Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPSC 2252 > Midterm/Final > Flashcards

Midterm/Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the germ theory?

A

The germ theory states that human diseases are caused by a germ/pathogen (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is penicillin and what was it used for?

A

Penicillin was developed around 1935 and it drastically decreased the fatality rate from the world war from factors like simple cuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the seven dimensions of health?

A

Mental
Physical
Social
Occupational
Spiritual
Environmental
Intellectual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What time period did most people die from communicable diseases

A

The early years of the 1900s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of disease is the leading cause of death?

A

Non-communicable diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are noncommunicable diseases

A

Noncommunicable diseases or diseases that are not spread through infection, or through other people, but instead unhealthy behaviors, such as diabetes, respiratory diseases, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of countries have a better life expectancy than others?

A

High income developed countries tend to have a better life expectancy than those countries that are low income and underdeveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the fertility rate/birth rate and how has it changed over the years?

A

This is the average number of births per woman. This rate has decreased worldwide since the 1900s with the world average going from 6 to 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three groups of deaths around the world?

A

-Group one (communicable diseases)

-Group 2 (noncommunicable diseases, majority of deaths in Canada.)

-Group 3 (injuries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the number one leading cause of death in Canada?

A

Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain what a demographic transition is

A

A demographic transition is a transition from high, fertility and mortality rates to patterns of low, fertility and mortality rates overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain what an epidemiological transition is

A

An epidemiological transition works in parallel to a demographic transition. This transition is when life expectancy increases the major causes of death and disability shift from communicable, material, and perinatal causes to chronic, noncommunicable diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four broad groups of factors that influence health?

A

-individual characteristics

-Physical and social environment

-Health behaviors/lifestyle

-access to health services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the factors in individual characteristics

A

-Genetic make up
-Biological sex
-Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the factors in a physical environment

A

-Sanitation
-Air pollution
-Water quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the factors in a social environment

A

-Socioeconomic status
-Education
-Indigenous status
-Culture
-Gender
-Race
-Disability
-Housing
-Childhood development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the factors in health behaviors/lifestyle

A

-Diet
-Exercise
-Smoking
-Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the difference between gender and sex

A

When talking about gender, we are talking about how society perceives a person

Sex is the biological aspect of that person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are double standards?

A

Double standards referred to when you have an identical situation, but have a different outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Given an example of a medical double standard

A

A woman may be immediately diagnosed with depression, but a man showing identical symptoms gets diagnosed for bipolar disorder due to men, supposedly not being depressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give a life example of a double standard

A

You have two kids of the same age, one boy and one girl. You allow the guy to go to his friends house for the night but when the girl asks she must be home by nine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three types of prevention and give an example of each

A

-Primary prevention: actions that take place when there is absolutely no sign of the health problem. (Choosing not to smoke.)

-Secondary prevention: actions that take place in the early stage of health issues to reduce symptoms, or to stop the progression (acting on your smoking after 5 to 10 years)

-Tertiary prevention: effort aimed at limiting the effect of the health issue a.k.a. treatment or rehab. (Having the hospital perform surgery.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a balance in health mean?

A

That you are doing things 50-50. For example, you’re spending an equal amount of time studying and doing activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the four factors that balance consists of?

A

-Beliefs: people except this as true or real, firmly held opinion

-Values: Believes that last, and are based on social cultural norms

-Attitudes: tendencies to respond, positively or negatively to certain ideas, objects, other people, or stimulus

-Behaviors: people’s response to an action, environment, person, or stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the three things that influences decision-making?

A

-personality

-Relationships

-Knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain learned optimism

A

This contributes to self-confidence, especially at a young age. Realizing what you can do based on a positive past experience makes you believe in and feel good about yourself.

Ex. early success while dating so you are confident to approach anyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain learned helplessness

A

This contributes to a low self-confidence, especially at a young age. Realizing what your limits are based on negative past experiences.

Ex. Being rejected and told you’re the problem at a young age with dating, so you don’t approach anyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the five layers of the ecological model starting at the outer layer and provide examples

A

-public policy

-Community: it is easy to get access to tobacco products in my community

-Institutional

-Interpersonal: my parents

-Individual: trying, smoking, very young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the five layers of the trans theoretical model?

A

-Precontemplation

-contemplation

-Preparation/decision

-action

-maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Are knowledge and action the same?

