antibiotics

A

1) beta-Lactams
2) Aminoglycosides
3) Clindamycin
4) Trimethoprim/Sulfonamides
5) Tetracyclines
6) Glycopeptides
7) Macrolides/Lincosamides
8) Streptogramins
9) Fluoroquinolones
10) Rifampin
11) Metronidazole
12) Ozaolidinones

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13
Q

Qualities of Antibiotics

A
  • non toxic
  • low dosage
  • target is unique to prokaryotes
  • be target specific
  • be able to reach the target site
  • production needs to be cost effective
  • long shelf life and long half life
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14
Q

Targets of Antibiotics

A
  • cell wall synthesis
  • protein synthesis
  • DNA replication
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15
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance

A

1) Intrinsic Resistance
2) Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic
3) Efflux-Pump

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16
Q

Intrinsic Resistance

A
  • refers to the barrier function of the outer membrane, therefore the antibiotic is not able to make it to its target
  • the antibiotic is excluded
17
Q

Enzymatic Inactivation of the Antibiotic

A
  • example: beta-lactamases which inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics
  • to prevent this modifying groups are added to the antibiotic or another beta-lactam is added which inactivates the beta-lactamase enzyme
18
Q

Efflux-Pump

A
  • for gram negatives there needs to be a cell membrane pump, an outer membrane channel and a membrane fusion protein in the periplasm to link the 2
  • for gram positives there just needs to be a cell membrane pump
  • some pumps are specific and others pump a variety of compounds

MICRO 308 (2 decks)

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