Midterm/Final Flashcards
What is the germ theory?
The germ theory states that human diseases are caused by a germ/pathogen (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.)
What is penicillin and what was it used for?
Penicillin was developed around 1935 and it drastically decreased the fatality rate from the world war from factors like simple cuts
What are the seven dimensions of health?
Mental
Physical
Social
Occupational
Spiritual
Environmental
Intellectual
What time period did most people die from communicable diseases
The early years of the 1900s
What type of disease is the leading cause of death?
Non-communicable diseases
What are noncommunicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases or diseases that are not spread through infection, or through other people, but instead unhealthy behaviors, such as diabetes, respiratory diseases, etc.
What type of countries have a better life expectancy than others?
High income developed countries tend to have a better life expectancy than those countries that are low income and underdeveloped
what is the fertility rate/birth rate and how has it changed over the years?
This is the average number of births per woman. This rate has decreased worldwide since the 1900s with the world average going from 6 to 2.
What are the three groups of deaths around the world?
-Group one (communicable diseases)
-Group 2 (noncommunicable diseases, majority of deaths in Canada.)
-Group 3 (injuries)
What is the number one leading cause of death in Canada?
Cancer
Explain what a demographic transition is
A demographic transition is a transition from high, fertility and mortality rates to patterns of low, fertility and mortality rates overtime
Explain what an epidemiological transition is
An epidemiological transition works in parallel to a demographic transition. This transition is when life expectancy increases the major causes of death and disability shift from communicable, material, and perinatal causes to chronic, noncommunicable diseases
What are the four broad groups of factors that influence health?
-individual characteristics
-Physical and social environment
-Health behaviors/lifestyle
-access to health services
Explain the factors in individual characteristics
-Genetic make up
-Biological sex
-Age
Explain the factors in a physical environment
-Sanitation
-Air pollution
-Water quality
Explain the factors in a social environment
-Socioeconomic status
-Education
-Indigenous status
-Culture
-Gender
-Race
-Disability
-Housing
-Childhood development
Explain the factors in health behaviors/lifestyle
-Diet
-Exercise
-Smoking
-Drugs
Explain the difference between gender and sex
When talking about gender, we are talking about how society perceives a person
Sex is the biological aspect of that person
What are double standards?
Double standards referred to when you have an identical situation, but have a different outcome
Given an example of a medical double standard
A woman may be immediately diagnosed with depression, but a man showing identical symptoms gets diagnosed for bipolar disorder due to men, supposedly not being depressed
Give a life example of a double standard
You have two kids of the same age, one boy and one girl. You allow the guy to go to his friends house for the night but when the girl asks she must be home by nine.
What are the three types of prevention and give an example of each
-Primary prevention: actions that take place when there is absolutely no sign of the health problem. (Choosing not to smoke.)
-Secondary prevention: actions that take place in the early stage of health issues to reduce symptoms, or to stop the progression (acting on your smoking after 5 to 10 years)
-Tertiary prevention: effort aimed at limiting the effect of the health issue a.k.a. treatment or rehab. (Having the hospital perform surgery.)
What does a balance in health mean?
That you are doing things 50-50. For example, you’re spending an equal amount of time studying and doing activities.
What are the four factors that balance consists of?
-Beliefs: people except this as true or real, firmly held opinion
-Values: Believes that last, and are based on social cultural norms
-Attitudes: tendencies to respond, positively or negatively to certain ideas, objects, other people, or stimulus
-Behaviors: people’s response to an action, environment, person, or stimulus
What is the three things that influences decision-making?
-personality
-Relationships
-Knowledge
Explain learned optimism
This contributes to self-confidence, especially at a young age. Realizing what you can do based on a positive past experience makes you believe in and feel good about yourself.
Ex. early success while dating so you are confident to approach anyone
Explain learned helplessness
This contributes to a low self-confidence, especially at a young age. Realizing what your limits are based on negative past experiences.
Ex. Being rejected and told you’re the problem at a young age with dating, so you don’t approach anyone
What are the five layers of the ecological model starting at the outer layer and provide examples
-public policy
-Community: it is easy to get access to tobacco products in my community
-Institutional
-Interpersonal: my parents
-Individual: trying, smoking, very young
What are the five layers of the trans theoretical model?
