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Public health > Midterm I > Flashcards

Midterm I Flashcards

1
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health

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2
Q

What are the five components of health promotion?

A

Emotional
Social
Intellectual
Spiritual
Physical

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3
Q

What is wellness?

A

A state of optimal well-being that is oriented towards maximizing an individuals potential.

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4
Q

What is public health?

A

The health of the community across multiple dimensions and disciplines

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5
Q

What are the ten essential public health services?

A

Monitor
Diagnose and investigate
Inform, educate, and empower
Mobilize community partnerships
Develop policies and plans
Enforce laws
Link people to other health services
Ensure competent workforce
Evaluate effectiveness
Research

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6
Q

Public health takes into account changes made in health _________________?

A

Promotion

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7
Q

What is the most important focus of the public health model?

A

Access to and evaluation of services

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8
Q

The Western system of medicine follows the _____________ model?

A

Medical

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9
Q

The public health model is concerned with the _______________ of the population?

A

Majority

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10
Q

The medical model is concerned with the individual _______________?

A

Patient

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11
Q

What is the public health model of disease prevention?

A

An epidemiological model that attempts to prevent or reduce a particular illness or social problem in a population by identifying risk factors

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12
Q

What gender and age trends are present in addiction?

A

Younger in males and older in females

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13
Q

What gender is more at risk for addiction?

A

Male

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14
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Health promotion and addressing risk factors, social, and genetic factors

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15
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Screening of at risk individual, control of risk factors and early intervention

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16
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Rehabilitation, preventing complications and improving quality of life in a sick population

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17
Q

Primary prevention targets a(n) ___________ population?

A

Well

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18
Q

Secondary prevention targets a(n) _____________ population?

A

At risk (families in need)

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19
Q

Tertiary prevention targets a(n) ________________ population?

A

Unhealthy

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20
Q

What is optimistic bias?

A

When younger populations underestimate their risk of injury or illness

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21
Q

What are the steps for designing a public health model?

A

Define the problem
Identify risk and protective factor
Develop and test intervention strategies
Assure widespread adoption and evaluation

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22
Q

What is the first step in designing a public health model?

A

Define the problem

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23
Q

What is the second step in designing a public health model?

A

Identify risk and protective factors

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24
Q

What is the third step in designing a public health model?

A

Develop and test intervention strategies

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25
Q

What is the fourth and final step in designing a public health model?

A

Assure widespread adoption and evaluation

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26
Q

Screening of at risk individuals is a form of _______________ prevention?

A

Secondary

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27
Q

Health promotion and addressing risk factors is a form of _______________ prevention?

A

Primary

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28
Q

Analysis of social and genetic factors is a form of ________________ prevention?

A

Primary

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29
Q

Control of risk factors and early intervention is a form of _______________ prevention?

A

Secondary

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30
Q

Rehabilitation and improving quality of life is a form of ________________ prevention?

A

Tertiary

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31
Q

Public health focuses mostly on ________________ prevention?

A

Primary

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32
Q

Preventing further health complications is a form of _______________ prevention?

A

Tertiary

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33
Q

What is a protective factor against Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Social activity

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34
Q

What is a protective factor against heart disease?

A

Exercise

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35
Q

Primary interventions are targeted at the _____________ population before problems occur?

A

Entire

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36
Q

Secondary interventions are targeted at _____________________ to alleviate identified problems and prevent escalation?

A

At risk (families in need)

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37
Q

What does public health define as a “family”?

A

Any group and/or people that provide care

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38
Q

Tertiary interventions are targeted at the _____________ population after problems have set in?

A

Affected (sick/unhealthy)

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39
Q

What is the health belief model?

A

Model focusing on the individuals perception of the threat to their own health and well-being

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40
Q

What are the key concepts of the health belief model?

A

Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits of intervention
Self-efficacy

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41
Q

Perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits are key concepts in the _________________ model of public health?

A

Health belief

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42
Q

What is the stages of change model?

A

Model focusing on the individuals readiness to change or attempt to change towards healthy behaviors and lifestyles

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43
Q

What are the steps of the stages of change model?

A

Precontemplation
Contemplation
Decision/determination
Action
Maintenance

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44
Q

What step of the stages of change model is the hardest for a patient?

A

Maintenance

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45
Q

What two public health models explain health behaviors at the individual level?

A

Health belief model and stages of change model

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46
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

Lifestyle/behavior is explained as a dynamic interaction of personal factors, environmental influences, and behaviors that continually influence each other

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47
Q

What are the key concepts of the social learning theory?

A

Behavior capability
Reciprocal determinism
Expectations
Self-efficacy
Observational learning
Reinforcement

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48
Q

Reciprocal determinism is a key concept in the ________________ theory?

A

Social learning

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49
Q

Observational learning is a key concept in the ___________________ theory?

A

Social learning

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50
Q

Self-efficacy is a key concept in which models of public health?

A

Health belief model
Social learning theory

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51
Q

What are the steps of the social learning theory?

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

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52
Q

Stimuli and focus is associated with what step of the social learning theory?

A

Attention

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53
Q

Rehearsing and encoding is associated with what step of the social learning theory?

A

Retention

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54
Q

Practice and feedback is associated with what step of the social learning theory?

A

Motor reproduction

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55
Q

Reward and reinforcement is associated with what step of the social learning theory?

A

Motivation

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56
Q

Behavior capability and expectations are key concepts in the ___________________ theory?

A

Social learning

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57
Q

What is the community organization theory?

A

Theory emphasizing active participation in and development of communities that can better evaluate and solve health and social problems

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58
Q

What are the key concepts of the community organization theory?

A

Empowerment
Community competence
Participation and relevance
Issue selection
Critical consciousness

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59
Q

What is the organizational change theory?

A

Concerns processes and strategies for increasing the likelihood that healthy policies and programs will be adopted and maintained in formal organization

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60
Q

What is the diffusion of innovations theory?

A

Theory addressing how new ideas, products, and social practices spread within a society or from one society to another

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61
Q

What are the key concepts of the diffusion of innovations theory?

A

Relative advantage
Compatibility
Complexity
Trial-ability
Observability

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62
Q

What is culture?

A

The sum total of the way of living including values, beliefs, standards, language, thinking patterns, behavioral norms, communications styles etc. that guides decisions and actions of a group through time

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63
Q

What is meliorism?

A

What can be done to make something better

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64
Q

Meliorism and activism are a part of the culture of ______________ medicine?

A

Western

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65
Q

Dominance over nature is a part of the culture of _______________ medicine?

A

Western

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66
Q

Future orientation (newer=better) is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?

A

Western

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67
Q

Standardization is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?

A

Western

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68
Q

Therapeutic aggressiveness is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?

A

Western

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69
Q

Activism and timeliness are a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?

A

Western

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70
Q

What is cultural competence?

A

A set of congruent behaviors, practices, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system or agency or among professionals, enabling effective work to be done in cross-cultural situations

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71
Q

What is cultural destructiveness?

A

Forced assimilation, subjugation, rights, and privileges for dominant groups only

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72
Q

What is cultural incapacity?

A

Racism, maintenance of stereotypes, unfair hiring practices

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73
Q

What is cultural blindness?

A

Differences are ignored and everyone is treated the same to meet the needs of the dominant groups

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74
Q

What is cultural proficiency?

A

Implementation of changes to improve services based upon cultural needs, do research, and teach

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75
Q

What are the steps of intercultural development?

A

Denial
Polarization
Minimization
Acceptance
Adaptation

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76
Q

What is the LEARN model?

A

Listen to the patient’s perception of the problem
Explain your perception of the problem
Acknowledge and discuss differences/similarities
Recommend treatment
Negotiate treatment

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77
Q

What are the Healthy People initiatives?

A

Organized national approach in public health planning

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78
Q

When was the first Healthy People initiative?

A

1979

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79
Q

When did healthy people 2020 initiate?

A

2010 (Always ten years earlier)

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80
Q

What was the only goal accomplished by Healthy People 2020?

A

More calcium supplementation in food

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81
Q

What is the vision statement of Healthy People 2030?

A

A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being across the lifespan

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82
Q

What is the mission statement of Healthy People 2030?

A

To promote, strengthen, and evaluate the Nation’s efforts to improve the health and well-being of all people

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83
Q

Who uses the most medical resources?

A

Baby boomers

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84
Q

What are determinants of health?

A

The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status

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85
Q

What are the five categories of determinants of health?

A

Policy making
Social factors
Health services
Individual behavior
Biology and genetics

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86
Q

What is the most important determinant of health?

A

Individual behavior

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87
Q

What category is the most important determinant of health?

A

Individual behavior

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88
Q

What individual determinants of health cannot be easily changed?

A

Age, sex, and hereditary factors

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89
Q

What are some examples of social determinants of health?

A

Living conditions
Social support and interactions
Transportation and public safety
Exposure to crime
Social norms and attitudes
Quality of schooling

90
Q

Individuals without health insurance are (More/Less) likely to participate in preventative care and are more likely to delay medical treatment?

A

Less

91
Q

What are barriers to accessing health services?

A

Lack of availability
High cost
Lack of insurance coverage
Limited language access

92
Q

Many public health and health care interventions focus on changing ____________________________?

A

Individual behaviors

93
Q

What are examples of individual behavior determinants of health?

A

Diet
Physical activity
Drug use
Hand washing most important

94
Q

What are examples of biological and genetic social determinants of health?

A

Age
Sex
HIV status
Inherited conditions
Genetics
Family history

95
Q

Age and sex are examples of what social determinants of health?

A

Biological/genetic

96
Q

What are behaviors?

A

Individual responses or reactions to internal stimuli and external conditions

97
Q

What government department controls food from farm to table?

A

US department of Agriculture (USDA)

98
Q

What government department controls food additives and pharmaceuticals?

A

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

99
Q

What is included in the social environment?

A

Family, friends, coworkers, people in general community

100
Q

What is included in the physical environment?

A

That which can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, and tasted (five senses)

101
Q

What are leading health indicators?

A

Sets of measures used to track progress of the Healthy People initiatives by providing a “snapshot” of the nation’s health

102
Q

Americans are getting fatter faster (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

do i even have to write an answer to this

103
Q

What population is obesity more prevalent in?

A

Black, Hispanic, and low income

104
Q

What population is obesity most prevalent in? Why?

A

Hispanic due to lower income

105
Q

Between 2008 and 2012 (Less/More) adults engaged in leisure time aerobic activity?

A

More

106
Q

What percentage of adults met the physical activity guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening activity in 2012?

A

20%

107
Q

Arsenic exposure in recent years has gotten (Better/Worse)?

A

Worse

108
Q

Ambient air quality has met the Healthy People target and continues to improve (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

True

109
Q

The use of in-home radon mitigation and reduction features has (Increased/Decreased)?

A

Increased

110
Q

Tobacco use and cigarette smoking among adults has continued to (Increase/Decrease) gradually?

A

Decrease

111
Q

Exposure to tobacco marketing has (Decreased/Increased) among students?

A

Increased

112
Q

Concentrations of bisphenol and phthalate have (Increased/Decreased)?

A

Decreased

113
Q

What US city has the worst air quality?

A

Los Angeles

114
Q

Substance abuse rates as a whole are (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

Increasing

115
Q

There has been a steep (Increase/Decrease) in opioid overdose since 2002?

A

Increase

116
Q

Vaping use has (Increased/Decreased) and causes ______________________ due to nicotine levels?

A

Increased, vascular friability

117
Q

Among 8-12 grade students, disapproval of marijuana and alcohol use (Increases/Decreases) as actual use (Increases/Decreases)?

A

Decreases, Increases

118
Q

What is the number one venue for tobacco marketing?

A

NASCAR events

119
Q

What population is most affected by the opioid crisis?

A

Middle class whites

120
Q

What is the most prevalent ethnicity in the US?

A

Hispanic

121
Q

Although drug use is (Increasing/Decreasing) most people who have a substance abuse issue do not receive _______________?

A

Increasing, treatment

122
Q

What is the number one STD in the US?

A

Chlamydia

123
Q

What is the number two STD in the US?

A

Gonorrhea

124
Q

Primary and secondary syphilis rates are (Decreasing/Increasing) in males?

A

Increasing

125
Q

Where are STD outbreaks most prevalent geographically?

A

Bible Belt

126
Q

Congenital syphilis as a whole is (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

Decreasing

127
Q

Congenital syphilis can cause what sign in infants?

