midterm hist 101

Question 1

Arianism

Answer 1

Christian heresy that declared that Christ is not truly divine but a created being.

Question 2

Althing

Answer 2

development of democratic governance and community engagement. With collective destination making august society.

Question 3

Feudalism

Answer 3

is a hierarchy system (major principle) from origins of Germanic traditions of lordship and loyalty. The system valued local lords and inner communities during the era of viking attacks.
Loyalty was seen through vassals (land titles)

Question 4

Iconoclasm

Answer 4

movement in the byzantine empire against prohibiting worship of religious figures (statues, paintings, ect)

Question 5

Manorialism

Answer 5

-It was closely tied to feudalism and defined the relationships between hierarchy. Had ties with land disbursements and economic status in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Question 6

Caliph

Answer 6

the highest religious leader in islam, meaning “successor” or “next in line”.

Question 7

Ulama

Answer 7

only the men learnt the Quran and hadith (means to talk/preach)

Question 8

Sufism

Answer 8

religious mystics, the feeling of god emanating emotional connections

Question 9

Sunni (muslim religion)

Answer 9

Sunni Islam has produced many influential scholars and leaders throughout history, contributing significantly to Islamic civilization, culture, and theology.

Question 10

Shi’a (muslim religion)

Answer 10

contributed significantly to Islamic culture is the second largest branch of islamic culture, philosophy, and scholarship. Influencing the political and religious landscape.

Question 11

Jizya

Answer 11

played a significant role in the administrative and social structures of Islamic states, non muslims had to pay a tax to higher power muslims in order to be excluded from military affairs.

Question 12

Why did the Roman empire collapse? What is the “pirenne thesis”.

Answer 12

Wave of tribes and barbarian attacks invading rome.
Slave labor, no public participation during imperial period.
Militarzations caused an economic collapse.
Henri Pirennes is the book of Charlemagne and Mohammed - germanic invasions did not destroy the roman civilization- the roman tradition was broken by the rapid advance of islam in the 8th century.

Question 13

Why did the eastern roman empire survive and the western collapsed?

Answer 13

The east was richer, and could pay tribute to the barbarians. The economy of the west was becoming strictly agricultural; the cities had shrunk. With the east paying off the barbarians they went over to the west which was smaller and less wealthy; they were very susceptible to attacks which led to the west’s downfall.
Constantinople, antioch, and alexandria grew because of their trade and industry

Question 14

Describe city life in Constantinople in the time of justinian.

Answer 14

State sponsored entertainment and all people got to see, celebrities of the “jockeys” and the group of fans were becoming important and structure/order was forming inside the city. The influenced government decisions and some high jock fans has close ties with justinian.

Question 15

Characterize main achievements and failures of Justinian’s reign. Was he successful?

Answer 15

FAILURES: Riots nika lead to the destruction of constantinople. Recapture of territories. He wasted lots of money
ACHIEVEMENTS: Military successes, construction progress (haghia sophia-holy wisdom), revision/codification of roman law by new financial reforms and legal systems (corpus lris civilis), reconcorded western mediterranean and italy.
IN BETWEEN: he made christianity the main religion by doing so, decreased the religious conflicts, took away pagan worship (even astrology).

Question 16

What are the differences between the western catholic and eastern orthodox beliefs and practices

Answer 16

Icons as the key to understanding the orthodox principles, the doctrine of the trinity, unleft bread after communion, prohibition of married priests (celibacy), papal supremacy.
Western catholics must be married and have children. Nicine creed.

Question 17

What is “ the normanist controversy” in Russian history? What are the political implications of this controversy?

Answer 17

Vikings created the Russian state so the political implications was the slavic people were not able to hold a state amongst themselves democratic resume so they needed a strong power over themselves.

Question 18

What are the most important values of gregory of tours? Provide examples from his text to explain your points.

Answer 18

Gregory often attributes the successes and failures of rulers to God’s will, suggesting that virtuous rulers are rewarded, while the wicked face divine retribution.Gregory of Tours’ writings reflect a society deeply rooted in Christian values, emphasizing faith, moral conduct, community responsibility, historical identity, and divine providence.

Question 19

What are the main characteristics of charlemagne’s reign? What were the achievements and limitations of the Carolingian renaissance?

Answer 19

Main characteristics of charlemagne’s reign; militarism with 54 campaigns close bond with the church in Rome: crowned as emperor by the Pope in Rome in 800 on christmas day; The Carolingian renaissance: latin script was now being written on parchment and more than 8,000 books were made.

Question 20

Describe everyday life during Charlemagne’s time.

Answer 20

Marriages: public celebrations, prohibited clerical marriages
Women have a position in church to be modest and present children, often used in business agreements regarding blending of families.
Travel: was not permitted because it was too dangerous
Health and hygiene; only the wealthy bathed regularly, medical herbs and bleeding were used to cure ailments.

Question 21

Political and economic foundations of the feudal system.

Answer 21

During Charlemagne’s reign, the feudal system emerged as a response to the political chaos and economic needs of post-Roman Europe especially with viking attacks. Its foundations relied on a complex interplay of loyalty, land ownership, and agricultural production, setting the stage for the medieval social structure that would dominate Europe for centuries.
“Vassal of my vassal is not my vassal”

Question 22

Who are the vikings? What was their role in European history?

Answer 22

People from scandinavia/traders/raiders
Trading with the rest of europe, creation of the feudal system, changing the european systems removing power from the king and high power on local lords, established many colonies and offered protections to specific communities.

Question 23

How did the bedouins of Arabia live before the rise of islam and why did the situation in Mecca change in the sixth century, before the advent of islam.

Answer 23

Conditions in Arabia before the rise of islam were not ideal; they lived wandering through the desert on camel backs and lived off raiding other tribes. With the harsh climate no one ever left so it became very interrelated.
The changes arose when trade routes expanded, war broke out between the Byzantine and Persian empires. As for Mecca they now controlled the trade which instilled safety upon them alongside the wealth.

Question 24

Characterize the culture of muslim Spain under the Umayyad dynasty.

Answer 24

Had Greek and Syrian officials with western influences. The empire was not well organized yet no community was able to form. Controversy of religion between muslim living in a community of christians.
Moving into iberian peninsula moved the christians up into the north, then they moved back into the south and went to reconquer the muslims. 1492 the christians took over and had the entire peninsula fully converted back over to christianity.
Trade networks arise and trade wealths build a cosmopolitan city with vast agriculture and riches, education, baths, houses with running water, street lights.
Great mosques (architecture and gardens advanced huge and drastically build fast and modernized pillars and arches ways, new fruit productions of lemons, oranges, avocados)

Question 25

Describe islamic accomplishments in science and medicine.

Answer 25

many scientific breakthroughs from medical fields and invention of hospitals and pharmacies. Medicine was much safer and better researched then christian medicine. the new navigations of astrology and mathematics coming into place evolutions from greek start offs.

Question 26

What were the highlights of islamic culture in literature? Explain the elements of the sufi influence on literature.

Answer 26

A large part was the parchment operations grew so many more books were being able to be produced and vast libraries being built to host the books and educational foundations.
Sufi is used a lot by teachers and judges to implement respect and approach of religion very rationally and legalistically.