Midterm I Flashcards
What is health promotion?
The science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health
What are the five components of health promotion?
Emotional
Social
Intellectual
Spiritual
Physical
What is wellness?
A state of optimal well-being that is oriented towards maximizing an individuals potential.
What is public health?
The health of the community across multiple dimensions and disciplines
What are the ten essential public health services?
Monitor
Diagnose and investigate
Inform, educate, and empower
Mobilize community partnerships
Develop policies and plans
Enforce laws
Link people to other health services
Ensure competent workforce
Evaluate effectiveness
Research
Public health takes into account changes made in health _________________?
Promotion
What is the most important focus of the public health model?
Access to and evaluation of services
The Western system of medicine follows the _____________ model?
Medical
The public health model is concerned with the _______________ of the population?
Majority
The medical model is concerned with the individual _______________?
Patient
What is the public health model of disease prevention?
An epidemiological model that attempts to prevent or reduce a particular illness or social problem in a population by identifying risk factors
What gender and age trends are present in addiction?
Younger in males and older in females
What gender is more at risk for addiction?
Male
What is primary prevention?
Health promotion and addressing risk factors, social, and genetic factors
What is secondary prevention?
Screening of at risk individual, control of risk factors and early intervention
What is tertiary prevention?
Rehabilitation, preventing complications and improving quality of life in a sick population
Primary prevention targets a(n) ___________ population?
Well
Secondary prevention targets a(n) _____________ population?
At risk (families in need)
Tertiary prevention targets a(n) ________________ population?
Unhealthy
What is optimistic bias?
When younger populations underestimate their risk of injury or illness
What are the steps for designing a public health model?
Define the problem
Identify risk and protective factor
Develop and test intervention strategies
Assure widespread adoption and evaluation
What is the first step in designing a public health model?
Define the problem
What is the second step in designing a public health model?
Identify risk and protective factors
What is the third step in designing a public health model?
Develop and test intervention strategies
What is the fourth and final step in designing a public health model?
Assure widespread adoption and evaluation
Screening of at risk individuals is a form of _______________ prevention?
Secondary
Health promotion and addressing risk factors is a form of _______________ prevention?
Primary
Analysis of social and genetic factors is a form of ________________ prevention?
Primary
Control of risk factors and early intervention is a form of _______________ prevention?
Secondary
Rehabilitation and improving quality of life is a form of ________________ prevention?
Tertiary
Public health focuses mostly on ________________ prevention?
Primary
Preventing further health complications is a form of _______________ prevention?
Tertiary
What is a protective factor against Alzheimer’s disease?
Social activity
What is a protective factor against heart disease?
Exercise
Primary interventions are targeted at the _____________ population before problems occur?
Entire
Secondary interventions are targeted at _____________________ to alleviate identified problems and prevent escalation?
At risk (families in need)
What does public health define as a “family”?
Any group and/or people that provide care
Tertiary interventions are targeted at the _____________ population after problems have set in?
Affected (sick/unhealthy)
What is the health belief model?
Model focusing on the individuals perception of the threat to their own health and well-being
What are the key concepts of the health belief model?
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits of intervention
Self-efficacy
Perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits are key concepts in the _________________ model of public health?
Health belief
What is the stages of change model?
Model focusing on the individuals readiness to change or attempt to change towards healthy behaviors and lifestyles
What are the steps of the stages of change model?
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Decision/determination
Action
Maintenance
What step of the stages of change model is the hardest for a patient?
Maintenance
What two public health models explain health behaviors at the individual level?
Health belief model and stages of change model
What is the social learning theory?
Lifestyle/behavior is explained as a dynamic interaction of personal factors, environmental influences, and behaviors that continually influence each other
What are the key concepts of the social learning theory?
Behavior capability
Reciprocal determinism
Expectations
Self-efficacy
Observational learning
Reinforcement
Reciprocal determinism is a key concept in the ________________ theory?
Social learning
Observational learning is a key concept in the ___________________ theory?
Social learning
Self-efficacy is a key concept in which models of public health?
Health belief model
Social learning theory
What are the steps of the social learning theory?
Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
Stimuli and focus is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Attention
Rehearsing and encoding is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Retention
Practice and feedback is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Motor reproduction
Reward and reinforcement is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Motivation
Behavior capability and expectations are key concepts in the ___________________ theory?
