midterm IDs Flashcards
mainland and maritime SE asia
mainland:
myanmar, thailand, vietnam, cambodia, laos
- indochina: laos cambodia and vietnam; used by french during colonization
- importance of communism
- historically buddhist
maritime:
brunei, indonesia, malaysia, philippines, singapore, timor leste
- historically islamic
mandala polity / bunga mas
mandala polity: model describing patterns of political power in pre modern SEA
- tributary relations
- giving material things to signify obedience
- tributary power>territory power
- sovereignty is OVERLAPPING not exclusive
- galactic polity is a variation of mandala polity exercised in burma, siam, and cambodia conceptualized to buddhism w goal of pursuing buddhist enlightenment
oliver wolters
bunga mas: best example of a typical tribute given; golden tree
straits settlements (penang, malacca, singapore)
- the three parts of SEA that british took in late 18th century
- borneo split into indonesia and malaysia because dutch took over the malaysian part in this time
- britain attempted to solve fighting b/w chinese and malay
- took burma in 1880s through war
king chulalongkorn (rama V)
- reason why siam (thailand) was the only country in SEA that wasn’t colonized
- rama dynasty leader from 1853-1910
- negotiated with british (to west and south) and french (to east); also modernized to appease
- acted as a political buffer for brit and FR
- however brit still managed to shrink siam’s boundaries to what thailand’s are today
divide et impera
- one of the traditions creating lasting effects in the region, creating/sharpening ethnic divisions
- brit locking malays into social class legally, cementing position into agriculture
- cemented chinese into mining and urban commerce and indians into rubber plantations
- present in modern day burma as well
plural society (john furnivall)
- john furnivall: analyzes and critiques sociological basis of colonized territories (1948)
- four main concepts:
1) plurality of groups that share public space but only have market in common (in dutch jakarta and spanish manila)
2) dominance of material interests over ethical concerns
3) absence of social will or collective conscience
4) atomization of society - “a crowd but not a community”
ho chi minh (hguyen ai quoc)
revolutionary nationalism
- socialist nationalism
- sought to overthrow colonialism through forceful revolt following WWII
- vietnam, indonesia, burma
- vietnam: communist party wanted to overthrow the french, declared independence in 1945. following independence, continued violence resulted in battle at dien bien phu
- burma more revolutionary bc of incr socialist aspects
gradualist or anti-revolutionary nationalism
- wanted to bargain rather than overthrow colonial regime
- malaya, cambodia, laos, parts of philippines
sukarno
- anti west; practiced musjawarah, which is decision making based on compromise (general expression of popular will)
pancasila
- ideological basis of indonesian post colonial nation state
- five principles
1) nationalism
2) internationalism
3) democracy
4) social justice
5) belief in god
aung san; anti-fascist people’s freedom league
- aung san, father of aung san suu kyi and founder of AFPFL
- initially allied w japanese, but eventually formed AFPFL and turned against japan
1946 malayan union
- solid relationship b/w malays and brits until malayan union in 46, when United malays national organization gained power as a major political org
1932 revolution; pridi bhanomyong
santri and abangan
indonesia
santri: higher income ppl that tend to be fundamental islamists
abangan: lower income ppl tend to be less orthodox islamists and also tend to be members of PKI
represents a class issue within the religious issue — islamist
guided democracy; musjawarah
- attempts towards dem in 40s-60s indo but eventually collapsed, and military authoritarian regime emerged
- sukarno attempted to spread dem via musjawarah which is based in general expression of popular will but suharto took over in 65 coup and ruled for 32 years
- general distrust towards democracy because it was introduced by the dutch
democracy “not in harmony with indonesia’s spirit.”
PKI (indonesian communist party)
1965 coup
indonesia
- sep 30 ‘65, 6 generals were assassinated and dumped, orchestrated by comm party w intention to paralyze armed forces
- suharto felt sukarno was going to respond poorly and suharto carried out a genocide, destroying PKI
- result of econ collapse
suharto
ferdinand marcos
leader of philippines 65-86
- rose to power because despite good econ conditions in 50s post war, worsened in 60s because of lack of investment in agriculture. began importing rather than exporting rice, and practicing strong ISI
- not from oligarchical family. entered worsened debt under marcos, and corrupt re-election. implemented martial law called “new society” to remake phil in terms of order and development
- example of crony capitalism, very corrupt and began “cannibalizing” economy
- overthrown in revolution in 86
- bc of assassination of ninoy, NAMFREL pushing elections, catholic church (jaime sin) turning against marcos, and the split in military
crony capitalism
george taber
king bhumipol adulyadej (rama IX)
benigno “ninoy” aquino
ninoy was marcos’ key rival (philippines)
- imprisoned by marcos in late 70s but released under US pressure; studied at harvard in political exile
- came from very powerful family
- in 83 marcos falls ill w lupus and ninoy comes back; only candidate strong enough to go against marcos
- but assassinated the second the plane took off which pushed momentum against marcos. econ collapses and demonstrations rage in manila
corazon “cory” aquino
- wife of ninoy
- ## encouraged by catholic pastor jaime sin to run, as he realizes she is the only person who can run against marcos despite lack of political background
