Midterm I Flashcards
1
Q
The basic plumage of a bird
A
The one worn the longest
2
Q
Birds use their wings to generate
A
lift and thrust
3
Q
A bird wing is shaped like a
A
airfoil
4
Q
When a bird flies by thermal soaring it
A
Uses columns of warm air rising from the ground
5
Q
Tail feathers are called
A
retrices
6
Q
The part of the feather that lies above the skin and is essentially solid is called
A
Rachis
7
Q
What is associated with preening
A
- Cleaning stale oil from feathers
- keeping ectoparasites off
- realigning feathers
- cleaning dirt off feathers
8
Q
The structure that is the wishbone is
A
Furcula
9
Q
Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle
A
sternatorum
10
Q
A homeothermic organism
A
maintains a constant body temperatures
11
Q
Disadvantage to high body temperatures
A
- overheating
- high energy use
- high waste production
12
Q
Torpor is when a bird
A
lowers it’s body temperature to hibernate
13
Q
Birds have
A
unidirectional lungs
14
Q
Characteristics of bird air sacs
A
- birds have 6-12 of them
- they are important in heat dissipation
- they help some birds float
- some birds use them to help inflate showy neck bladders
- they extend to the wing and leg bones
15
Q
Characteristics of the esophagus (crop) of a bird
A
- produce pigeon milk
- muscular structure lined with mucous glands
- can expand dramatically in some fish eating birds
- help regulate the flow of food through the digestive system
16
Q
Characteristics of a cecum of a bird
A
- aids in digestion with the help of bacteria to let fermented nutrients to be absorbed in cecal wall
- produce antibodies
- aids in water absorption
- aids in metabolism of uric acid into amino acids
17
Q
Characteristics of nictating membrane
A
- An extra thick membrane in owls to protect the eyes
- diving birds use them as googles
- transparent membrane that brushes particles off
- moistens the cornea with each blink
18
Q
The pecten is
A
the vascular supply system of the eye
19
Q
Owl hearing
A
- they can locate and catch prey in complete darkness strictly by sound
- have asymmetrical ear openings
- have asymmetrical face feathering
20
Q
The bill tip organ is used for
A
sense of touch in ducks,geese, and shorebirds
21
Q
Monophyletic Groups
A
Groups of taxa that contain all the ancestral species and all their descendents; they are all each others closest relatives are called
22
Q
Sister taxa
A
taxa that are groups that are each others closest relatives
23
Q
Thomas Henry Huxley called birds “glorified reptiles” and recognized characters that united birds and reptiles. Characters uniting birds and reptiles
A
- Single occipital condyle
- one middle ear bone
- keratin scales
- heterogametic females and nucleated red blood cells
24
Q
Archaeopteryx has many bird like characteristics
A
- birdlike quadrate (bird skull bone)
- birdlike foot with reversed hallux
- wings
- feathers
25
Birds unlike many other animals have a pygostyle
pygostyle=fused tail bone
26
biological species concept
groups of interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
27
Evolutionary species concept
A species is a lineage with its own evolutionary role and tendencies
28
Allopatric speciation
speciation that occurs in geographically separated populations
29
sympatric speciation
is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.
30
Parapatric speciation
is extremely rare. It occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier, such as a body of water, but by an extreme change in habitat. While populations in these areas may interbreed, they often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles.
31
premating isolating mechanisms
a) Temporal isolation. Individuals of different species do not mate because they are active at different times of day or in different seasons.
b) Ecological isolation. Individuals mate in their preferred habitat, and therefore do not meet individuals of other species with different ecological preferences.
c) Behavioral isolation. Potential mates meet, but choose members of their own species.
d) Mechanical isolation. Copulation is attempted, but transfer of sperm does not take place.
32
Post mating isolating mechanism
a) Gametic incompatibility. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized.
b) Zygotic mortality. Egg is fertilized, but zygote does not develop.
c) Hybrid inviability. Hybrid embryo forms, but of reduced viability.
d) Hybrid sterility. Hybrid is viable, but resulting adult is sterile.
e) Hybrid breakdown. First generation (F1) hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations (F2 and backcrosses) may be inviable or sterile.