-Precontemplation
-contemplation
-Preparation/decision
-action
-maintenance
Are knowledge and action the same?
No, knowledge does not always lead to action. For example a doctor has all the knowledge about healthy living and weight loss, but he himself is obese
What are the three stages of the health belief model?
-perceptions and modifying factors
-Assesments
-likelihood of action
What leads to our cue to act/actions
How we perceive our susceptibility, seriousness/severity, barriers, and benefits of a situation
What is the theory of reasoned action
This is the idea that our behaviours are a result of our intentions
Explain the DECIDE model
-D: decide in advance what the problem is (going to a party where I will drink)
-E: explore the alternatives (go and don’t drink, could stay the night, ask for a ride back home, etc.)
-C: consider the consequences (if I drive I could get a DUI, jail time, etc.)
-I: identify your values (no driving after drinking)
-D: decide and take action
-E: evaluate the consequences
Explain the SuPeR SMART model
-S: self-controllable
-P: public
-R: rewards
-S: specific
-M: measurable
-A: Adjustable
-R: Realistic
-T: Time-based
Define what a stressor is
A stressor can either be a person, place, or thing that we react to and it “triggers” our stress
What are the two different types of stress
-Eustress: comes from a positive event
-Distress: comes from a negative event
Explain the general adaption system and it’s stages
-Alarm: in this stage a stressor is perceived
-Resistance: adaption resources are set into action in order to combat the stressor
-Exhaustion: adaption energy stores are depleted
What is it called when you are in a state of harmony and balance
Homeostasis
Define Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
PNI is a science that looks at the interaction between the mind and body specifically in the endocrine and immune systems
Can stress be gotten rid of/eliminated completely
No, we can only learn to control/cope with it
What is one of the main sources of stress especially in students
Inconsistent goals and behaviours
What are some other sources of stress
-Change
-Pressure
-Conflict
-Overload
-Burnout
-Environmental stress
-Personality types
What are the three types of personalities and explain them
-Type A: controlling, optimistic, driven, hardworking, aggressive (more susceptible to self imposed stress)
-Type B: more laid back, go with the flow
-Type C: combination of both. Has the good characteristics of type A but without the toxic core
Explain the stages of the decision making model when stress arises
-identify the stressor
-what am I willing to do about it
-how am I handling it now
-what am I going to do about it
-how have I put my plan into action
-what results can I see
What are four stress management defence mechanisms
-displacement: take out anger out on people that won’t fight back/are less threatening
-Repression: block stressful thoughts from our conscious thoughts. Temporarily avoid the problem by thinking about something else
-Sublimation: taking anger out in a more acceptable way. Ex. Punching bag
-Regression: using emotion to influence factors around you to your advantage. Ex. As a kid you throw a fit when you don’t get the toy you want
List the emotional skills for coping with stress
-exercise
-take a bath
-self pep-talk
-meditate
List the problem focused skills for coping with stress
-time management
-ask for support
-establish boundaries
- To-do list
What is schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is one of the if not the most complicated mental health problem in the world
What ages does schizophrenia typically occur
Ages 16-30
Schizophrenia is more likely to effect which group of people
Typically males over women but not by much
What is the most common mental health issue present in our world
Depression
What are the neurotransmitters that is associated with depression when imbalanced
-serotonin
-dopamine
-norepinephrine
What are the typical criteria to be diagnosed with depression
-symptoms must be new or noticeably worse
-the symptoms must persist for most of the day nearly everyday for 2 weeks
-the episode must also be accompanied by clinically significant distress or impaired functioning
What is PMS and explain it
Pre-menstrual syndrome refers to the physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience in the lead up to menstruation
What is PMDD and explain it
Pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder is a very severe form of PMS
What is the Canadian average screen time for children?
Approximately 7 1/2 hours
What is the average criteria for physical activity per day when referring to adults?
At least 30 minutes a day
Are Canadian adults reaching the average physical activity criteria per day
No, it has decreased 10%. It is now sitting at 5% from 15%.
What criteria must something need to be considered physical activity?
-Expend energy from skeletal muscles
-It must be planned
-It must be structured
-It must be repetitive
What does physical fitness mean?
This refers to the bodies, ability to respond and adapt to the environment without becoming overly tired
What is the difference between active transportation and passive transportation?
-Active transportation: an individual uses their own energy to get where they need to go such as riding a bike to get to the store
-Passive transportation: an individual uses other methods that use no energy to get where they need to go such as driving to get to the store
What is good cholesterol and bad cholesterol and what do they do?
HDL: this is the good cholesterol which picks up excess cholesterol in the blood and takes it to your liver to be broken down and removed from the body
LDL: this is the bad cholesterol which transports cholesterol particles throughout the body
What are the health related components of physical fitness?
-cardio respiratory/aerobic endurance
-Muscular strength
-Muscular endurance
-Flexibility
-Body composition
What are the performance related components of physical fitness?
-Power
-Speed
-Agility
-Balance
-Reaction time
-Coordination
How would you calculate max heart rate for men and for women?
For men, it is 220 minus minus the man’s age
For women it is 226 minus their age
What are the numbers for body fat to lean body mass for a fit and unfit male and female
-Male: an ideal fit male has 12% body fat and 88% lean body mass
-an ideal fit woman has 21 to 32% body fat
How often should running shoes be replaced?
Every 1000 km
What does RICE stand for?
-R: rest
-I: ice
-C: compression
-E: elevate
At what temperature does heat stroke become a major problem in a person
Heat stroke becomes a major problem when body temperatures reach 40.5° to 43°C
Define food
The things we eat grown from plants/ground or raised on a farm
Define nutrients
Nutrients are the chemicals in the food that are playing specific roles in your body
Define nutrition
The area of science, that studies food
Define hunger
A feeling associated with the psychological need to eat
Define appetite
A psychological behavior/desire that is learned. Ex. What you find appetizing I may not.
Define malnutrition
A lack of nutrients/calories in the body with severe health risks, sometimes fatally.
Define overnutrition
This is an excess amount of food/nutrients entering the body
What are the six groups of essential nutrients?
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-water
Explain the path of food through the digestive system
Food starts in the mouth. Before eating your salivary glands produce more saliva which has an enzyme to help breakdown carbohydrates by both mechanical and chemical digestion. The food then passes down the oesophagus with muscular contractions, which is called peristalsis, the oesophagus connects the mouth to the stomach. The food then reaches the stomach and with muscular contractions it is mixed and broken down with enzymes and stomach acids. The food will then travel through the small intestine were further digestive activity takes place, but also nutrient absorption, which is aided by enzymes coming from the liver and pancreas. When the food has travelled through the small intestine and reaches the large intestine, water and salts are then re-absorbed into the bloodstream/body. Finally, the food waste will become solid, once travelled to the rectum and is later passed out by the anus
Approximately how long does the complete digestion of food through the digestive system take?
Approximately 24 hours
How much of the human body is water?
Approximately 50 to 60% of the human body is water
What are the two types of carbohydrates and how does it circulate the body
Carbohydrates circulate the body in the form of glucose
-Simple
-Complex
Explain the different benefits from insoluble, fibre and soluble fibre
Insoluble fibres are good for G.I. health
Soluble fibres are good for blood glucose and cholesterol levels
In regards to proteins how many amino acids are there?
There are 20 amino acids of which nine are essential
What are the two different types of proteins?
-Complete: contains all nine essential amino acids
-Incomplete: lacks at least one of the nine essential amino acids
What are the different types of vegetarians?
-vegan
- Lacto-vegetarians
- Ovo-vegetarians
- Pesco-vegetarian (pescatarian)
- semi-vegetarian
What percent of daily calories should be coming from lipids/fats
Approximately 20 to 35% of all daily calories
What are the types of fat and which one is worse for you
There are trans-fatty acids, and saturated/unsaturated fat
Trans-Fatty acids are much worse for you than saturated/unsaturated.
What is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?
Iron deficiency/anemia
What is an appropriate fridge temperature?
1 to 4°C
If the waistline for men and women is above, what number in centimetres does their risk for obesity greatly increase
For men anything above a 102 cm
For women anything above 88 cm
What are two ways to measure body composition
-Hydrostatic weighing: the individual must be completely submerged in water, and not consume any food or drink in the past 8 to 12 hours
-bod pod
How is fat measured using skinfolds?
Using a calibre to measure folds of skin on the body, you are measuring the thickness of their subcutaneous fact
What are the limitations of skinfold measurements?
-It may not work on obese people
-People may not want to be touched or exposed their skin
-The accuracy could be dependent on the skill of the technician/physician
What is a bioelectrical impedance analysis?
A BIA send a week electric current through the tissues of the body and receives a reading back after the current has made a full round-trip. It has approximately a 3 to 4% error rate. And with more muscle, the current tends to travel through the body more smoothly And accurately
What is dual energy x-ray absorbptiometry
ADX, a uses very low level, x-ray to differentiate between muscle, bone, and fat
List factors that contribute to weight gain and or weight loss
-Energy balance: intake versus expenditure
-Genetic and psychological factors
-Obeseogenic environment
What percentages of non-genetic and genetic factors play a role in weight loss and weight gain
75% non-genetic factors
25% genetic heritage
What are the abbreviations for energy at rest and digestion?
Energy at rest (BMR)
Digestion (TEF)
What are the main components of energy expenditure and their percentages?
Energy at rest, 60 to 70%
Physical activity, 20 to 35%
Digestion 5 to 10%
What are the seven factors that contribute to energy balance?
Food production
Food consumption
Individual physical activity
Physical activity environment
Psychological factors
Social psychology
Individual psychology
What are the three types of bodies?
Endomorphic: wide, hips, narrow shoulders, a lot of fat on body
Mesomorphic: broad shoulders and narrow hips, muscular body, very little fat on body
Ectomorphic: narrow shoulders and hips, very little muscle, or fat on body
Explain the setpoint theory
The setpoint theory states that people have a set weight and their weight can easily fluctuate plus or -2 pounds of that setpoint
How many criteria are there to consider for your diet plan to be successful and what are they?
Three
Gradual change in energy intake
Regular appropriate physical activity
Behavior, modification techniques
What is the difference between an eating disorder and disordered eating?
Eating disorder: mental conditions contribute to an individuals disturbance of their eating, causing them to not eat, completely or very little
Disordered eating: habitual dieting such as skipping a meal then the next day eating like a vegetarian then the next day eating like a vegan and so on
List some types of eating disorders
anorexia nervosa: self starvation
Boulimia nervosa: recurrent episodes of extreme over eating
Binge eating
Explain muscle dysmorphia
This is one an individual has an obsession with muscle mass, and they are never satisfied with the muscle mass on them, they often crave more with the use of anabolic steroids
What are the three corners of the triangle in the female athlete triad?
Bone loss/osteoporosis
Menstrual disturbances/amenorrhea
Energy deficit/disordered eating
In Canada, death rates from CVD are
Declining
What are the three structures in the cardiovascular system
Heart (arteries, arterioles, veins, venues, capillaries, chambers, valves)
Lungs
Blood vessels
What is the average resting BPM
70-80 per min
Explain how blood flows through the heart
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae.
Deoxygenated blood then moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle where it is pumped through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs
Blood then picks up oxygen and goes through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
Oxygenated blood is then forced from the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is then pumped through the aorta and into the rest of the bodies blood vessels
What is atherosclerosis
A build up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls which may partially or completely block the flow of blood
Define a drug
Chemicals/substances other than food that alter the structure or function of our body
Psychoactive drugs are
Drugs that affect the brain and change feelings, mood, etc.
What is the difference between drug use, misuse, abuse, and addiction
Drug use is taking a substance the way it was intended
Drug misuse is taking a substance for a different reason than intended
Drug abuse is an excessive use of a drug
Drug addiction is taking a drug I order to feel normal
How will someone react to psychoactive drugs
Factors can be internal or external, but reactions depend on the individuals body
