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Politics in the Global South > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a legislature?

A

Assembly or body of representatives with the authority
to make laws

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2
Q

What are the two types of legislatures?

A

Bicameral and Unicameral

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3
Q

What are unicameral legislatures?

A
  • legislautres with one chamer
  • Common in countries with small populations (e.g
    sub-Saharan Africa)
  • Also common in authoritarian regimes dominated
    by a single political party that prefers to channel
    all political demands through one legislative body
    (e.g., China, despite its size)
  • Unicameral representation is most appropriate in
    unitary states or in countries that have a relatively
    homogeneous population
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4
Q

What are bi-cameral legislatures?

A

Legislature with two chambers
- Chambers may have equal or unequal powers
- Lower chamber typically represents the national
vote more proportionally or through smaller
geographic constituencies
- Upper chamber often represents larger
geographic constituencies (states, provinces, e.g.)

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5
Q

What are constituency systems?

A

an electoral system in which voters select representatives from specific geographic constituencies.
- examples: run-off system: top candidates after a first round of voting compete in one or more additional rounds until a candidate receives a majority.

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6
Q

What is simple plurality?

A

an electoral system where the winner receives the most votes (not necessarily a majority of votes)

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7
Q

What is proportional representation (PR)?

A

electoral systems in which seats are designed according to the parties’ popular vote: used in countries to institute proportions between votes allotted for all the parties.

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8
Q

What is a single transferable vote?

A

A voting system where voters cast their ballot in multi-member constituencies, expressing their first and second choice for candidates: second choices may be transferred and countries if all seats are not filled in the first round.

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9
Q

What are political parties?

A

Political organizations that seek to influence policy by getting candidates and members elected or appointed to public office.

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10
Q

What are interest groups?

A

Organizations that make demands in the political systems on half of their constituents and members.

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11
Q

What is interest articulation?

A

the process by which individuals and groups express their demands, needs, or wants in a political

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12
Q

What is interest aggregation?

A

the process by which individuals preferences are brought together to make collective decisions.

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13
Q

What are the types of parties?

A

Elite parties, mass parties, catch-all parties

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14
Q

What are elite parties?

A

Political parties in which membership and scope were largely restricted to a small number of political elites

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15
Q

What are mass parties?

A

Parties with large numbers of citizens as members and undertake massive political mobilization.

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16
Q

What are Catch- All Parties?

A

Political parties are flexible in their ideological positions and aim to attract support from a broad range of interest groups and voters.

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17
Q

What are the functions of parties?

A
  1. Legitimation of the political system
  2. Integration and mobilization of citizens
  3. Representation
  4. Structuring the popular vote
  5. Recruitment of leaders for public office facilitates non-violent choices between individuals.
  6. Formulation of public policy, facilitating choice between policy options.
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18
Q

What are Dominant- Party Systems?

A

Country contains one large political party that predominates politically

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19
Q

What are single-party systems?

A

One form of dominant-party system. (Authoritarian system in which parties besides the single dominant party are banned or disallowed)

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20
Q

What is pluralism?

A

A system of interest where groups compete openly to influence government decisions and public policy.

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21
Q

What is corporatism?

A

A system of interest groups presentation in which certain major groups are officially designated as representatives of certain interest groups.

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22
Q

What is contention?

A

The pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions.
- occurs though collective action- joint efforts of individuals to achieve an outcome.

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23
Q

What is a revolution?

A

A form of collective action in which some large-scale structural change is either attempted or accomplished.

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24
Q

What is contention?

A

The pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions.
- occurs through collective action- joint efforts of individuals to achieve an outcome.

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25
Q

What are social revolutions?

A
  • Transforms social and political structures, including the class structure.
  • Class structure: groups linked together by economic interest or activity
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26
Q

What are political revolutions?

A
  • Revolutions that primarily alter political institutions rather than social and economic structures.
  • Ex. American Revolution
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27
Q

What are insurgencies?

A
  • Organized, armed actors, contesting state power
  • Non- state actors in military conflict
  • Insurgents often claim to make revolutions.
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28
Q

What are civil wars?

A
  • Sustained military conflict between domestic actors.
  • Typically, between insurgents and the state
  • Note: it is also possible for two non- state actors to engage in a civil war.
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29
Q

What is terrorism?

A
  • Definitions of terrorism vary
  • Common defining:
  • violence aimed at non-military targets.
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30
Q

Why do revolutions happen?