Social learning
What is the community organization theory?
Theory emphasizing active participation in and development of communities that can better evaluate and solve health and social problems
What are the key concepts of the community organization theory?
Empowerment
Community competence
Participation and relevance
Issue selection
Critical consciousness
What is the organizational change theory?
Concerns processes and strategies for increasing the likelihood that healthy policies and programs will be adopted and maintained in formal organization
What is the diffusion of innovations theory?
Theory addressing how new ideas, products, and social practices spread within a society or from one society to another
What are the key concepts of the diffusion of innovations theory?
Relative advantage
Compatibility
Complexity
Trial-ability
Observability
What is culture?
The sum total of the way of living including values, beliefs, standards, language, thinking patterns, behavioral norms, communications styles etc. that guides decisions and actions of a group through time
What is meliorism?
What can be done to make something better
Meliorism and activism are a part of the culture of ______________ medicine?
Western
Dominance over nature is a part of the culture of _______________ medicine?
Western
Future orientation (newer=better) is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
Standardization is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
Therapeutic aggressiveness is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
Activism and timeliness are a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
What is cultural competence?
A set of congruent behaviors, practices, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system or agency or among professionals, enabling effective work to be done in cross-cultural situations
What is cultural destructiveness?
Forced assimilation, subjugation, rights, and privileges for dominant groups only
What is cultural incapacity?
Racism, maintenance of stereotypes, unfair hiring practices
What is cultural blindness?
Differences are ignored and everyone is treated the same to meet the needs of the dominant groups
What is cultural proficiency?
Implementation of changes to improve services based upon cultural needs, do research, and teach
What are the steps of intercultural development?
Denial
Polarization
Minimization
Acceptance
Adaptation
What is the LEARN model?
Listen to the patient’s perception of the problem
Explain your perception of the problem
Acknowledge and discuss differences/similarities
Recommend treatment
Negotiate treatment
What are the Healthy People initiatives?
Organized national approach in public health planning
When was the first Healthy People initiative?
1979
When did healthy people 2020 initiate?
2010 (Always ten years earlier)
What was the only goal accomplished by Healthy People 2020?
More calcium supplementation in food
What is the vision statement of Healthy People 2030?
A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being across the lifespan
What is the mission statement of Healthy People 2030?
To promote, strengthen, and evaluate the Nation’s efforts to improve the health and well-being of all people
Who uses the most medical resources?
Baby boomers
What are determinants of health?
The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
What are the five categories of determinants of health?
Policy making
Social factors
Health services
Individual behavior
Biology and genetics
What is the most important determinant of health?
Individual behavior
What category is the most important determinant of health?
Individual behavior
What individual determinants of health cannot be easily changed?
Age, sex, and hereditary factors
What are some examples of social determinants of health?
Living conditions
Social support and interactions
Transportation and public safety
Exposure to crime
Social norms and attitudes
Quality of schooling
Individuals without health insurance are (More/Less) likely to participate in preventative care and are more likely to delay medical treatment?
Less
What are barriers to accessing health services?
Lack of availability
High cost
Lack of insurance coverage
Limited language access
Many public health and health care interventions focus on changing ____________________________?
Individual behaviors
What are examples of individual behavior determinants of health?
Diet
Physical activity
Drug use
Hand washing most important
What are examples of biological and genetic social determinants of health?
Age
Sex
HIV status
Inherited conditions
Genetics
Family history
Age and sex are examples of what social determinants of health?
Biological/genetic
What are behaviors?
Individual responses or reactions to internal stimuli and external conditions
What government department controls food from farm to table?
US department of Agriculture (USDA)
What government department controls food additives and pharmaceuticals?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
What is included in the social environment?
Family, friends, coworkers, people in general community
What is included in the physical environment?
That which can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, and tasted (five senses)
What are leading health indicators?
Sets of measures used to track progress of the Healthy People initiatives by providing a “snapshot” of the nation’s health
Americans are getting fatter faster (TRUE/FALSE)?
do i even have to write an answer to this
What population is obesity more prevalent in?
Black, Hispanic, and low income
What population is obesity most prevalent in? Why?