A

No, knowledge does not always lead to action. For example a doctor has all the knowledge about healthy living and weight loss, but he himself is obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the three stages of the health belief model?

A

-perceptions and modifying factors

-Assesments

-likelihood of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What leads to our cue to act/actions

A

How we perceive our susceptibility, seriousness/severity, barriers, and benefits of a situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action

A

This is the idea that our behaviours are a result of our intentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Explain the DECIDE model

A

-D: decide in advance what the problem is (going to a party where I will drink)

-E: explore the alternatives (go and don’t drink, could stay the night, ask for a ride back home, etc.)

-C: consider the consequences (if I drive I could get a DUI, jail time, etc.)

-I: identify your values (no driving after drinking)

-D: decide and take action

-E: evaluate the consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Explain the SuPeR SMART model

A

-S: self-controllable
-P: public
-R: rewards
-S: specific
-M: measurable
-A: Adjustable
-R: Realistic
-T: Time-based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define what a stressor is

A

A stressor can either be a person, place, or thing that we react to and it “triggers” our stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two different types of stress

A

-Eustress: comes from a positive event

-Distress: comes from a negative event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Explain the general adaption system and it’s stages

A

-Alarm: in this stage a stressor is perceived

-Resistance: adaption resources are set into action in order to combat the stressor

-Exhaustion: adaption energy stores are depleted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is it called when you are in a state of harmony and balance

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

PNI is a science that looks at the interaction between the mind and body specifically in the endocrine and immune systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Can stress be gotten rid of/eliminated completely

A

No, we can only learn to control/cope with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is one of the main sources of stress especially in students

A

Inconsistent goals and behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are some other sources of stress

A

-Change

-Pressure

-Conflict

-Overload

-Burnout

-Environmental stress

-Personality types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the three types of personalities and explain them

A

-Type A: controlling, optimistic, driven, hardworking, aggressive (more susceptible to self imposed stress)

-Type B: more laid back, go with the flow

-Type C: combination of both. Has the good characteristics of type A but without the toxic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Explain the stages of the decision making model when stress arises

A

-identify the stressor

-what am I willing to do about it

-how am I handling it now

-what am I going to do about it

-how have I put my plan into action

-what results can I see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are four stress management defence mechanisms

A

-displacement: take out anger out on people that won’t fight back/are less threatening

-Repression: block stressful thoughts from our conscious thoughts. Temporarily avoid the problem by thinking about something else

-Sublimation: taking anger out in a more acceptable way. Ex. Punching bag

-Regression: using emotion to influence factors around you to your advantage. Ex. As a kid you throw a fit when you don’t get the toy you want

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

List the emotional skills for coping with stress

A

-exercise

-take a bath

-self pep-talk

-meditate

48
Q

List the problem focused skills for coping with stress

A

-time management

-ask for support

-establish boundaries

  • To-do list
49
Q

What is schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia is one of the if not the most complicated mental health problem in the world

50
Q

What ages does schizophrenia typically occur

A

Ages 16-30

51
Q

Schizophrenia is more likely to effect which group of people

A

Typically males over women but not by much

52
Q

What is the most common mental health issue present in our world

A

Depression

53
Q

What are the neurotransmitters that is associated with depression when imbalanced

A

-serotonin

-dopamine

-norepinephrine

54
Q

What are the typical criteria to be diagnosed with depression

A

-symptoms must be new or noticeably worse

-the symptoms must persist for most of the day nearly everyday for 2 weeks

-the episode must also be accompanied by clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

55
Q

What is PMS and explain it

A

Pre-menstrual syndrome refers to the physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience in the lead up to menstruation

56
Q

What is PMDD and explain it

A

Pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder is a very severe form of PMS

57
Q

What is the Canadian average screen time for children?

A

Approximately 7 1/2 hours

58
Q

What is the average criteria for physical activity per day when referring to adults?

A

At least 30 minutes a day

59
Q

Are Canadian adults reaching the average physical activity criteria per day

A

No, it has decreased 10%. It is now sitting at 5% from 15%.

60
Q

What criteria must something need to be considered physical activity?

A

-Expend energy from skeletal muscles

-It must be planned

-It must be structured

-It must be repetitive

61
Q

What does physical fitness mean?

A

This refers to the bodies, ability to respond and adapt to the environment without becoming overly tired

62
Q

What is the difference between active transportation and passive transportation?