A
  1. Relative Deprivation and Social Disequilibrium
  2. Resource Mobilization and Political
  3. Rational Choice Theory
  4. Culture or “Framing” Explanations.
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31
Q

What are Relative Deprivation and Social Disequilibrium?

A
  • Social- psychological theory
  • Changing conditions upset equilibrium
  • Theory: Major changes cause social strain or conflict and increase demand for revolution
  • Relative depreivation
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32
Q

What are resource mobilization and political opportunities?

A
  • Focuses on the ability to mobilize resources and/ or take advantage of political openings.
  • Theory: State breakdown creates a political opportunity for revolution.
  • Theory: Organizational resources matter
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33
Q

What is culture or “framing” explanations?

A

-Theory: The ability to frame revolution in a meaningful way shapers success.
- Culture is key to how people frame issues
- Cultural sources of revolutionary frames

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34
Q

What is identity?

A

The social label that locates an individual or group in society.

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35
Q

What is nationalism?

A

The view is that the world should be divided into nations that are sovereign and equal.

36
Q

What are primordialist?

A
  • Believe the nation is a natural phenomenon
  • National identity is continuous with pre- historical forms of identity.
37
Q

What are modernists?

A
  • See the nation as an “imagined” or invented a form of social organization, emerging with the elites of the industrial revolution.
  • Nations often created by elites to gain power and control masses.
38
Q

What are Perennialists?

A
  • Concur with modernists that nations are constructed, but that they predate Industrial Revolution.
39
Q

What is civic nationalism?

A
  • you are a member of the nation if you are a citizen of its state.
40
Q

What is ethnic nationalism?

A

Membership in the nation is based on ancestry.

41
Q

What causes ethno- national conflict?

A
  1. Primordial Bonds
  2. Cultural Boundaries
  3. Material Interests
  4. Rational Calculation
  5. Social psychology
42
Q

What are primordial bonds?

A

theory: groups that feel their identity is under threat are likely sources of conflict.

43
Q

What are cultural boundaries?

A

Theory: Types of boundaries between groups contribute to the likelihood of conflict.
- conflict may be likelier between certain groups

44
Q

What are Material interests?

A

Theory: Ethno- national identity is used as an instrument for other purposes
- gaining power
- accessing resources.

45
Q

What is instrumentalism?

A

Explains outcomes by showing how their development or persistence is in the interest of powerful individuals or groups.

46
Q

What is rational calculation?

A

Theory: Rational choices of actors explain the presence or absence of conflict.
- Similar to some instrumentalist approaches
- Affiliation with minority groups has different costs and benefits in different circumstances.

47
Q

What is race?

A

The idea is that human beings are divided into different groups, often thought of as biological categories, and usually based on skin colour.

48
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Quality that one has by identifying with or being ascribed membership in an ethnic group.

49
Q

What is an ethnic group?

A

A group that identifies itself as having strong cultural commonality and a shared sense of long-run history.

50
Q

What is economic empowerment?

A
  • Credit/ loans to women, cooperatives, etc.
  • Government programs to support child care
51
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

different forms of subordination often accompany each other
- gender is one of many variables

52
Q

What are the factors that influence the representation of women and minority groups?

A
  1. Social Movement Mobilization
  2. Political Parties Based on Gender or Ethnicity
  3. Institutional design
53
Q

What is social movement mobilization?

A

Theory: Social movements are often the force that brings about social change
- Can transform public attitudes about a group
- Civil rights movements
- LGBT
- Indigenous activism in Canda

54
Q

What are institutional methods?

A

Theory: Legal and institutional design can promote representation for identity groups.
- Candidate- quota systems: certain number of candidates by group

55
Q

What is the functions of religion?

A
  • Fosters social integration
  • Gives sense of order
  • Motivates collective action
56
Q

What is the substantive definitions of religion?

A
  • features transcend force or good
  • Beliefs and organization are focused on the transcendent.
57
Q

What is the causes of modernization and religion in politics?

A
  1. Modernization Theory and Secularization
  2. Religious Economics Approach
  3. Institutional Theories
58
Q

Why does modernization change religion’s role in politics?

A
  1. As societies modernize, religious organizations tend to be increasingly differentiated from other organizations, especially the state.
  2. As economic development increases, religious belief tend to decline somewhat- maybe not as much in more religiously diverse societies, through this is subject to much debate
59
Q

What is the religious economy approach?

A

Posits that a generic level of religious demand is a constant and that what explains variation in religiosity is the nature of the religious market in any given society.

60
Q

What is comparative politics?

A

Comparative politics is within nation- states (focus is on countries and their internal politics)

61
Q

What is international relations (IR)?

A

International relations is between nation- states (focus is on external relations of individual countries)

62
Q

What are characteristics of comparative politics?

A
  • Opens the “black box of the state”
  • Staters are central to the many other developments that shaped the world we live in.
  • To understand political life comprehensively, we must compare
  • comparative politics examines political realities in countries all over the world.
63
Q

What are the global issues facing states?

A
  1. Globalization and Trade
  2. INternational Institutions and integration
  3. Immigration
  4. Environment and Sustainability
  5. Nuclear Threats and Terrorism
64
Q

What is globalization?

A

The increasing interaction between peoples and societies across national borders.

65
Q

What is international trade?

A

The economic exchange of goods, services, and capital across international borders.
- Trade can benefit both countries in exchange

66
Q

What is the principle of comparative advantage?

A
  • countries have different relative advantages in the production of different goods and services
  • This leads to possible gains from trade even if one country has absolute advantage in making all goods more efficiently.
67
Q

What is protectionism?

A
  • The practice of a country protecting or giving favour to its own domestic producers.
  • This can be due to politics: domestic producers seek protection
68
Q

What are international Institutions and Integration?

A
  • International organizations that push for cooperation between countries and the prevention or mitigation of international conflict.
  • United Nation agencies (UN)
69
Q

What is integration?

A

Process by which countries agree to collaborate economically or politically, to make some decisions collectively and to shape commons strategies.

70
Q

What is immigration?

A

Immigration also has economic consequences
- trade involves flows of goods and capital, immigration involves flows of labour.

71
Q

What is brain drain?

A
  • Departure or emigration of skilled and educated people
72
Q

What is remittances?

A

Cash or resources sent to a home country, often to a family and friends, by emigrants

73
Q

What is substainailtiy?

A

The notion that a resource is capable of being sustained for use or enjoyment by future generations.

74
Q

What is climate change?

A

A set of changes in the earth’s climate, particularly human-induced causes of such change.

75
Q

What are emissions?

A
  • Economic phenomenon in which the gains and costs from a given activity do not accrue to the same actor
  • Increased interest in alternative energy
76
Q

What are transnational networks?

A
  • networks of different actors working across borders
  • some of these violent networks
  • Other networks are citizens’ advocacy groups
77
Q

What is nuclear proliferation?

A

The expansion of the number of countries and other actors possessing nuclear technology.

78
Q

What is terrorism?

A
  • ## The use of violence to achieve political ends through psychological impacts on a civilian population.
79
Q

What are the main causes of international relations?

A
  • Realism
  • Liberalism
  • Constructivism
  • Socialism
80
Q

What is realism?

A

States in the international system act largely on basis of national self-interest.
- Self Interest = power, survival, and security.
- States act as if they were single individuals making decisions on the basis of rational calculations about the costs and benefits of actions.

81
Q

What does realism lead to?

A

realism leads to the security dilemma
- each actor in the international system expects others to maximize their own advantage
- Each thus builds up over itself
- This leads to an arms race

82
Q

What is liberalism?

A

Theory: states can have different preferences
and internal structures that lead them to
behave in different ways
- Cooperation can occur more than realism says
—- Commercial liberalism: economic interactions between
states leads to greater peace
— - Liberal institutionalism: international institutions mitigate
anarchy and lead to cooperation

83
Q

What is democratic peace?

A
  • Phenomenon that democratic countries will rarely go to war with one another
  • Democracies go to war with authoritarian regimes, but not other democracies.
  • Democracies treat one another “differently”
84
Q

What is construcitivism?

A

Theory: decisions made by states need to be
understood in the context of social and political
interactions
— - Behavior is shaped by norms and values as well as
narrowly defined interests
— - States are not only aggressive
—- States may be competitive, cooperative, etc.
—- Countries with basis for trust may cooperate

85
Q

What is socialism?

A

Theory: social classes play a predominant role in shaping politics
- Highlights the role of capitalist accumulation as a prime driver in international affairs
- Imperialism, exploitation of poor countries by rich
- Socialist theory has informed the study of development in comparative politics
- Major alternative to realism and liberalism before the emergence of construction

Politics in the Global South (2 decks)

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