Hispanic due to lower income
Between 2008 and 2012 (Less/More) adults engaged in leisure time aerobic activity?
More
What percentage of adults met the physical activity guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening activity in 2012?
20%
Arsenic exposure in recent years has gotten (Better/Worse)?
Worse
Ambient air quality has met the Healthy People target and continues to improve (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
The use of in-home radon mitigation and reduction features has (Increased/Decreased)?
Increased
Tobacco use and cigarette smoking among adults has continued to (Increase/Decrease) gradually?
Decrease
Exposure to tobacco marketing has (Decreased/Increased) among students?
Increased
Concentrations of bisphenol and phthalate have (Increased/Decreased)?
Decreased
What US city has the worst air quality?
Los Angeles
Substance abuse rates as a whole are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
There has been a steep (Increase/Decrease) in opioid overdose since 2002?
Increase
Vaping use has (Increased/Decreased) and causes ______________________ due to nicotine levels?
Increased, vascular friability
Among 8-12 grade students, disapproval of marijuana and alcohol use (Increases/Decreases) as actual use (Increases/Decreases)?
Decreases, Increases
What is the number one venue for tobacco marketing?
NASCAR events
What population is most affected by the opioid crisis?
Middle class whites
What is the most prevalent ethnicity in the US?
Hispanic
Although drug use is (Increasing/Decreasing) most people who have a substance abuse issue do not receive _______________?
Increasing, treatment
What is the number one STD in the US?
Chlamydia
What is the number two STD in the US?
Gonorrhea
Primary and secondary syphilis rates are (Decreasing/Increasing) in males?
Increasing
Where are STD outbreaks most prevalent geographically?
Bible Belt
Congenital syphilis as a whole is (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Decreasing
Congenital syphilis can cause what sign in infants?
Hutchinson’s teeth
Which form of syphilis cannot be treated?
Tertiary
What population is seeing the highest rate of new congenital syphilis cases?
the 13%
HIV rates are (Decreasing/Increasing) in gay males?
Increasing
Viral suppression among persons living with diagnosed HIV (Increased/Decreased)?
Increased
What percentage of the US is mentally ill?
20%
What is the etiologic agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
Suicide rates have been (Increasing/Decreasing) since 2000?
Increasing
What percentage of adults with serious mental illness do not receive treatment?
33%
What is the most commonly diagnosed mental illness?
Anxiety
The (Younger/Older) age group is mostly impacted by non-fatal injuries in work and non-work environments?
Younger
Violence in the US generally is (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Decreasing
(Over/Under) one half of all children and adolescent have been exposed to violence?
Over
Proportion of persons with medical insurance coverage is (Increasing/Decreasing)?
Increasing
What percentage of a population is required to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?
80%
What has caused vaccination issues on the west coast of the US?
Personal exemption laws
What percentage of the US is properly immunized?
70%
The US population meets herd immunity benchmarks (TRUE/FALSE)?
False
Average annual health care costs are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
the fuck do you think
Number and proportion of the population age 65 and over is (Increasing/Decreasing)?
Increasing
What title of the affordable care act made chiropractors portal of entry provides?
Title VII
Nearly _________ of older adults have moderate to severe functional limitations?
1/3
What medication is 100% covered by Medicare?
Erectile Dysfunction LOL
What is CLABSI?
Central line associated bloodstream infection
Nosocomial infections are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
What amount of patients leaving the hospital are suspected to have some sort of infection?
1/3
What is the number one portal of entry for nosocomial infections?
Genitourinary
What surgical profession has the highest rate of nosocomial infection?
Orthopedics
What is YPLL? What does it represent?
Years of potential life lost
Summary measure of premature mortality (early death)
Represents the total number of years not lived by people who die before reaching a given age.
What age group contributes more to YPLL?
Younger
The YPLL in the US is based on people who die before the age of __________?
75
What is the second leading cause of death in the US in both males and females?
Cancer
What is the largest pathology contributing to YPLL in both males and females?
Cancer
What is the second leading contributor to YPLL in both males and females?
MVA
YPLL is a measurement of the _________________ of a person?
Final cost
What age do most Americans work until?
75
What age group and gender is at the highest risk for suicide death?
Males over 65
What life expectancy measures were measured by Healthy People 2020?
Life expectancy at birth
at age 65
Life expectancy is (Decreasing/Increasing) in the millennial population?
Decreasing
Do older or younger people get into more motor vehicle accidents?
Older
Do older or younger people die more in MVAs?
Younger
What are physically and mentally unhealthy days?
Measurement in the past 30 days that an individual rated their physical or mental health as not good
Physically unhealthy days (Increase/Decrease) with age?
Increase
Mentally unhealthy days (Increase/Decrease) with age?
Decrease
What is the general leading cause of death and disability in the US?
Chronic disease
What percentage of deaths per year are caused by chronic disease?
70%
What is the number one form of elderly abuse?
Stealing of money
What instrumental activity of daily living is the hardest for an elderly person to accomplish?
Driving
If a health outcome is seen in a greater or lesser extent between populations there is _________________?
Disparity
Is the eastern or western US healthier?
Western
Is the northern or southern US healthier?
Northern
What is the number one cause of death in the US?
Heart disease
Which gender has a higher life expectancy?
Female
Infant mortality rates (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Decreasing
Religious persons hold a poorer economic status, have higher rates of obesity, and attain less education (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
Fewer than __________ of adults and an even lower percentage of adolescent eat the recommended amount of __________________ each day?
1/3, vegetables
Roughly ____________ % of adults and adolescents do not get the recommended amount of physical activity?
80%
What ethnicity is the most obese in the United States? Who is number two?
Hispanics = #1
Blacks = #2
What US state is the least obese?
Colorado
What area of the US is most obese?
Bible Belt/ South and Midwest US
What is the most obese country in the world?
United States
What is the largest restaurant chain worldwide?
KFC
The obese landmark is now more prevalent than overweight (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
What is the most important part of losing weight according to the government?
Limit caloric intake to meet caloric needs
What is the governments goal in regards to nutrition?
Promote health and reduce chronic disease risk through the consumption of healthful diets and achievement and maintenance of healthy body weights
What is food insecurity?
A lack of available financial resources for food at the level of the household
A lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life
What is the target amount of vegetables per 1000 calories for Healthy People 2020/2030?
1.1 cups
What percentage of change are the Healthy People looking for when they set their goals?
10%
Food insecurity in US households is (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
What is the most skipped meal of the day?
What is the most rushed meal of the day?
-Breakfast
-Lunch
Sodium consumption in the US is (Lower/Higher) than recommended levels?
Higher
What is the source of most sodium in American food?
Salt added to processed foods during manufacturing
What is the goal of public health in regards to sodium consumption in the US?
Reduce sodium in overall food supply
How many states required activity programs be provided to preschool-aged children in child care?
25
No leisure-time physical activity in adults (Decreases/Increases) as they age?
Increases
What are examples of vigorous-intensity physical activity?
Jogging, singles tennis, swimming continuous laps, or bicycling uphill
Healthy People 2010 made a lot of progress in regards to their obesity goals (TRUE/FALSE)?
False
What has been added in the highest amounts to food that results in caloric increases?
Fats and oils
High fructose corn sweetener rates are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
The south is more food insecure than the north (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
What is the Food and Drug Administration RDA for sodium a day?
2300 mg
What is the American Heart Association RDA for sodium a day?
1500 mg
Higher income women are (Less/More) likely to be obese than lower income women?
Less
Women with college degrees are (Less/More) likely to be obese compared to women with less education?Women with college degrees are (Less/More) likely to be obese compared to women with less education?
Less
There is no significant relationship between obesity and education among men (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
As African American and Hispanic male income increases, obesity rates (Decrease/Increase)?
Increase
The highest obesity rates geographically are in what state group?
Bible belt
What state has the highest percentage of obese persons in the country?
Mississippi
What is the Reference amounts customarily consumed (RACCs)
Proposed FDA regulation based on recent national food intake data to establish product serving sizes
The RACCs are a recommendation on the amount of food to eat (TRUE/FALSE)?
False
The average American children gets how many hours of screen time a day?
6-8 hours
Generally speaking, lower income equates to greater obesity (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
What percentage of the US food supply is regulated by the FDA?
80%
What is SNAP?
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and a vital supplement to the monthly budget for food for low-income people
According to the USDA a healthy eating pattern limits:
Saturated fat and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium
