Midterm II

Question 1

Durkheim and Social Change: Main Intellectual Concern

Answer 1

to analyze the possibilities of securing social solidarity in the face of rapid social and economic change

Question 2

Durkheim and Social Change: What is Social Solidarity

Answer 2

how people within a society feel connected to one another

Question 3

Durkheim and Social Change: Major Research Question

Answer 3

What will provide social solidarity in modernity

Question 4

Features of Modernity: Industrialization

Answer 4

-Increased production by the mechanization of labor
and the use of inanimate energy
-Industrial revolution
—Shift from agrarian to industrial economic
——–Feudalism to capitalism

Question 5

Features of Modernity: Urbanizations

Answer 5

–Increase in proportion of the total human population living in major cities vs rural areas
–Moving to industrialized areas

Question 6

Features of Modernity: Secularization

Answer 6

–Social, cultural, and political significance of religion diminishes
–Separation of the church from (state, personal, professional, etc) affairs
–Diminishing of religious authority
–Weber: disenchantment, scientific understanding becomes more important than religious belief, people want evidence

Question 7

Features of Modernity: Division of Labour

Answer 7

–Increase in occupational differentiation
–Durkheim argues with Adam Smith, the division of labor has increased production

Question 8

What are the forms of Social Solidarity?

Answer 8

Mechanical & Organic

Question 9

4 Features of Modernity

Answer 9

Industrialization, Urbanization, Secularization, Division of Labor

Question 10

Social Solidarity: Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 10

–Characterizes premodern societies
–Some level of worker specialization
–Low degree of occupational differentiation
–Solidarity based on homogeneity
—-People are bound together by ‘commonalities, similitudes, and likenesses’
–Identity of economic interests and pursuits
–Identity of language, customs, and beliefs

Question 11

Social Solidarity: Organic Solidarity

Answer 11

–High degree of occupational differentiation
–High level of worker specialization
–Solidarity based on heterogeneity
—-People are bound together by functional complementarity and interdependence
—-Society is an organism, everyone has distinct roles that help the society function
–Diversity of language, customs, and beliefs
–Anonymity, superficiality, and segmentation (fractured) of social relations

Question 12

Durkheim on Anomie: Division of Labour (1883); Anomie is a physical societies:

Answer 12

–Temporary consequence of the division of labor
–Historically specific problems of societies in transition to modernity
–Not a necessary symptom of modernization
–Describes it as a stage of moral or normative deregulation
–Social condition that produces high rates of suicide and crime

Question 13

Durkheim on Anomie: Division of Labor (1883); Anomie is a psychological state of:

Answer 13

–A malady of infinite aspiration
–Troubling sense of limitless possibility
–Disturbance, agitation, and discontent
–‘Weariness and disillusionment’
–Emotional emptiness and despair
–Sense of futility and a lack of purpose

Question 14

Durkheim on Anomie: Key Takeaways

Answer 14

–Crime and deviance are, in part, the product of weak moral integration and poor social regulation
–Social change, such as the transition to modernity, can generate anomie and with this an increase in levels of crime and deviance

Question 15

Merton on Anomie: Book

Answer 15

Merton (1938) Social Structure and Anomie

Question 16

Merton: Social Structure and Anomie; Research Aims

Answer 16

–Sought to develop a sociological examination for deviant conduct as corrective to biological positivist explanations
–Aimed to demonstrate “how some social structures exert a swiftie pressure on certain persons in the society to engage in a non-conforming rather than conforming conduct”

Question 17

Merton: Social Structure and Anomie; Arguement

Answer 17

–Argues that high rates of criminal behavior on certain grounds are a normal response to the social situation in which members of the group find themselves rather than indicators of biological pathology

Question 18

Merton: Social Structure and Anomie; Two Elements of the Social System

Answer 18

Culturally Defined Goals and the Means to achieve those Goals

Question 19

Merton: Social Structure and Anomie; Merton’s America

Answer 19

the cultural goal is ‘material success,’ ‘financial prosperity,’ and ‘accumulated wealth’

Question 20

Merton: Social Structure and Anomie; Anomie is the result of:

