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Politics in the Global South > Midterm Global South > Flashcards

Midterm Global South Flashcards

1
Q

What is an empirical argument?

A

Arguments about how to world are the way it is through observations of facts of the world.

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2
Q

What is a normative argument?

A

Arguments on how the world ought to be and concerned with specifying which sort of practice or institution is morally or ethically.

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3
Q

What is a concept?

A

Concepts are ideas comparativists use to think about the processes we study, and concepts are used to understand the world.

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4
Q

What are the features of good concepts?

A

Concepts must be coherent, consistent and useful for measuring variables.
- Clear and coherent and specific
- Consistent means relevance
- Measuring Variables  they must be specific enough that they allow you to draw distinctions in analyzing examples.

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5
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Empirical evidence means those observations we can make from looking at the real world rather than using abstract theories or speculation.

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6
Q

What is the comparative method?

A

Comparative politics reaches conclusions about cause and effect through structured and systematic comparing and contrasting of cases.

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7
Q

What is Most Similar System?  MSS

A

Differences in outcomes between similar cases are noteworthy, and differences in possible causes will help us explain them. SAME FEATURES, DIFFERENT OUTCOMES.

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8
Q

What are the Most- different- systems?

A

The researcher’s identities are two cases that are different in nearly all aspects yet similar on a particular outcome. DIFFERENT FEATURES, SAME OUTCOMES

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9
Q

What is a variable?

A

A variable is an element or factor that can change, or vary, from case to case.

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10
Q

What are the limits of the Comparative method?

A

Unlike the physical and natural sciences, the social sciences often cannot make use of controlled experiments.

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11
Q

What are theories?

A

A general set of explanatory claims about some specifiable empirical range and aims to explain more than just one or two cases. Also backed by empirical evidence.

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12
Q

What is a normative theory?

A

Normative theories deal with questions of values and moral beliefs.
Example: What is the best kind of political system we could construct?”

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13
Q

What is an empirical theory?

A

Empirical theories deal with empirical questions. Ex. What factors are most likely to produce a preferred political system?”
- This is about the variables that cause things to happen.

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14
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is a specific prediction, derived from theory, that can be tested against empirical evidence.

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15
Q

What are deviant cases or outliers?

A

Deviant cases are cases that do not fit the pattern predicted by a given theory.

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16
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning is the process of moving from general claims or theories to specific observations or portions about a phenomenon or set of cases.

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17
Q

What is a thesis?

A

A thesis is a statement for which one argues on the basic evidence.

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18
Q

What is correlation?

A

Correlation is the measure of the association between two variables. A relationship between two variables in which they tend to move either in the same direction or in opposite directions.

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19
Q

What is causation?

A

Causation is when one variable causes another variable. (only when there is causation there usually is a correlation.

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20
Q

What is the modern state?

A

The state is a recognized political unit, considered to be sovereign with a defined territory, people, and government, responsible for its administration.

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of a modern state?

A

Centralized control of the use of force, Bureaucratic organization, and the provision of public goods.

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22
Q

What are post-colonial states?

A

Post-colonial states are states that came into existence as former colonies gained their independence through violent or non-violent decolonization struggles.

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23
Q

What are settler states?

A

Settler states are states “settles” by European colonizers who occupied Indigenous lands and subdued Indigenous peoples.

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24
Q

What is state capacity?

A

State capacity is the measurement of a state’s ability to accomplish its goals. Especially the abilities to control violence, effectively tax the population and maintain well- functioning institutions and the rule of law.

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25
Q

What is the measurement of a state’s ability today?

A
  • Established a monopoly on the use of force
  • Has a smoothly functioning bureaucracy
  • Rule of law is maintained.
    To do this you must generate revenue, usually by the means of taxation
26
Q

What are failed states?

A

Failed states are states that cannot or do not perform their expected functions. (Has a lack of state capacity)

27
Q

What is a bureaucracy?

A

A form of organization that has individuals operating and working under established, specified, and complex rules. Turns the people who hold offices into instruments for the realization of goals set higher up in the organization.

28
Q

What is impersonality?

A

Impersonality is states identified with institutions rather than the personalities of their leaders.

29
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

Sovereignty is when states are the ultimate authority within their specifically demarcated territories.

30
Q

What are the traditional functions of modern states?

A

Defence, policing, taxation, order and administration, and “legibility”

31
Q

What are the theories of cause and effect of the emergence of states?

A
  1. Political/ Conflict Theories
  2. Economic Theories
  3. Cultural Theories
  4. Diffusion
32
Q

What is the political/ conflict theory for the emergence of the state?

A

Also “bellicist” theory, is that war made the state. War served as a centralized authority, the ability to tax the population to raise revenue, and the ability to mobilize the population for collective projects.

33
Q

What is the economic theory for the emergence of the state?

A
  • ## The capitalists create the state as an organization so that they can manipulate the circumstances that will maximize their profits, which means untimely exploiting labour.
34
Q

What is the cultural theory for the emergence of the state?

