Midterm/Final Flashcards
What is the germ theory?
The germ theory states that human diseases are caused by a germ/pathogen (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.)
What is penicillin and what was it used for?
Penicillin was developed around 1935 and it drastically decreased the fatality rate from the world war from factors like simple cuts
What are the seven dimensions of health?
Mental
Physical
Social
Occupational
Spiritual
Environmental
Intellectual
What time period did most people die from communicable diseases
The early years of the 1900s
What type of disease is the leading cause of death?
Non-communicable diseases
What are noncommunicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases or diseases that are not spread through infection, or through other people, but instead unhealthy behaviors, such as diabetes, respiratory diseases, etc.
What type of countries have a better life expectancy than others?
High income developed countries tend to have a better life expectancy than those countries that are low income and underdeveloped
what is the fertility rate/birth rate and how has it changed over the years?
This is the average number of births per woman. This rate has decreased worldwide since the 1900s with the world average going from 6 to 2.
What are the three groups of deaths around the world?
-Group one (communicable diseases)
-Group 2 (noncommunicable diseases, majority of deaths in Canada.)
-Group 3 (injuries)
What is the number one leading cause of death in Canada?
Cancer
Explain what a demographic transition is
A demographic transition is a transition from high, fertility and mortality rates to patterns of low, fertility and mortality rates overtime
Explain what an epidemiological transition is
An epidemiological transition works in parallel to a demographic transition. This transition is when life expectancy increases the major causes of death and disability shift from communicable, material, and perinatal causes to chronic, noncommunicable diseases
What are the four broad groups of factors that influence health?
-individual characteristics
-Physical and social environment
-Health behaviors/lifestyle
-access to health services
Explain the factors in individual characteristics
-Genetic make up
-Biological sex
-Age
Explain the factors in a physical environment
-Sanitation
-Air pollution
-Water quality
Explain the factors in a social environment
-Socioeconomic status
-Education
-Indigenous status
-Culture
-Gender
-Race
-Disability
-Housing
-Childhood development
Explain the factors in health behaviors/lifestyle
-Diet
-Exercise
-Smoking
-Drugs
Explain the difference between gender and sex
When talking about gender, we are talking about how society perceives a person
Sex is the biological aspect of that person
What are double standards?
Double standards referred to when you have an identical situation, but have a different outcome
Given an example of a medical double standard
A woman may be immediately diagnosed with depression, but a man showing identical symptoms gets diagnosed for bipolar disorder due to men, supposedly not being depressed
Give a life example of a double standard
You have two kids of the same age, one boy and one girl. You allow the guy to go to his friends house for the night but when the girl asks she must be home by nine.
What are the three types of prevention and give an example of each
-Primary prevention: actions that take place when there is absolutely no sign of the health problem. (Choosing not to smoke.)
-Secondary prevention: actions that take place in the early stage of health issues to reduce symptoms, or to stop the progression (acting on your smoking after 5 to 10 years)
-Tertiary prevention: effort aimed at limiting the effect of the health issue a.k.a. treatment or rehab. (Having the hospital perform surgery.)
What does a balance in health mean?
That you are doing things 50-50. For example, you’re spending an equal amount of time studying and doing activities.
What are the four factors that balance consists of?
-Beliefs: people except this as true or real, firmly held opinion
-Values: Believes that last, and are based on social cultural norms
-Attitudes: tendencies to respond, positively or negatively to certain ideas, objects, other people, or stimulus
-Behaviors: people’s response to an action, environment, person, or stimulus
What is the three things that influences decision-making?
-personality
-Relationships
-Knowledge
Explain learned optimism
This contributes to self-confidence, especially at a young age. Realizing what you can do based on a positive past experience makes you believe in and feel good about yourself.
Ex. early success while dating so you are confident to approach anyone
Explain learned helplessness
This contributes to a low self-confidence, especially at a young age. Realizing what your limits are based on negative past experiences.
Ex. Being rejected and told you’re the problem at a young age with dating, so you don’t approach anyone
What are the five layers of the ecological model starting at the outer layer and provide examples
-public policy
-Community: it is easy to get access to tobacco products in my community
-Institutional
-Interpersonal: my parents
-Individual: trying, smoking, very young
What are the five layers of the trans theoretical model?
-Precontemplation
-contemplation
-Preparation/decision
-action
-maintenance
Are knowledge and action the same?
No, knowledge does not always lead to action. For example a doctor has all the knowledge about healthy living and weight loss, but he himself is obese
What are the three stages of the health belief model?
-perceptions and modifying factors
-Assesments
-likelihood of action
What leads to our cue to act/actions
How we perceive our susceptibility, seriousness/severity, barriers, and benefits of a situation
What is the theory of reasoned action
This is the idea that our behaviours are a result of our intentions
Explain the DECIDE model
-D: decide in advance what the problem is (going to a party where I will drink)
-E: explore the alternatives (go and don’t drink, could stay the night, ask for a ride back home, etc.)
-C: consider the consequences (if I drive I could get a DUI, jail time, etc.)
-I: identify your values (no driving after drinking)
-D: decide and take action
-E: evaluate the consequences
Explain the SuPeR SMART model
-S: self-controllable
-P: public
-R: rewards
-S: specific
-M: measurable
-A: Adjustable
-R: Realistic
-T: Time-based
Define what a stressor is
A stressor can either be a person, place, or thing that we react to and it “triggers” our stress
What are the two different types of stress
-Eustress: comes from a positive event
-Distress: comes from a negative event
Explain the general adaption system and it’s stages
-Alarm: in this stage a stressor is perceived
-Resistance: adaption resources are set into action in order to combat the stressor
-Exhaustion: adaption energy stores are depleted
What is it called when you are in a state of harmony and balance
Homeostasis
Define Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
PNI is a science that looks at the interaction between the mind and body specifically in the endocrine and immune systems
Can stress be gotten rid of/eliminated completely
No, we can only learn to control/cope with it
What is one of the main sources of stress especially in students
Inconsistent goals and behaviours
What are some other sources of stress
-Change
-Pressure
-Conflict
-Overload
-Burnout
-Environmental stress
-Personality types
What are the three types of personalities and explain them
-Type A: controlling, optimistic, driven, hardworking, aggressive (more susceptible to self imposed stress)
-Type B: more laid back, go with the flow
-Type C: combination of both. Has the good characteristics of type A but without the toxic core
Explain the stages of the decision making model when stress arises
-identify the stressor
-what am I willing to do about it
-how am I handling it now
-what am I going to do about it
-how have I put my plan into action
-what results can I see
What are four stress management defence mechanisms
-displacement: take out anger out on people that won’t fight back/are less threatening
-Repression: block stressful thoughts from our conscious thoughts. Temporarily avoid the problem by thinking about something else
-Sublimation: taking anger out in a more acceptable way. Ex. Punching bag
-Regression: using emotion to influence factors around you to your advantage. Ex. As a kid you throw a fit when you don’t get the toy you want