A

-Active transportation: an individual uses their own energy to get where they need to go such as riding a bike to get to the store

-Passive transportation: an individual uses other methods that use no energy to get where they need to go such as driving to get to the store

63
Q

What is good cholesterol and bad cholesterol and what do they do?

A

HDL: this is the good cholesterol which picks up excess cholesterol in the blood and takes it to your liver to be broken down and removed from the body

LDL: this is the bad cholesterol which transports cholesterol particles throughout the body

64
Q

What are the health related components of physical fitness?

A

-cardio respiratory/aerobic endurance

-Muscular strength

-Muscular endurance

-Flexibility

-Body composition

65
Q

What are the performance related components of physical fitness?

A

-Power

-Speed

-Agility

-Balance

-Reaction time

-Coordination

66
Q

How would you calculate max heart rate for men and for women?

A

For men, it is 220 minus minus the man’s age

For women it is 226 minus their age

67
Q

What are the numbers for body fat to lean body mass for a fit and unfit male and female

A

-Male: an ideal fit male has 12% body fat and 88% lean body mass

-an ideal fit woman has 21 to 32% body fat

68
Q

How often should running shoes be replaced?

A

Every 1000 km

69
Q

What does RICE stand for?

A

-R: rest

-I: ice

-C: compression

-E: elevate

70
Q

At what temperature does heat stroke become a major problem in a person

A

Heat stroke becomes a major problem when body temperatures reach 40.5° to 43°C

71
Q

Define food

A

The things we eat grown from plants/ground or raised on a farm

72
Q

Define nutrients

A

Nutrients are the chemicals in the food that are playing specific roles in your body

73
Q

Define nutrition

A

The area of science, that studies food

74
Q

Define hunger

A

A feeling associated with the psychological need to eat

75
Q

Define appetite

A

A psychological behavior/desire that is learned. Ex. What you find appetizing I may not.

76
Q

Define malnutrition

A

A lack of nutrients/calories in the body with severe health risks, sometimes fatally.

77
Q

Define overnutrition

A

This is an excess amount of food/nutrients entering the body

78
Q

What are the six groups of essential nutrients?

A

-Carbohydrates

-Lipids

-Proteins

-Vitamins

-Minerals

-water

79
Q

Explain the path of food through the digestive system

A

Food starts in the mouth. Before eating your salivary glands produce more saliva which has an enzyme to help breakdown carbohydrates by both mechanical and chemical digestion. The food then passes down the oesophagus with muscular contractions, which is called peristalsis, the oesophagus connects the mouth to the stomach. The food then reaches the stomach and with muscular contractions it is mixed and broken down with enzymes and stomach acids. The food will then travel through the small intestine were further digestive activity takes place, but also nutrient absorption, which is aided by enzymes coming from the liver and pancreas. When the food has travelled through the small intestine and reaches the large intestine, water and salts are then re-absorbed into the bloodstream/body. Finally, the food waste will become solid, once travelled to the rectum and is later passed out by the anus

80
Q

Approximately how long does the complete digestion of food through the digestive system take?

A

Approximately 24 hours

81
Q

How much of the human body is water?

A

Approximately 50 to 60% of the human body is water

82
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates and how does it circulate the body

A

Carbohydrates circulate the body in the form of glucose

-Simple

-Complex

83
Q

Explain the different benefits from insoluble, fibre and soluble fibre

A

Insoluble fibres are good for G.I. health

Soluble fibres are good for blood glucose and cholesterol levels

84
Q

In regards to proteins how many amino acids are there?

A

There are 20 amino acids of which nine are essential

85
Q

What are the two different types of proteins?

A

-Complete: contains all nine essential amino acids

-Incomplete: lacks at least one of the nine essential amino acids

86
Q

What are the different types of vegetarians?

A

-vegan

  • Lacto-vegetarians
  • Ovo-vegetarians
  • Pesco-vegetarian (pescatarian)
  • semi-vegetarian
87
Q

What percent of daily calories should be coming from lipids/fats

A

Approximately 20 to 35% of all daily calories

88
Q

What are the types of fat and which one is worse for you

A

There are trans-fatty acids, and saturated/unsaturated fat

Trans-Fatty acids are much worse for you than saturated/unsaturated.

89
Q

What is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?

A

Iron deficiency/anemia

90
Q

What is an appropriate fridge temperature?