A

Hutchinson’s teeth

128
Q

Which form of syphilis cannot be treated?

A

Tertiary

129
Q

What population is seeing the highest rate of new congenital syphilis cases?

A

the 13%

130
Q

HIV rates are (Decreasing/Increasing) in gay males?

A

Increasing

131
Q

Viral suppression among persons living with diagnosed HIV (Increased/Decreased)?

A

Increased

132
Q

What percentage of the US is mentally ill?

A

20%

133
Q

What is the etiologic agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

134
Q

Suicide rates have been (Increasing/Decreasing) since 2000?

A

Increasing

135
Q

What percentage of adults with serious mental illness do not receive treatment?

A

33%

136
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed mental illness?

A

Anxiety

137
Q

The (Younger/Older) age group is mostly impacted by non-fatal injuries in work and non-work environments?

A

Younger

138
Q

Violence in the US generally is (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

Decreasing

139
Q

(Over/Under) one half of all children and adolescent have been exposed to violence?

A

Over

140
Q

Proportion of persons with medical insurance coverage is (Increasing/Decreasing)?

A

Increasing

141
Q

What percentage of a population is required to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?

A

80%

142
Q

What has caused vaccination issues on the west coast of the US?

A

Personal exemption laws

143
Q

What percentage of the US is properly immunized?

A

70%

144
Q

The US population meets herd immunity benchmarks (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

False

145
Q

Average annual health care costs are (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

the fuck do you think

146
Q

Number and proportion of the population age 65 and over is (Increasing/Decreasing)?

A

Increasing

147
Q

What title of the affordable care act made chiropractors portal of entry provides?

A

Title VII

148
Q

Nearly _________ of older adults have moderate to severe functional limitations?

A

1/3

149
Q

What medication is 100% covered by Medicare?

A

Erectile Dysfunction LOL

150
Q

What is CLABSI?

A

Central line associated bloodstream infection

151
Q

Nosocomial infections are (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

Increasing

152
Q

What amount of patients leaving the hospital are suspected to have some sort of infection?

A

1/3

153
Q

What is the number one portal of entry for nosocomial infections?

A

Genitourinary

154
Q

What surgical profession has the highest rate of nosocomial infection?

A

Orthopedics

155
Q

What is YPLL? What does it represent?

A

Years of potential life lost
Summary measure of premature mortality (early death)
Represents the total number of years not lived by people who die before reaching a given age.

156
Q

What age group contributes more to YPLL?

A

Younger

157
Q

The YPLL in the US is based on people who die before the age of __________?

A

75

158
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in the US in both males and females?

A

Cancer

159
Q

What is the largest pathology contributing to YPLL in both males and females?

A

Cancer

160
Q

What is the second leading contributor to YPLL in both males and females?

A

MVA

161
Q

YPLL is a measurement of the _________________ of a person?

A

Final cost

162
Q

What age do most Americans work until?

A

75

163
Q

What age group and gender is at the highest risk for suicide death?

A

Males over 65

164
Q

What life expectancy measures were measured by Healthy People 2020?

A

Life expectancy at birth
at age 65

165
Q

Life expectancy is (Decreasing/Increasing) in the millennial population?

A

Decreasing

166
Q

Do older or younger people get into more motor vehicle accidents?

A

Older

167
Q

Do older or younger people die more in MVAs?

A

Younger

168
Q

What are physically and mentally unhealthy days?

A

Measurement in the past 30 days that an individual rated their physical or mental health as not good

169
Q

Physically unhealthy days (Increase/Decrease) with age?

A

Increase

170
Q

Mentally unhealthy days (Increase/Decrease) with age?

A

Decrease

171
Q

What is the general leading cause of death and disability in the US?

A

Chronic disease

172
Q

What percentage of deaths per year are caused by chronic disease?

A

70%

173
Q

What is the number one form of elderly abuse?

A

Stealing of money

174
Q

What instrumental activity of daily living is the hardest for an elderly person to accomplish?

A

Driving

175
Q

If a health outcome is seen in a greater or lesser extent between populations there is _________________?

A

Disparity

176
Q

Is the eastern or western US healthier?

A

Western

177
Q

Is the northern or southern US healthier?

A

Northern

178
Q

What is the number one cause of death in the US?

A

Heart disease

179
Q

Which gender has a higher life expectancy?

A

Female

180
Q

Infant mortality rates (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

Decreasing

181
Q

Religious persons hold a poorer economic status, have higher rates of obesity, and attain less education (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

True

182
Q

Fewer than __________ of adults and an even lower percentage of adolescent eat the recommended amount of __________________ each day?

A

1/3, vegetables

183
Q

Roughly ____________ % of adults and adolescents do not get the recommended amount of physical activity?

A

80%

184
Q

What ethnicity is the most obese in the United States? Who is number two?

A

Hispanics = #1
Blacks = #2

185
Q

What US state is the least obese?

A

Colorado

186
Q

What area of the US is most obese?

A

Bible Belt/ South and Midwest US

187
Q

What is the most obese country in the world?

A

United States

188
Q

What is the largest restaurant chain worldwide?

A

KFC

189
Q

The obese landmark is now more prevalent than overweight (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

True

190
Q

What is the most important part of losing weight according to the government?

A

Limit caloric intake to meet caloric needs

191
Q

What is the governments goal in regards to nutrition?

A

Promote health and reduce chronic disease risk through the consumption of healthful diets and achievement and maintenance of healthy body weights

192
Q

What is food insecurity?

A

A lack of available financial resources for food at the level of the household
A lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life

193
Q

What is the target amount of vegetables per 1000 calories for Healthy People 2020/2030?

A

1.1 cups

194
Q

What percentage of change are the Healthy People looking for when they set their goals?

A

10%

195
Q

Food insecurity in US households is (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

Increasing

196
Q

What is the most skipped meal of the day?
What is the most rushed meal of the day?

A

-Breakfast
-Lunch

197
Q

Sodium consumption in the US is (Lower/Higher) than recommended levels?

A

Higher

198
Q

What is the source of most sodium in American food?

A

Salt added to processed foods during manufacturing

199
Q

What is the goal of public health in regards to sodium consumption in the US?

A

Reduce sodium in overall food supply

200
Q

How many states required activity programs be provided to preschool-aged children in child care?

A

25

201
Q

No leisure-time physical activity in adults (Decreases/Increases) as they age?

A

Increases

202
Q

What are examples of vigorous-intensity physical activity?

A

Jogging, singles tennis, swimming continuous laps, or bicycling uphill

203
Q

Healthy People 2010 made a lot of progress in regards to their obesity goals (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

False

204
Q

What has been added in the highest amounts to food that results in caloric increases?

A

Fats and oils

205
Q

High fructose corn sweetener rates are (Decreasing/Increasing)?

A

Increasing

206
Q

The south is more food insecure than the north (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

True

207
Q

What is the Food and Drug Administration RDA for sodium a day?

A

2300 mg

208
Q

What is the American Heart Association RDA for sodium a day?

A

1500 mg

209
Q

Higher income women are (Less/More) likely to be obese than lower income women?

A

Less

210
Q

Women with college degrees are (Less/More) likely to be obese compared to women with less education?Women with college degrees are (Less/More) likely to be obese compared to women with less education?

A

Less

211
Q

There is no significant relationship between obesity and education among men (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

True

212
Q

As African American and Hispanic male income increases, obesity rates (Decrease/Increase)?

A

Increase

213
Q

The highest obesity rates geographically are in what state group?

A

Bible belt

214
Q

What state has the highest percentage of obese persons in the country?

A

Mississippi

215
Q

What is the Reference amounts customarily consumed (RACCs)

A

Proposed FDA regulation based on recent national food intake data to establish product serving sizes

216
Q

The RACCs are a recommendation on the amount of food to eat (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

False

217
Q

The average American children gets how many hours of screen time a day?

A

6-8 hours

218
Q

Generally speaking, lower income equates to greater obesity (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

True

219
Q

What percentage of the US food supply is regulated by the FDA?

A

80%

220
Q

What is SNAP?

A

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and a vital supplement to the monthly budget for food for low-income people

221
Q

According to the USDA a healthy eating pattern limits:

A

Saturated fat and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium

Public health (3 decks)

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