Final Flashcards
What are the most prevalent types of cancers for both men and women?
Men: prostate, lung, colorectal, bladder
Women: breast, lung, colorectal, uterine
What are the three theories of cancer development?
Genetic mutations
Carcinogens (environmental factors)
Viral infections
What are the different types of cancer and what layer of the tissue do they affect?
Carcinomas: epithelial tissue
Sarcomas : mesodermal tissues
Lymphomas
Leukaemia
Names The types of ectomy is to treat breast cancer.
Lump ectomy: tumour is at the earliest localized stages
Simple mastectomy: removal of breast, and underlying tissue
Modified radical mastectomy: breast and lymph nodes in immediate area removed
Radical mastectomy: removal of breast, lymph nodes, pectoral, muscles, all fat and underlying tissue
List types of cancer
Lung
Breast
Ovarian
Prostate
Colorectal
Skin
Leukaemia
What is the ABC DE of skin cancer
A: asymmetry
B: border
C: colour
D: diameter
E: evolving
What increases the risk of colorectal cancers?
Red and processed meat
Alcohol
Excess body fat
What are the signs of breast cancer?
Lumps
Nipple discharge
Dimpling
Breast or nipple pain
Nipple, retraction, or inversion
Redness
Changes to the skins texture
Lymph node changes
Swelling
Explain the flow of of blood through the heart
De oxygenated blood enters the superior and inferior vena cava, which then travels to the right atrium. Then passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, which then passes the pulmonary valve out the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood then returns back to the heart through the pulmonary veins, travelling to the left atrium. Then travelling through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and finally through the aortic valve to the aorta to the rest of the body.
What are the three categories of factors when it comes to cancer?
Biomedical
Lifestyle
Environmental
What are seven cancer sign?
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual, bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty and swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging, cough, or hoarseness
What are the four possible causes of a stroke?
Thrombus: complete blockage
Embolism : partial blockage
Haemorrhage : broken vein
Aneurism : swollen vein
What is the difference between an ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
Ischemic is an area of deprived blood in the brain
Hemorrhagic is an area of bleeding in the brain
What is FAST?
Face
Arm
Speech
Time
What is atherosclerosis?
This is a narrowing and hardening of the arteries. It may partially or totally block the blood flow.
What is the difference between type one and type two diabetes
Type one is an autoimmune disorder where the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin due to the loss of beta cells. 5 to 10%
Type two is where the pancreas makes less insulin than it used causing the cells to become insulin resistant. 90 to 95%
Name some symptoms of diabetes
Increased thirst
Slow healing cuts
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Frequent urination
Unexplained, weight loss
Long recovery from being sick
Define use of a drug
Taking a substance the way it was intended
Define misuse of a drug
Taking a substance for a reason different from the way it was intended
Define abuse of a drug
An excessive use of a drug
Define dependence of a drug
I want a drug is needed to feel normal
What are the classes of psychoactive drugs?
CNS stimulants
Hallucinogens
CNS depressants
Psychotherapeutics
Analgesics
What are the routes of administration for drugs?
Installation
Inhale
Sublingual : melting the drug under the tongue, then it is absorbed
Transdermal patches
Topical : rubbing things on the skin
What are the injection types for drugs?
Intravenous injection: right into the bloodstream
Subcutaneous injection : between the fat layer and the muscle layer
Intramuscular injection : directly into the muscle
What is the fastest method of drug administration?
Inhalation
What are the five forms of drug interactions?
Synergism: two or more drugs increase the effective one another
Antagonism : two or more drugs, have opposing effect on each other
Inhibition
Intolerance : the inability to tolerate the adverse effects of one or more drugs
Cross tolerance : tolerance to the effects of drug that produces tolerance to another drug
What are some solutions to drug use and addiction?
Multimodal approaches
Public education and prevention
Alcoholics anonymous
Harm reduction strategies
How many standard drinks can men and women have in a single sitting?
Men can have 4
Women can have three
How many standard drinks can men and women have a week?
Men can have 15
Women can have 10
What are some factors that affect blood alcohol content?
Amount consumed in a given time
Size
Age
Bodybuild
Metabolism
Amount of food in the stomach
Mood
What are the stages of recovery from alcoholism?
1: tremors, rapid, heartbeat, heavy, sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia
2: hallucinations
3: delusions, disorientation, delirium
4: seizures
What is the relapse rate in the first three months for alcoholics?
60%
How much much marijuana are you able to legally possess in public?
30 grams
How many marijuana plants are you able to grow?
Up to four plants
What are the Canada health principles?
Public administration: The healthcare insurance plans of the provinces and territories are administered and operated by public authority accountable to the government
Comprehensiveness: all medically necessary health services are covered
Universality: all eligible residents of a province or territory, are entitled to the same level of healthcare
Accessibility: healthcare services must be available without barriers, such as financial or geographical obstacles
Portability : residence to be covered for healthcare services when they move within Canada or travel abroad
What percent of healthcare in this country are public and private
70% public
30% private
What are the top health expenditures by health spending category?
Hospitals at 24%
Physicians and drugs at 13.6%
What are the three levels of healthcare?
Primary: family, doctors, general practitioners
Secondary: specialists upon referral, such as cardiologists
Tertiary: highly specialized care, such as advanced surgical procedures, and cancer treatment centres
What is telepathic versus non-allopathic medicine
Allopathic medicine focusses on symptoms specific treatment
Non-allopathic medicine, refers to everything outside of conventional medicine
What is collateral circulation?
Collateral circulation refers to the development of new blood vessels that bypass blocked arteries, allowing blood to flow to the affected areas
Define angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery
Angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open narrowed arteries, using a balloon and stent
Coronary surgery is open heart surgery that creates new pathways around blocked arteries using graphs from the other body parts
Define psychoactive drugs
Drugs that affect the CNS and alter our mood, perception, or behaviour
What is a two tiered model of healthcare
This type of healthcare system provides a basic level of publicly funded care for all citizens, while allowing individuals to pay for an additional private healthcare service
DECIDE model
Define the problem
Establish the criteria
Consider the alternatives
Identify the best alternative
Develop and implement action
Evaluate the decision
SuPeR SMART model
Specific
Public
Rewarded
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Timely
