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SPSC 2252 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most prevalent types of cancers for both men and women?

A

Men: prostate, lung, colorectal, bladder

Women: breast, lung, colorectal, uterine

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2
Q

What are the three theories of cancer development?

A

Genetic mutations

Carcinogens (environmental factors)

Viral infections

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3
Q

What are the different types of cancer and what layer of the tissue do they affect?

A

Carcinomas: epithelial tissue

Sarcomas : mesodermal tissues

Lymphomas

Leukaemia

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4
Q

Names The types of ectomy is to treat breast cancer.

A

Lump ectomy: tumour is at the earliest localized stages

Simple mastectomy: removal of breast, and underlying tissue

Modified radical mastectomy: breast and lymph nodes in immediate area removed

Radical mastectomy: removal of breast, lymph nodes, pectoral, muscles, all fat and underlying tissue

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5
Q

List types of cancer

A

Lung

Breast

Ovarian

Prostate

Colorectal

Skin

Leukaemia

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6
Q

What is the ABC DE of skin cancer

A

A: asymmetry

B: border

C: colour

D: diameter

E: evolving

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7
Q

What increases the risk of colorectal cancers?

A

Red and processed meat

Alcohol

Excess body fat

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8
Q

What are the signs of breast cancer?

A

Lumps

Nipple discharge

Dimpling

Breast or nipple pain

Nipple, retraction, or inversion

Redness

Changes to the skins texture

Lymph node changes

Swelling

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9
Q

Explain the flow of of blood through the heart

A

De oxygenated blood enters the superior and inferior vena cava, which then travels to the right atrium. Then passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, which then passes the pulmonary valve out the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood then returns back to the heart through the pulmonary veins, travelling to the left atrium. Then travelling through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and finally through the aortic valve to the aorta to the rest of the body.

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10
Q

What are the three categories of factors when it comes to cancer?

A

Biomedical

Lifestyle

Environmental

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11
Q

What are seven cancer sign?

A

Changes in bowel or bladder habits

A sore that does not heal

Unusual, bleeding or discharge

Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere

Indigestion or difficulty and swallowing

Obvious change in a wart or mole

Nagging, cough, or hoarseness

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12
Q

What are the four possible causes of a stroke?

A

Thrombus: complete blockage

Embolism : partial blockage

Haemorrhage : broken vein

Aneurism : swollen vein

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13
Q

What is the difference between an ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

A

Ischemic is an area of deprived blood in the brain

Hemorrhagic is an area of bleeding in the brain

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14
Q

What is FAST?

A

Face

Arm

Speech

Time

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15
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

This is a narrowing and hardening of the arteries. It may partially or totally block the blood flow.

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16
Q

What is the difference between type one and type two diabetes

A

Type one is an autoimmune disorder where the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin due to the loss of beta cells. 5 to 10%

Type two is where the pancreas makes less insulin than it used causing the cells to become insulin resistant. 90 to 95%

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17
Q

Name some symptoms of diabetes

A

Increased thirst

Slow healing cuts

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Frequent urination

Unexplained, weight loss

Long recovery from being sick

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18
Q

Define use of a drug

A

Taking a substance the way it was intended

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19
Q

Define misuse of a drug

A

Taking a substance for a reason different from the way it was intended

20
Q

Define abuse of a drug

A

An excessive use of a drug

21
Q

Define dependence of a drug

A

I want a drug is needed to feel normal

22
Q

What are the classes of psychoactive drugs?

A

CNS stimulants

Hallucinogens

CNS depressants

Psychotherapeutics

Analgesics

23
Q

What are the routes of administration for drugs?

A

Installation

Inhale

Sublingual : melting the drug under the tongue, then it is absorbed

Transdermal patches

Topical : rubbing things on the skin

24
Q

What are the injection types for drugs?

A

Intravenous injection: right into the bloodstream

Subcutaneous injection : between the fat layer and the muscle layer

Intramuscular injection : directly into the muscle

25
Q

What is the fastest method of drug administration?

A

Inhalation

26
Q

What are the five forms of drug interactions?

A

Synergism: two or more drugs increase the effective one another

Antagonism : two or more drugs, have opposing effect on each other

Inhibition

Intolerance : the inability to tolerate the adverse effects of one or more drugs

Cross tolerance : tolerance to the effects of drug that produces tolerance to another drug

27
Q

What are some solutions to drug use and addiction?

A

Multimodal approaches

Public education and prevention

Alcoholics anonymous

Harm reduction strategies

28
Q

How many standard drinks can men and women have in a single sitting?

A

Men can have 4

Women can have three

29
Q

How many standard drinks can men and women have a week?

A

Men can have 15

Women can have 10

30
Q

What are some factors that affect blood alcohol content?

A

Amount consumed in a given time

Size

Age

Bodybuild

Metabolism

Amount of food in the stomach

Mood

31
Q

What are the stages of recovery from alcoholism?

A

1: tremors, rapid, heartbeat, heavy, sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia

2: hallucinations

3: delusions, disorientation, delirium

4: seizures

32
Q

What is the relapse rate in the first three months for alcoholics?

A

60%

33
Q

How much much marijuana are you able to legally possess in public?

A

30 grams

34
Q

How many marijuana plants are you able to grow?

A

Up to four plants

35
Q

What are the Canada health principles?

A

Public administration: The healthcare insurance plans of the provinces and territories are administered and operated by public authority accountable to the government

Comprehensiveness: all medically necessary health services are covered

Universality: all eligible residents of a province or territory, are entitled to the same level of healthcare

Accessibility: healthcare services must be available without barriers, such as financial or geographical obstacles

Portability : residence to be covered for healthcare services when they move within Canada or travel abroad

36
Q

What percent of healthcare in this country are public and private

A

70% public

30% private

37
Q

What are the top health expenditures by health spending category?

A

Hospitals at 24%

Physicians and drugs at 13.6%

38
Q

What are the three levels of healthcare?

A

Primary: family, doctors, general practitioners

Secondary: specialists upon referral, such as cardiologists

Tertiary: highly specialized care, such as advanced surgical procedures, and cancer treatment centres

39
Q

What is telepathic versus non-allopathic medicine

A

Allopathic medicine focusses on symptoms specific treatment

Non-allopathic medicine, refers to everything outside of conventional medicine

40
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Collateral circulation refers to the development of new blood vessels that bypass blocked arteries, allowing blood to flow to the affected areas

41
Q

Define angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery

A

Angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open narrowed arteries, using a balloon and stent

Coronary surgery is open heart surgery that creates new pathways around blocked arteries using graphs from the other body parts

42
Q

Define psychoactive drugs

A

Drugs that affect the CNS and alter our mood, perception, or behaviour

43
Q

What is a two tiered model of healthcare

A

This type of healthcare system provides a basic level of publicly funded care for all citizens, while allowing individuals to pay for an additional private healthcare service

44
Q

DECIDE model

A

Define the problem

Establish the criteria

Consider the alternatives

Identify the best alternative

Develop and implement action

Evaluate the decision

45
Q

SuPeR SMART model

A

Specific

Public

Rewarded

Specific

Measurable

Achievable

Relevant

Timely

SPSC 2252 (2 decks)

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