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Ornithology Final Exam > Midterm I > Flashcards

Midterm I Flashcards

1
Q

The basic plumage of a bird

A

The one worn the longest

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2
Q

Birds use their wings to generate

A

lift and thrust

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3
Q

A bird wing is shaped like a

A

airfoil

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4
Q

When a bird flies by thermal soaring it

A

Uses columns of warm air rising from the ground

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5
Q

Tail feathers are called

A

retrices

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6
Q

The part of the feather that lies above the skin and is essentially solid is called

A

Rachis

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7
Q

What is associated with preening

A
  1. Cleaning stale oil from feathers
  2. keeping ectoparasites off
  3. realigning feathers
  4. cleaning dirt off feathers
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8
Q

The structure that is the wishbone is

A

Furcula

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9
Q

Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle

A

sternatorum

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10
Q

A homeothermic organism

A

maintains a constant body temperatures

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11
Q

Disadvantage to high body temperatures

A
  • overheating
  • high energy use
  • high waste production
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12
Q

Torpor is when a bird

A

lowers it’s body temperature to hibernate

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13
Q

Birds have

A

unidirectional lungs

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14
Q

Characteristics of bird air sacs

A
  • birds have 6-12 of them
  • they are important in heat dissipation
  • they help some birds float
  • some birds use them to help inflate showy neck bladders
  • they extend to the wing and leg bones
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15
Q

Characteristics of the esophagus (crop) of a bird

A
  • produce pigeon milk
  • muscular structure lined with mucous glands
  • can expand dramatically in some fish eating birds
  • help regulate the flow of food through the digestive system
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16
Q

Characteristics of a cecum of a bird

A
  • aids in digestion with the help of bacteria to let fermented nutrients to be absorbed in cecal wall
  • produce antibodies
  • aids in water absorption
  • aids in metabolism of uric acid into amino acids
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17
Q

Characteristics of nictating membrane

A
  • An extra thick membrane in owls to protect the eyes
  • diving birds use them as googles
  • transparent membrane that brushes particles off
  • moistens the cornea with each blink
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18
Q

The pecten is

A

the vascular supply system of the eye

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19
Q

Owl hearing

A
  • they can locate and catch prey in complete darkness strictly by sound
  • have asymmetrical ear openings
  • have asymmetrical face feathering
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20
Q

The bill tip organ is used for

A

sense of touch in ducks,geese, and shorebirds

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21
Q

Monophyletic Groups

A

Groups of taxa that contain all the ancestral species and all their descendents; they are all each others closest relatives are called

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22
Q

Sister taxa

A

taxa that are groups that are each others closest relatives

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23
Q

Thomas Henry Huxley called birds “glorified reptiles” and recognized characters that united birds and reptiles. Characters uniting birds and reptiles

A
  • Single occipital condyle
  • one middle ear bone
  • keratin scales
  • heterogametic females and nucleated red blood cells
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24
Q

Archaeopteryx has many bird like characteristics

A
  • birdlike quadrate (bird skull bone)
  • birdlike foot with reversed hallux
  • wings
  • feathers
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25
Q

Birds unlike many other animals have a pygostyle

A

pygostyle=fused tail bone

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26
Q

biological species concept

A

groups of interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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27
Q

Evolutionary species concept

A

A species is a lineage with its own evolutionary role and tendencies

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28
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs in geographically separated populations

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29
Q

sympatric speciation

A

is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

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30
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

is extremely rare. It occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier, such as a body of water, but by an extreme change in habitat. While populations in these areas may interbreed, they often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles.

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31
Q

premating isolating mechanisms

A

a) Temporal isolation. Individuals of different species do not mate because they are active at different times of day or in different seasons.
b) Ecological isolation. Individuals mate in their preferred habitat, and therefore do not meet individuals of other species with different ecological preferences.
c) Behavioral isolation. Potential mates meet, but choose members of their own species.
d) Mechanical isolation. Copulation is attempted, but transfer of sperm does not take place.

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32
Q

Post mating isolating mechanism

A

a) Gametic incompatibility. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized.
b) Zygotic mortality. Egg is fertilized, but zygote does not develop.
c) Hybrid inviability. Hybrid embryo forms, but of reduced viability.
d) Hybrid sterility. Hybrid is viable, but resulting adult is sterile.
e) Hybrid breakdown. First generation (F1) hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations (F2 and backcrosses) may be inviable or sterile.

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33
Q

Tension zone

A

A hybrid zone in which the hybrids are less fit than the parental types

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34
Q

Static hybrid zone

A 
is one that
is in equilibrium between
selection and gene flow. The
Eastern Screech Owl has a gray
and red phase that are
dependent on the type of habitat
they live in. The gray phase
does better in mostly pine tree
areas, while the red phase is
favored in hardwood forests.
Probably due to protective
coloration against predators like
Great Horned Owls.
35
Q

dynamic hybrid zone

A 
are
clines that change over time.
The zone between
Townsend’s Warbler and the
Hermit Warbler is moving
since the Townsend’s
Warbler is replacing the
Hermit Warbler in much of its
range.
36
Q

Birds that WE are required to identify come mostly from

A

Neartic

37
Q

Filoplumes

A

hair like feathers that presumably help monitor other feather positions

38
Q

Powder downs

A

feathers that is never molted and are grown continuously

39
Q

rictal bristles

A

feathers located by the mouth of some birds

40
Q

down feathers

A

feathers that provide extra insulation

41
Q

contour feathers

A

the main body feathers

42
Q

semiplumes

A

feathers that provide insulation and feather support

43
Q

cloaca

A

serves as the outlet for the intestines and genital tract

44
Q

esophagus

A

has developed into a multi-chambered fermentation stomach in the Hoatzin

45
Q

gizzard

A

muscular organ for smashing food

46
Q

intestine

A

structure for absorbing nutrients

47
Q

proventriculus

A

secretes gastric juices

48
Q

crop

A

stores food in some birds

49
Q

ceca

A

absorption of water

50
Q

Mature and fully developed tissues are living tissues

A

false

51
Q

all birds have pneumatic bones

A

false

52
Q

all flightless birds lack a keel

A

false

53
Q

the pectoral muscle contracts to lower the wing

A

true

54
Q

Birds tend to have a lower body temp than mammals

A

false

55
Q

facultive hypothermia is when body temp is raised higher than normal

A

false

56
Q

it takes 2 breathes to move through the lungs of birds

A

true

57
Q

the lungs of birds are much more efficient than mammals

A

true

58
Q

the heart of bird is less efficient than mammals

A

false

59
Q

birds of prey use the proventriculus to compress parts of prey that they can’t digest into a pellet to regurgitate

A

false

60
Q

Birds that eat meat have a longer intestine

A

false

61
Q

birds need more water to excrete nitrogen waste

A

false

62
Q

salt glands in birds are used to excrete salt

A

true

63
Q

brain of a bird has a large cortex region, responsible for intelligence

A

false

64
Q

birds with monocular vision have excellent depth perception

A

false

65
Q

birds can change their shape of cornea and lens

A

true

66
Q

all birds have extraordinary hearing

A

false

67
Q

all vultures have to smell carrion to locate it

A

false

68
Q

birds have poorly developed taste

A

true

69
Q

birds are sensitive to capsacian/chilli peppers

A

false

70
Q

a derived character (synapomorphy) is a character that has evolved independently many times and is not useful for phylogenetic reconstruction

A

false

71
Q

homologous characters are the same due to “common descent”

A

True

72
Q

Archaeopteryx had feathers that were veined and asymmetrical, which is typical of flying birds

A

True

73
Q

Most researchers suggest that feathers evolved as a way to thermoregulate, since they are good for both keeping organisms warm, and keeping them cool

A

true

74
Q

Most researchers now accept that dinosaurs were the ancestors of modern birds, because of the many characters that unite them

A

true

75
Q

The arboreal tree down theory of flight is usually associated with the early thecodont evolution of birds

A

True

76
Q

Pleistocene glaciations appear to have been very important to bird speciation

A

false

77
Q

hummingbirds from north and south america , and sun birds from Africa represent a good example of convergent evolution

A

true

78
Q

sexual selection has probably not had much an effect on speciation in birds

A

false

79
Q

A secondary contact zone is a hybrid zone that is the result of 2 allopatric populations coming back into contact

A

true

80
Q

interspecific hybrids are often intermediate in characters between the two parental types which is usually detrimental to the hybrid

A

true

81
Q

Vicariant evolution is when a barrier splits a species distribution into 2 parts, such as a mountain range,river, or glacial ice sheet

A

true

82
Q

phylogenetic trees represent the genealogical relationships among organisms(taxa): how they are related to one another, like family relationships

A

True

83
Q

The phylogenetic species is defined as the smallest (exclusive) monophyletic group of common ancestory

A

True

Ornithology Final Exam (2 decks)

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