Midterm II Flashcards
Race, Ethnicity, and Economy
Slaves were flourishing in the Upper South. The northern colonies had less slavery flourishing. The further south you go, it was more diverse; more north, more uniform.
Religion and Education
West Indies had much piety in Pennsylvania, New England, and New France. More ministers were in the north than the south. Colonists were trying to keep education away from slaves. Chesapeake settlers provided almost no schooling.
Local and Provincial Governments
Locally, settlers drew on English experience to organize parishes, towns, and counties. Provincially, they had royal governments. Proprietary forms dominated south New England. Corporate forms were established in New England.
Unifying Trends: Language, War, and Law
Language was more uniform in America than England. Europe wanted limited wars, but colonists demanded quick and total victories. Law was a simple version of England’s complex one.
The Emergence of the Old South
Africans on huge, smelly ships from Britain brought thousands to America. Slaves transformed the social structure of the southern colonies. Owners kept them in gangs to work the fields.
Sickle Cell
Crescent or sickle shaped red blood cell sometimes found in African Americans. It helped protect them from malaria but exposed some children to the dangerous condition of sickle cell anemia.
Task System
System of Slave labor, used on ride plantations, in which slaves had to complete assignments each day. After these assignments, they had free time.
Gang Labor
System used on tobacco plantations where planters organized their field slaves into gangs, supervised them closely, and kept them working in the fields all day.
Gullah
Language spoken by newly imported African slaves. Originally a second language for everyone who spoke it, it evolved into modern black English.
Indigo
A blue dye, obtained from plants, that was used by the textile industry. The British government subsidized the commercial production of it in South Carolina.
The Mid-Atlantic Colonies: The Best Poor Man’s Country
Filled with pluralistic societies that brought religion and ethnicity. Many Irish and Germans thrived there. Many settlers traveled to Pennsylvania in the backcountry.
Ulster
Northern province of Ireland that brought a majority of Irish immigrants to colonize. Many were Presbyterians and are now called Scots-Irish.
Redemptioners
Servants with a contract of indenture that allowed them to find masters after arriving in the colonies. Many redemptioners were German families.
Backcountry
Term referred to the western settlements and the misfits who lived there (Pennsylvania and beyond).
Carolina, Harrington, and the Aristocratic Ideal
Eight courtiers who became a board of proprietors for Carolina. Settlers mainly came from Maryland and Virginia, many in poverty. They wanted an aristocratic society, brought up by Harrington. Nobles and commoners made laws. Slaves were starting to become a factor due to poverty rates.
Restoration Era
Beginning in 1660 when the Stuart dynasty under Charles II was restored to the throne of England and ended with the overthrow of James II in 1688-1689.
William Penn
Convert to the Society of Friends in the 1660’s, Penn acquired a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681, and then launched a major migration of Friends to the Delaware valley. Huge Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania. Took many different people to Pennsylvania for settlement.
Cavaliers
Supporters of the Stuart family of Charles I during the civil wars.
New York: An Experiment in Absolutism
James II and Charles I wanted New York, it shifted to England’s control. Dutch still thrived among the Hudson, and New Jersey took a rise in population. Dutch still fought for control, but the people were marrying intermingled. Long Island became very popular and an elective assembly.
Quaker Beliefs
Quakers infuriated other denominations. Others thought they were radicals and dangerous and would bring anarchy. Quakers had no sacraments or no organized clergy. People spoke in a service whenever God possessed the spirit.
Pacifist
Person opposed to war or violence (Quakers).
Quaker Families
Women enjoyed equality, and some became preachers. They even held formal meetings. They never married outside of their beliefs. Permissive parenting styles were high. Children were highly cared for and taught good.
Public Friends
Men and women who spoke frequently for the Society of Friends (Quakers). They were as close as the Quakers came to having a clergy.
West New Jersey
In 1674, New Jersey proprietors split their holding into two colonies. East and West New Jersey. West Jersey believed godly people could live together in love without war. Government stuck to the people, but the system broke down after growth.
Pennsylvania
More planning was brought into Pennsylvania than any other colony. 1682 the province brought a constitution. Many of the frameworks of the constitution was brought from this constitution. Quakers thrived in Pennsylvania along with German pacifists.
Inns of Court
England’s law schools.
The Popish Plot, The Exclusion Crisis, and the Rise of Party
Titus Oates wanted to kill Charles to bring James to the throne. It did not work, and James did not get the throne. Charles ended three years of turmoil in 1681. He dissolved Parliament and ruled without one for the last four years of his reign.
Whigs
Sect of Scottish religious extremists who favored the assassination of Charles and James of England. Term was used to denote the two major political parties.
Tories
Term for Irish Catholic peasants who murdered Protestant landlords. It was used to describe the followers of Charles II and became the name of the other major political party in England.
The Lords of Trade and Imperial Reform
The Lords of Trade enforced the Navigation Acts from the duke of York. Most colonists wanted Constitutional rule. London also wanted each colony to pay for its own government. Metacom’s War and Bacon’s Rebellion led to this reform.
The Dominion of New England
New York was responsible for New England’s reorganization. Andros was sent to take over a new government called Dominion of New England. He failed to have good communication with farmers and colonists.