33
Tension zone
A hybrid zone in which the hybrids are less fit than the parental types
34
Static hybrid zone
```
is one that
is in equilibrium between
selection and gene flow. The
Eastern Screech Owl has a gray
and red phase that are
dependent on the type of habitat
they live in. The gray phase
does better in mostly pine tree
areas, while the red phase is
favored in hardwood forests.
Probably due to protective
coloration against predators like
Great Horned Owls.
```
35
dynamic hybrid zone
```
are
clines that change over time.
The zone between
Townsend’s Warbler and the
Hermit Warbler is moving
since the Townsend’s
Warbler is replacing the
Hermit Warbler in much of its
range.
```
36
Birds that WE are required to identify come mostly from
Neartic
37
Filoplumes
hair like feathers that presumably help monitor other feather positions
38
Powder downs
feathers that is never molted and are grown continuously
39
rictal bristles
feathers located by the mouth of some birds
40
down feathers
feathers that provide extra insulation
41
contour feathers
the main body feathers
42
semiplumes
feathers that provide insulation and feather support
43
cloaca
serves as the outlet for the intestines and genital tract
44
esophagus
has developed into a multi-chambered fermentation stomach in the Hoatzin
45
gizzard
muscular organ for smashing food
46
intestine
structure for absorbing nutrients
47
proventriculus
secretes gastric juices
48
crop
stores food in some birds
49
ceca
absorption of water
50
Mature and fully developed tissues are living tissues
false
51
all birds have pneumatic bones
false
52
all flightless birds lack a keel
false
53
the pectoral muscle contracts to lower the wing
true
54
Birds tend to have a lower body temp than mammals
false
55
facultive hypothermia is when body temp is raised higher than normal
false
56
it takes 2 breathes to move through the lungs of birds
true
57
the lungs of birds are much more efficient than mammals
true
58
the heart of bird is less efficient than mammals
false
59
birds of prey use the proventriculus to compress parts of prey that they can't digest into a pellet to regurgitate
false
60
Birds that eat meat have a longer intestine
false
61
birds need more water to excrete nitrogen waste
false
62
salt glands in birds are used to excrete salt
true
63
brain of a bird has a large cortex region, responsible for intelligence
false
64
birds with monocular vision have excellent depth perception
false
65
birds can change their shape of cornea and lens
true
66
all birds have extraordinary hearing
false
67
all vultures have to smell carrion to locate it
false
68
birds have poorly developed taste
true
69
birds are sensitive to capsacian/chilli peppers
false
70
a derived character (synapomorphy) is a character that has evolved independently many times and is not useful for phylogenetic reconstruction
false
71
homologous characters are the same due to "common descent"
True
72
Archaeopteryx had feathers that were veined and asymmetrical, which is typical of flying birds
True
73
Most researchers suggest that feathers evolved as a way to thermoregulate, since they are good for both keeping organisms warm, and keeping them cool
true
74
Most researchers now accept that dinosaurs were the ancestors of modern birds, because of the many characters that unite them
true
75
The arboreal tree down theory of flight is usually associated with the early thecodont evolution of birds
True
76
Pleistocene glaciations appear to have been very important to bird speciation
false
77
hummingbirds from north and south america , and sun birds from Africa represent a good example of convergent evolution
true
78
sexual selection has probably not had much an effect on speciation in birds
false
79
A secondary contact zone is a hybrid zone that is the result of 2 allopatric populations coming back into contact
true
80
interspecific hybrids are often intermediate in characters between the two parental types which is usually detrimental to the hybrid
true
81
Vicariant evolution is when a barrier splits a species distribution into 2 parts, such as a mountain range,river, or glacial ice sheet
true
82
phylogenetic trees represent the genealogical relationships among organisms(taxa): how they are related to one another, like family relationships
True
83
The phylogenetic species is defined as the smallest (exclusive) monophyletic group of common ancestory
True