A

The cultural theory is when ideas and cultural forces in peoples’ lives lead to favouring the estate as an organization.
Theory: religious changes with Protestantism reshaped attitudes toward the role of institutions in
daily life.
- different cultures favour different regime systems.

35
Q

What is the diffusion theory for the emergence of the state?

A

Diffusion theory is the global spread of the state as a form of organization.- Theory: states had military advantages over non-states and thus came to dominate

  • The process through which a practice or idea spreads locally, nationally, and globally.
36
Q

What are the procedural definitions of democracy?

A

Procedural definitions of democracy claim that what makes a country a democracy is that it follows specific procedures, rules, or methods.

  • Includes civil liberties and political rights.
  • democracy must maintain a clear distinction between civilian and military rule.
37
Q

what is the substantive definitions of democracy?

A

Substantive democracy is a form of democracy that functions in the interest of the governed.
Ex. –> more equity, more participation, Equity, equality.

38
Q

What are the three wave of democratization?

A
  • 1st Wave - Late 19th century to late 1920’s.Western Europe.
  • 2nd Wave - Post WWII to 1960’s. Colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean.
  • 3rd Wave - Late 1970’s to mid-1990’s. First southern Europe, then Latin America/Asia, then the collapse of Soviet Union, then Africa.
  • 4th Wave? - Arab Spring once hailed as fourthwave.
39
Q

What are the types of democracy?

A

representative and direct democracy

40
Q

What is a representative democracy?

A

Politicians and institutions represent the electorate.

41
Q

What is direct democracy?

A

When there is an emphasis on direct citizen involvement in politics, especially involving citizen assemblies.

42
Q

What are the types of democratization?

A

Transition to democracy and democratic consolidation

43
Q

What is democratic consolidation?

A

The process by which a New Democratic order becomes institutionalized. Democracy is more likely to endure in “consolidated democracies” than “transitional democracies”
- The process through which, after a transition from authoritarianism, a polity strengthens its democracy, especially for citizens.

  • Democratic consolidation is the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that it becomes unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock, and is regarded as the only available system of government within a country.

-

44
Q

What causes democratization/ democracy?

A
  1. Modernization
  2. Culture and Democracy
  3. The international system
  4. Domestic Institutions
  5. Agents and Actors
45
Q

What is modernization?

A

Democracy is more stable in order polities”.
Economic wealth correlates with democracy: rich countries are often democratic.
Theory: emergent middle class plays role in the democratization

  • economics drives much of politics.
  • Modernization scholars argue that economic change drove democratization through the emergence of such factors as a middle class and a literate population.
  • A theory that traces democracy to broad social changes, especially economic development and the changes that accompany it.
46
Q

What is cultural impact on democracy?

A

Norms and attitudes support democracy in some places
- Theory: different regions or countries have distinct cultures regarding power, authority, and rights

47
Q

What is an international system?

A

Major powers in the world can affect chances for democracy in smaller countries.
ex. Cold War, US and USSR wanted ‘client states

48
Q

What is the transition to democracy?

A

Transition to democracy is the process though which a non- democratic regime becomes democratic.

49
Q

What is democratization?

A

Democratization is a kind of regime change in becoming more democratic. (democratic transition and democratic consolidation)

50
Q

What is the concept of individual acts or agents?

A

Democratization is often a story with prominent leaders and “triggers”
- These can be individuals or certain groups

Examples: Gandhi &Nehru (India), Mandela(South Africa

51
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The process which a new democratic order becomes institutionalized and therefore more likely to endure.

52
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross Domestic product is the total value of goods and services produced in a given country or territory; per capita GDP is divided by the population.

53
Q

What is mainstream poverty?

A

When one has no money to buy adequate food and satisfy material needs (incomes based)

54
Q

What are the critical views of poverty?

A

Emphasis on material and non- material needs (lack of capacity and power)
- political improvement of marginalized
- fulfilment of basic material and non-material needs

55
Q

What are the most common measures of development? What are they?

A

The most common measures of development ate economic.
- Gross Domestic Product
- Poverty
- Ineqaulity
-

56
Q

What is inequality?

A

The differernces in access to resoucres

57
Q

How is development most commonly measured?

A

development is commonly measured economics:
- GDP
- Poverty
- Inequality.

58
Q

Causes and effects: Market argument vs. State

A

Theory: market efficently allocates resources, while state impedes growth with meddling. –> The invisible hand is the best path. Let the private sector run the economy

59
Q

Cause and effect: State argument vs. Market

A

high-quality states can spur development, while low-quality states harm it.
- Push investments, coordinate among actors
- Protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
- Quality and nature of state involvement matter more than just quantity of state involvement.

60
Q

What do institutions do?

A

The presence of strong institutions creates incentives for individuals to save and invest.
- Protecting poverty rights matter
- Strong property rights matters

61
Q

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

A composite measure developed by the United Nations to provide a broad view of annual development and well- being around the world, based on income, life expectancy, literacy and school enrollments.
- measures the standard of living.

Politics in the Global South (2 decks)

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