Answer 20

the lack of symmetry between the cultural and structural components of the social system

Question 21

Merton: Social Structures and Anomie; Anomie is a symptom of:

Answer 21

–A strain between culturally prescribed aspirations and the socially strucutred avenues for realizing then
–A discrepancy between socially engendered goals and the opportunity structures by which the goals might be achieved
–A contradiction between normative aspirations and lack of access to legitimate means to realize such aspirations

Question 22

Assessing Merton: Important Features

Answer 22

–Draws attention to the social, cultural, nd economic circumstances that lead to crime
–Points to the necessary relation between forms of social organization and levels of crime
–Highlights the unintended consequences of the overvaluation of individual economic achievement
–Took special interest in the vulnerability of working-class and poorer communities

Question 23

Assessing Merton: Criticisms

Answer 23

–Exaggerate level of consensus and ‘universal’ normative aspirations
–Tendency to focus on lower-class crime
–Does not explore the structural causes of strain
–Over-predicts lower-class crime
–Overlooks barriers to achievement other than lack of opportunity
–Definition of Anomie changes
–Not well-tested
–Atomistic and individualistic

Question 24

Durkheim and Criminology: Crime is:

Answer 24

actions that offend against collective feelings or sentimental
Not something that is unchanging
Nation of irm reflect particular social convention which vary according to time and place
Best understood as violation of moral life (conscience collective of society)

Question 24

Durkheim and Criminology: Crime is:

Answer 24

Actions that offend against collective feelings or sentimental
–Not something that is unchanging
–Reflect particular social convention which varies according to time and place
–Best understood as a violation of moral life (conscience collective of society)

Question 25

Durkheim and Criminology: Function of Crime

Answer 25

Adaptive function
Introduces new idea and practices in society ensuring that there is change rate htn stagnation
Boundary maintenance
Reingificing social values and norms, crudely through its stimulation of collective action against deviance, it helps to reaffirm the difference between right and wrong
Crime should be considered as a normal element in any properly functioning society

Question 26

Durkheim and Criminology: Function of Crime

Answer 26

Adaptive Function
–Introduces new ideas and practices in society ensuring that there is a change rate in stagnation
Boundary Maintenance Function
–Reingificing social values and norms, crudely through its stimulation of collective action against deviance, it helps to reaffirm the difference between right and wrong
–Crime should be considered a normal element in any properly functioning society

Question 27

Durkheim and Social Change: What is an Ideal type of Social Formation?

Answer 27

–Attractions designed to help identify and explain patterns that appear in the real world, rather than a straightforward, factual description of that world
–Used to help understand particular social phenomena by looking at core characteristics

Question 28

Durkheim and Social Change: The Division of Labour was written after:

Answer 28

the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution
— Research question: What is it that will provide great social solidarity and coherence in these new times?

Question 29

Durkheim, Suicide, and Anomie: The use of Suicide

Answer 29

Sought to explain how patterns of suicide might be explained by reference to such social cake phenomena in a region. Social, structure, economic conditions, so on

Question 30

Durkheim, Suicide, and Anomie; Four Ideal Types of Suicide

Answer 30

Type 1: Altruistic (Excessive Integration)
Type 2: Egoistic (Lack of Integrations)
Type 3: Anomic (Lack of Regulation)
Type 4: Fatalistic (Excessive Regulation)

Question 31

Durkheim, Suicide, and Anomie; Four Ideal Types of Suicide explained by Two degrees of Social Solidarity

Answer 31

–Integration: social cohesions brought about by shared beliefs and practices; the forces of attraction that bring people together
–Regulation: the constraints that limit human behavior and desires

Question 32

Assessing Durkheim: Criticism of his work

Answer 32

–Underplays the ways in which systems of punishment are shaped by the nature and distribution of power within society
–The assumption of consensus which underpins the notion of conscience collective is precisely that, an assumption

Question 33

Merton and Anomie: Anomie results:

Answer 33

from the absence of alignment between socially desired aspirations, such as welt, and the means available to people to achieve such objectives

Question 34

Anomie and The American Dream: What is Stran to Merton

Answer 34

product of the contradiction between the cultural emphasis on pecuniary ambition and the social bars to full opportunity

Question 35

Anomie and the American Dream: Four Deviant Adaptations

Answer 35

Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and Rebellion

Question 36

Anomie and the American Dream: Innovation

Answer 36

–The application of legitimate means to the achievement of socially approved ends
–Relatively ineffectual means are rejected (dead-end, low-paying, etc)
–Promising legitimate means are explored
–Many crimes against property are clear examples of innovation in Merton’s sense
eg.) burglaries, robberies, larcenies

Question 37

Anomie and the American Dream: Ritualism

Answer 37

The cultural goals are rejected but legitimate means are accepted
“The abiding or scaling down of the city corals goals of great pecuniary success and rapid social obesity to the point where one’s aspiration can be stastfied’
Playing by the rules but having no desire to get ahead
Low-level office workers who realize they will never get a promotion but decide to work hard

Question 38

Anomie and the American Dream: Retreatism

Answer 38

–The cultural goals and legitimate means are both rejected
–Concerts people that are in the society but not of it
—-Psychotics, autists, pariahs, outcasts, alcoholics, drug addicts, tramps, vagrants
–Private, not public, adaptation
–Become a subcultural style in the 1960s with the advent of the hippie movement
—-Turn on, tune in, drop out

Question 39

Anomie and the American Dream: Rebellion

Answer 39

–Rejecting, and seeking to replace, dominate normative aspiration and oppourtunitic stretches
–Concerns political debates and criminal
–A collective, public adaptation

Question 40

Later Strain Theory: Albert Cohen: suggests

Answer 40

Instead of anomie, competition and frustration around status are the key to understanding youthful delinquency

Question 41

Later Strain Theory: Cloward and Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity: Main Question/Answer

Answer 41

Q) Under what conditions will people experience stains and tensions that lead to delinquent solutions?
A) In a system that stresses ability as the basis of advancement, the failures who view themselves as equal in ability to those who succeed tend to feel unjustly deprived
-Argue that there are numerous means of resolving the adjustment of strain problems

Question 42

General Strain Theory: Robert Agnew: Four Reasons why Strain Theory has declining popularity

Answer 42

1)It has tended to focus on lower-class delinquency.
2)It has neglected all but the most conventional goals (middle-class status and wealth).
3)It overlooked barriers to achievement other than social stratification (these might include gender, race, intelligence, and many others).
4)It has found it difficult to explain why some people who experienced strain didn’t turn to criminal activity. Arguably, strain and frustration are experienced by many who continue to conform.

Question 43

General Strain Theory: Robert Agnew: Two Types of Strain that occur as a result of the failure to achieve one’s goals

Answer 43

First arises from the actual or anticipated loss of positively valued stimuli from an individual
The second form of strain is the result of the actual or anticipated presentation of negative or noxious stimuli such as relationships in the home, workplace, or elsewhere theater abusive

Question 44

General Strain Theory: Robert Agnew: 5 Factors that increase the likelihood that strain will lead to Crime and Delinquency

Answer 44

1) Where the strain is perceived to be ‘unjust’; where people feel that they have been treated unfairly, they are more likely to become angry, and anger, according to Agnew’s strain theory, is linked with an increased likelihood of offending.
2) When strain is high in magnitude, it is more difficult to ignore and manage in ways that are legitimate.
3) Where the strain is caused by or is associated with, low social control, it is more likely to result in a deviant adaptation.
4) Strains may also lower levels of social control.
5) Where the strain creates pressure to engage in ‘criminal coping’ – such as strain induced by criminal victimization leading to a desire for revenge.

Question 45

General Strain Theory: Robert Agnew: Strains that are Conducive to Crime

Answer 45

–Parental rejection – Parents who reject their children do not express love or affection for them, show little interest in them, provide little support to them, and often display hostility toward them
–Supervision/discipline that is erratic, excessive, and/or harsh (use of humiliation/ insults, threats, screaming, and/or physical punishments).
–Child abuse and neglect, including physical abuse; sexual abuse; and the failure to provide adequate food, shelter, medical care, and affection/attention (neglect).
–Negative secondary school experiences, including low grades, negative relations with teachers, and the experience of school as boring and a waste of time.
–Abusive peer relations, including insults, ridicule, threats, attempts to coerce, and physical assaults.
–Work at jobs in the secondary labor market
–Unemployment, especially when it is chronic and blamed on others.
–Marital problems, including frequent conflicts and verbal and physical abuse.
–The failure to achieve selected goals, including thrills/excitement, personal autonomy, masculine status, and the desire for much money in a short period of time.
–Criminal victimization
–Residence in severely deprived communities, which is associated with exposure to a host of strains – including criminal victimization and economic problems
–Homelessness
–Discrimination based on characteristics such as race/ethnicity, gender, and religion.

Question 46

General Strain Theory: Messner and Rosenfeld: Main Idea

Answer 46

an anomic society has been created that privileges success over all other clinically approved goals

Question 47

General Strain Theory: Messner and Rosenfeld: 4 Specific Features that privilege economic goals over others

Answer 47

–the emphasis on achievement and on the winner-takes-all mentality;
–the individualism that focuses attention on rights rather than responsibilities;
–the materialism that fetishizes wealth;
–the fact that these values permeate the whole of society – which they call universalism

Question 48

Assessing Strain Theory: Important Features

Answer 48

1) They draw our attention to the social, cultural, and economic circumstances that lead to crime.
2) They point to the necessary relationship between particular forms of social organization and particular levels of crime.
3) Merton’s formulation drew attention to the unintended consequences of the social goal of individual economic achievement. Critics of the market society and of consumer capitalism are in many respects working in a similar tradition.
4) Anomie and strain theory’s predominant concern with the vulnerability of working-class or poorer communities sits comfortably with the liberal sensibilities of much sociological criminology and, undoubtedly, accounts for some of its intuitive appeals.

Question 49

Assessing Strain Theory: Criticisms

Answer 49

-tendency to rely on official statistics as an indicator of the nature and distribution of crime
-fails to look closely enough at the socio-political circumstances of crime
-over-predicts lower-class crime
-tends to focus on structural conditions and, consequently, pays relatively little attention to human agency – Agnew’s general strain theory endeavors to deal with this criticism.
-underplays the importance of social control (and self-control) in the production and molding of deviance,

Question 50

The Chicago School

Answer 50

–Established in 1892, first major sociology department in the US
–From the end of WW1 to the mid-1940s, criminology was heavily influenced by the sociological thought of scholars trained at the department

Question 51

The Chicago School: Objects of Analysis

Answer 51

–Sociology at Chicago meant urban sociology: the study of social life and human interaction in the modern city
–Chicago sociologists are concerned about the consequences of modernization on patterns of social organization in metropolitan areas
–Chicago became the laboratory in which they studied the customs, beliefs, social practices, and general conception of life among urban peoples
–Extended research on the nature of social bounding in the modern, fragmented city
–Division of labor was most elaborate and developed, thus it was best studied in Chicago

Question 52

Why Chicago was the perfect laboratory

Answer 52

–Girth in size and population
—-From 200 people in 1833 to 3.3 million in 1930
–Industrialization
—-Key manufacturing center and transportation hub
——Steel, meatpacking, shipping (Lake Michigan, Mississippi river, etc)
–Urbanization and immigration
—-Huge waves of migrants from small towns, Europe, and the South
—-In 1900, half the cities population was foriegn born

Question 53

The Social Ecology of Chicago: Concentric Ring Model

Answer 53

–Suggests that a city evolves through a series of centric circles, and developing into a distinctive zone of social and cultural life that resembles the character and qualities of its inhabitants
–Influenced by the field of biological ecology, the study of patterns and organized changes that are produced by different species living together in the same physical territory
-Ernest Burgess

Question 54

Concentric Ring Theory: Zone 1

Answer 54

1) Central Business District
–Few residential homes
–Mostly industrial

Question 55

Concentric Ring Model: Zone 2

Answer 55

2) Transition
–Most important
–Transient peoples
–Most susceptible to the forces of invasions/modernization
–May abandoned building
–Instapak - threatened by encroaching business district
–Park and burgess (1925) - The Growth of a City: An Introduction to a Research Project

Question 56

Concentric Ring Model: Zone 3

Answer 56

3) Working-Class Homes
–Family homes
–People who have just left zone 2

Question 57

Concentric Ring Model: Zone 4

Answer 57

4) Residential
–Middle class
–More affluent than zone 3
–Spatially removed from the forces of social change
–Levels of crime and deviance are lower

Question 58

Concentric Ring Mode: Zone 5

Answer 58

5) Suburban/Commuter
–Low-rise residential area
–Upper class
–Force of stability against change
–Crime should be almost non-existent

Question 59

The Social Ecology of Delinquency: Shaw and McKay (1942) - Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas

Answer 59

–Considered the spatial location of juvenile delinquency in the context of the CZM
–Data: 55 988 juvenile court records copied in the city of Chicago over a period of 30 years
–Method: mapping, by hand, the location of all the homes of the delinquent boys and girls in their sample

Question 60

The Social Ecology of Delinquency: Shaw and McKay (1942) - Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: Findings

Answer 60

–Spatial distribution of crime and delinquency was uneven but patterned
—-Uneven: concentrated in zone 2
—-Patterned: rates decreased proportionally with distance from Central business district
–Spatial distribution of crime and delinquency was stable over time despite population turnover
—-Suggested that crime rates were a reflection of ‘kinds of places’ not ‘kinds of people

Question 61

The Social Ecology of Delinquency: Shaw and McKay (1942) - Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: Structural Factors that lead to Social Organization

Answer 61

–low socioeconomic status
–residential instability
–ethnic heterogeniety

Question 62

The Social Ecology of Delinquency: Shaw and McKay (1942) - Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: Social Disorganization as a property of neighborhood with low levels of:

Answer 62

–Solidarity: consensus among norms and values
–Cohesion: strong bonds among residents
–Integration: organizational participation
–Outcome: weak informal social controls

Question 63

The Social Ecology of Delinquency: Shaw and McKay (1942) - Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: Informal Social Controls

Answer 63

–Reactions of individuals and groups that reign about conformity to norms
—-Informal sanctions: shame, ridicule, sarcasm, disapproval, exclusion
—-Informal rewards: praise, compliments
–Major agents: family, school, church, work

Question 64

The Social Ecology of Delinquency: Shaw and McKay (1942) - Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: Cultural Transmission of Delinquency

Answer 64

young boys in socially disorganized areas lean to value delinquent lifestyles through routine and exposure to adult criminal role models

Question 65

The Social Ecology of Delinquency: Shaw and McKay (1942) - Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: Process

Answer 65

Low socioeconomic status, residential instability, and ethnic heterogeneity

Social disorganization

Weak informal social controls and Cultural transmission

Delinquency

Question 66

Assessing Shaw and McKay: Important Features

Answer 66

–Overcomes individualistic bias of biological positivist perspectives on crime
–Criminal behavior is seen as a normal response to living in socially disorganized areas
–Draws attention to the importance of space and location in explaining crime
–Paved the way for control theory, learning theories, and subcultural theories of crime

Question 67

Assessing Shaw and McKay: Limitations

Answer 67

–Use of official data
—-Higher posting in some areas —> limits of crime statistics/data (last midterm)
–Ecological Model
—-More complex/more unplanned
—-Directed by the government, not as natural/biological
–Neglect of upper and middle-class crimes
–Over-predicts crime i socially disorganized areas
–Inattention to issues of power and social stratification

Question 68

Social Ecology: What is Ecology

Answer 68

the studies of the city itself - a biological metaphor pointing to the importance of natural patterns produced by different species within some form of the overall ordered universe

Question 69

Differential Association: Shaw, McKay, Sutherland

Answer 69

Shaw and McKay’s ideas were modified by Sutherland
Explored how different forms of the organization led to different cultural inferences and mechanisms and sought to understand criminal behavior as learned behavior
Argued that criminal conduct is learned in interaction what others, being communicated between groups and generations
Influenced by the work of Gabriel Tarde and his ‘laws of imitation’ and Geroge Mead’s work on symbolic interactionism

Question 70

What is Differential Association?

Answer 70

the notion that if an individual is exposed to more ideas that promote law-breaking than they are as ideas that act as barriers to such conduct, then criminal conduct becomes likely

Question 71

Differential Reinforcement: Akers

Answer 71

sought to expand Sutherland ideas using social learning theory to explore how criminal learning is undertaken

Question 72

What is Differential Reinforcement?

Answer 72

–Takes Sutherland’s idea of ‘definitions’ and distinguishes between the general (overall beliefs about what is good and bad) and the specific (particular conditions under which things are considered to be good or bad right or wrong))
—-Introduces the possibility that certain forms of criminal behavior might be wrong but permitted under certain circumstances

Question 73

What is Culture?

Answer 73

systemized traditional ways of solving problems transmitted across time

Question 74

What is Subculture?

Answer 74

emerge as means of solving problems created by the incompatible demand of structure and culture

Question 75

Subcultural Theory: Emergence

Answer 75

Emerged in the US during the 19500s and 60s during the response to the weakness of Merton’s Anomie theory

Question 76

Subcultural Theory: Three Weaknesses

Answer 76

1) Did not offer any account of the determinants of specific adaptations to strain
2) Depicted adaptation ot strain as individual isolate responses
3) Neglected ‘expressive’ or ‘nonutilitarian’ crimes
—Couldn’t explain why youth delinquency was characterized as expressive of non-financial related crime

Question 77

Subcultural Theory: Major Research Questions

Answer 77

-Why are there delinquent gangs?
-How do young boys come to join them?

Question 78

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): improvement of anomie theory

Answer 78

-The pressures of strain experienced in the institution of schooling
-Adaptation to strain are shaped by an actor’s immediate interactional context

Question 79

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): Strain in Schooling

Answer 79

–In the school, youth are judged according to the same criteria (Middle class measuring rods)
–The socialization of working-class boys poorly prepares them to succeed them in the education system (they are being measured at the wrong level, their needs aren’t being met by the system)
–Universal cultural goal: educational achievement
–Unequally structured means: class differential in the organization of child-rearing and parental aspirations
–Why the goal can be achieved
—-Kids from middle-class background learn habits, skills, and attitudes conducive to educational achievement
—-Kids from working-class families learn habits, skills, and attitudes that ar not conducive towards educational achievement

Question 80

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): Strain in Schooling

Answer 80

–In the school, youth are judged according to the same criteria (Middle class measuring rods)
–The socialization of working-class boys poorly prepares them to succeed in the education system (they are being measured at the wrong level, and their needs aren’t being met by the system)
–Universal cultural goal: educational achievement
–Unequally structured means: class differential in the organization of child-rearing and parental aspirations
–Why the goal can be achieved
—-Kids from middle-class backgrounds learn habits, skills, and attitudes conducive to educational achievement
—-Kids from working-class families learn habits, skills, and attitudes that are not conducive to educational achievement

Question 81

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): Strain in Schooling, Outcome

Answer 81

Status frustration
—Those who fail to succeed according to the middle-class evaluative criteria of the school will experience ‘feelings of tension, frustration, resentment, guilt, bitterness, anxiety, ioir hopelessness’
—Faced with such a ‘problem of adjustment’ they will search for a solution

Question 82

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): Three Adaptations of Status Frustration

Answer 82

College Boys, Corner Boys, Delinquent Boys

Question 83

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): Three Adaptations of Status Frustration, College Boys

Answer 83

-accept the goals and the means
—desire to get good grades in school, want to be better

Question 84

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): Three Adaptations of Status Frustration, Corner Boys

Answer 84

-accept the goal but not the means
—no desire to work hard towards good grades, want to be better but lack motivation

Question 85

Subcultural Theory: Albert Cohen - Delinquent Boys, The Culture of the Gang (1955): Three Adaptations of Status Frustration, Delinquent Boys

Answer 85

-reject the goal and the means
—don’t want to do better and don’t try to do better
—value everything the middle class rejects
—most common response as thought by Cohen

Question 86

Delinquent Subculture emerges through:

Answer 86

Collective Reaction Formation

Question 87

Collective Definition

Answer 87

the crucial condition for the emergence of new cultural forms is the existence, in effective interaction with one another, of a number of actor with similar problems of adjustments

Question 88

Reaction Formation Definition

Answer 88

denying the abnormal intensity that is desired but cannot be had
–Embraces standards of status that represent an inversion of middle-class values
–Value the opposite of the middle-class

Question 89

Six Features of Delinquent Subcultures

Answer 89

Nonutilitarianism
Malice
Negativism
Short-Run Hedonism
Versatility
Group Autonomy

Question 90

Six Features of Delinquent Subcultures: Nonutilitarianism

Answer 90

economic rational is absent, not deviant for financial reasons

Question 91

Six Features of Delinquent Subcultures: Malice

Answer 91

-the threat of destruction, extreme vandalism
-no motive other than to express a rejection of middle class values

Question 92

Six Features of Delinquent Subcultures: Negativism

Answer 92

Delinquent behaviour is an inversion of middle class valies

Question 93

Six Features of Delinquent Subcultures: Short-Run Hedonism

Answer 93

-not long-term planning, no long goal
-immediate gratification, similar to addiction

Question 94

Six Features of Delinquent Subcultures: Versatility

Answer 94

not specialist criminal, do whatever is available to them

Question 95

Six Features of Delinquent Subcultures: Group Autonomy

Answer 95

for members of delinquent gangs, primary allegiance and loyalty is to the gang

Question 96

Subcultural Theory: Cloward and Ohlin - Delinquency and Opportunity: Improved on Merton and Cohen by;

Answer 96

–Specifying how adaptation to strain is shaped by illegitimate opportunity structures
–Show how the degree of neighborhood social organization shapes the from of the delinquent subculture that enlarges in response to strain

Question 97

Subcultural Theory: Cloward and Ohlin - Delinquency and Opportunity: Illegitimate Oppourtintiy Structures

Answer 97

-Each individual occupies a position in both legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures
-Deviant adaptation to strain is mediated by the availability if illegitimate means in a given neighborhood
-The major strucural factor is the presence or absence of stable recruitment into adult criminal enterprises in the local community

Question 98

Subcultural Theory: Cloward and Ohlin - Delinquency and Opportunity: Criminal Subculture

Answer 98

-Merges in areas where an established adult criminal tradition exists
-Offer apprenticeship-style training in utilitarian crime
—Criminal role models and opportunity
—‘Career’ progression
-Oriented toward the curiosity of material gain through illegitimate means
—Theft, robbery, burglary, fencing (buying stolen goods, selling them for a profit)

Question 99

Subcultural Theory: Cloward and Ohlin - Delinquency and Opportunity: Conflict Subculture

Answer 99

-Emerges in socially disorganized area where there are few adult criminal role models and few illegitimate opportunities for economic gain
-Oriented toward the protection of territory and intergang warfare
-Violence is regarded as a means of gaining respect and status
-Challenges to one’s honor are expected to be met with physical force

Question 100

Subcultural Theory: Cloward and Ohlin - Delinquency and Opportunity: Retreatist Subculture

Answer 100

-Emerges as collective pollution to the status dilemma faced by youths who:
—Have no access to legitimate and illegitimate opportunities to achieve success
—Failed to achieve stats in the conflict subculture
-Chartered by the abandonment of cultural goals and efforts to achieve them through legal and illegal means
-Oriented toward the consumption of drugs and alcohol

Question 101

Subcultural Theory: Walter Miller - Lower Class Culture and Gang Delinquency (1958): 6 Focal concerns of lower class culture

Answer 101

-Trouble
-Toughness
—Value knowing how to fight well,
commanding respect of others, a form of masculinity
-Smartness
—Street smarts over book smarts, witty,
independent and assertive in social situations, recognizing if you are being conned
-Excitement
—Leisure time as a way of compensating for work life, nights out on the town, looking for fights, getting arrested
-Fate
—Referring to the tendency to view the future as something that is predetermined/cannot be manipulated or controlled
—Leads to short-term hedonism described by cohen
-Autonomy
—Strong resentment of outside interference in the lower-class culture
—Resentment of authority figures/LEAs/LEOs
—Loyalty to members of the lower class

Question 102

Subcultural Theory: Cloward and Ohlin - Delinquency and Opportunity: Conflict Subculture

Answer 102

-Emerges in socially disorganized areas where there are few adult criminal role models and few illegitimate opportunities for economic gain
-Oriented toward the protection of territory and intergang warfare
-Violence is regarded as a means of gaining respect and status
-Challenges to one’s honor are expected to be met with physical force

Question 103

The Freedom Convoy: Things that happened (7)

Answer 103

-Surprising, why can’t the police do more, why was there late action, etc
-Occupation of physical space in an attempt to extort the federal government
-Noise levels causing distress, sleep disturbance, and hearing loss
-Desecration of symbols of Canadian national identity
-MOU (memorandum of understanding) calls on Governor -General to dissolve the elected government and form a new one
-Hateful symbols on display (white supremacy - swastika, confederate flags)
-Hate crime complaints skyrocket

Question 104

Canada’s Far-Right Problem: Convoys not Convoy (4)

Answer 104

-Makeup of many different groups of people what mah different issues
-Largest groups: ordinary people upset about public health restrictions, with legitimate nonextreme grievance led to socioeconomic concerns
-Mixed ideological groups: anti-government, anti-science, racist, xenophobic, homophobic
-Key group: leaders and organizers who are veteran far-right activists with a history of spreading discriminatory views, misinformation, and conspiracy theories online

Question 105

Canada’s Far-Right Problem: Convoy as ‘PR event’ for Canadian far-right groups

Answer 105

Secure press coverage and maximization of visibility
Organizing existing supporters, reaching new audiences, and recruiting new members
Push a political agenda and raise financial and human resources
Spread and create new dis-, mis-, and mal- information

Question 106

Canada’s Far-Right Problem: Unprecedented but not Exceptional

Answer 106

Part of several overlapping trends, including:
–Growth in the number and visibility of Canadian far-right groups since 2010
–Surge in officially recorded and self-reported, hate crimes in Canada over this period
–Revival of militant right-wing extremist groups, networks, and incidents in the US and Europe
–Rise of radical right parties internationally
—-Emboldens citizens to share their unsavory opinions

Question 107

Right-Wing Extremism: Non-Violent Participation

Answer 107

-Spreading messages and narratives that incite violence and hatred
-Funding and expressing support for RWE groups
-Joining RWE groups and recruiting new members

Question 108

Right-Wing Extremism: Ideologically Motivated Violent Participation

Answer 108

-Threat to national security
-Using violence to advance ideological goals
-Xenophobic, anti-authoritarian, gender-driven
-Threats can be motivated by more than one grievance and shift from one to another

Question 109

Four RWE Clusters

Answer 109

-Anti-Government/Anti-Authority
-Anti-Immigration
-Anti-Women
-Neo-Fascist/Accelerationist

Question 110

Four RWE Clusters: Anti-Government/Anti-Authority

Answer 110

-Belief that the government is illegitimate and that they are not required to follow laws (especially in regard to taxation and gun control laws)
-Use pseudo-law documents and arguments
—Not real/made up
-Some have attacked and killed police officers, and government employees in defense of what they see as their rights
-Sovereign citizen movement/Freeman on the land

Question 111

Four RWE Clusters: Anti-Immigration

Answer 111

-The Great Replacement Theory
—White identity and western culture is under attack by multicultural forces
-Immigrants as a threat
—Cultural, economic, and security
-Groypers
—Activists and internet trolls who attempt to introduce far-right politics into mainstream conservatism

Question 112

Four RWE Groups: Anti-Women

Answer 112

-Manosphere
—Refers to the constellation of websites/forums dedicated to prompting male supremacy, heteronormative masculinity, misogyny, and opposition to feminism
-Male victimhood narrative
—Believe women, feminists, and gender equality movements are to blame for the perceived loss of status of (mostly white) men today

Question 113

Four RWE Groups: Neo-Fascist/Accelerationist

Answer 113

-Advocate for the violent overthrow of governments and the creation of white ethno-states
-Believe that they can accelerate the inevitable decline of Western democracies through assassinations, murders, and terrorist attacks