A

1 to 4°C

91
Q

If the waistline for men and women is above, what number in centimetres does their risk for obesity greatly increase

A

For men anything above a 102 cm

For women anything above 88 cm

92
Q

What are two ways to measure body composition

A

-Hydrostatic weighing: the individual must be completely submerged in water, and not consume any food or drink in the past 8 to 12 hours

-bod pod

93
Q

How is fat measured using skinfolds?

A

Using a calibre to measure folds of skin on the body, you are measuring the thickness of their subcutaneous fact

94
Q

What are the limitations of skinfold measurements?

A

-It may not work on obese people

-People may not want to be touched or exposed their skin

-The accuracy could be dependent on the skill of the technician/physician

95
Q

What is a bioelectrical impedance analysis?

A

A BIA send a week electric current through the tissues of the body and receives a reading back after the current has made a full round-trip. It has approximately a 3 to 4% error rate. And with more muscle, the current tends to travel through the body more smoothly And accurately

96
Q

What is dual energy x-ray absorbptiometry

A

ADX, a uses very low level, x-ray to differentiate between muscle, bone, and fat

97
Q

List factors that contribute to weight gain and or weight loss

A

-Energy balance: intake versus expenditure

-Genetic and psychological factors

-Obeseogenic environment

98
Q

What percentages of non-genetic and genetic factors play a role in weight loss and weight gain

A

75% non-genetic factors

25% genetic heritage

99
Q

What are the abbreviations for energy at rest and digestion?

A

Energy at rest (BMR)

Digestion (TEF)

100
Q

What are the main components of energy expenditure and their percentages?

A

Energy at rest, 60 to 70%

Physical activity, 20 to 35%

Digestion 5 to 10%

101
Q

What are the seven factors that contribute to energy balance?

A

Food production

Food consumption

Individual physical activity

Physical activity environment

Psychological factors

Social psychology

Individual psychology

102
Q

What are the three types of bodies?

A

Endomorphic: wide, hips, narrow shoulders, a lot of fat on body

Mesomorphic: broad shoulders and narrow hips, muscular body, very little fat on body

Ectomorphic: narrow shoulders and hips, very little muscle, or fat on body

103
Q

Explain the setpoint theory

A

The setpoint theory states that people have a set weight and their weight can easily fluctuate plus or -2 pounds of that setpoint

104
Q

How many criteria are there to consider for your diet plan to be successful and what are they?

A

Three

Gradual change in energy intake

Regular appropriate physical activity

Behavior, modification techniques

105
Q

What is the difference between an eating disorder and disordered eating?

A

Eating disorder: mental conditions contribute to an individuals disturbance of their eating, causing them to not eat, completely or very little

Disordered eating: habitual dieting such as skipping a meal then the next day eating like a vegetarian then the next day eating like a vegan and so on

106
Q

List some types of eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa: self starvation

Boulimia nervosa: recurrent episodes of extreme over eating

Binge eating

107
Q

Explain muscle dysmorphia

A

This is one an individual has an obsession with muscle mass, and they are never satisfied with the muscle mass on them, they often crave more with the use of anabolic steroids

108
Q

What are the three corners of the triangle in the female athlete triad?

A

Bone loss/osteoporosis

Menstrual disturbances/amenorrhea

Energy deficit/disordered eating

109
Q

In Canada, death rates from CVD are

A

Declining

110
Q

What are the three structures in the cardiovascular system

A

Heart (arteries, arterioles, veins, venues, capillaries, chambers, valves)

Lungs

Blood vessels

111
Q

What is the average resting BPM

A

70-80 per min

112
Q

Explain how blood flows through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae.

Deoxygenated blood then moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle where it is pumped through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs

Blood then picks up oxygen and goes through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium

Oxygenated blood is then forced from the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is then pumped through the aorta and into the rest of the bodies blood vessels

113
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

A build up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls which may partially or completely block the flow of blood

114
Q

Define a drug

A

Chemicals/substances other than food that alter the structure or function of our body

115
Q

Psychoactive drugs are

A

Drugs that affect the brain and change feelings, mood, etc.

116
Q

What is the difference between drug use, misuse, abuse, and addiction

A

Drug use is taking a substance the way it was intended

Drug misuse is taking a substance for a different reason than intended

Drug abuse is an excessive use of a drug

Drug addiction is taking a drug I order to feel normal

117
Q

How will someone react to psychoactive drugs

A

Factors can be internal or external, but reactions depend on the individuals body

SPSC 2252 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions