(MIDTERM) Extraction of Starch Flashcards
A ________ that serves as temporary storage form of photosynthetic products.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucosan
Starch occurs in the form of granules (starch grains), the shape and size of
which are characteristic of the species as is also the ratio of the content of the
principal constituents, ______________
amylose and amylopectin
Formula of STARCH
(C6H10O5)n
Linear molecule (helical
arrangement)
Amylose
250 to 300 D-glucopyranose units
Amylose
Uniformly linked by ⍺-1,4
glucosidic bonds
Amylose
Amylose-Amylopectin Ratio: 25%
Amylose
Solubility in water: More soluble
Amylose
Iodine test: Deep blue complex
Amylose
Branched molecule
Amylopectin
1000 or more D-glucopyranose units
Amylopectin
Linked by ⍺-1,4 glucosidic bonds;
branched by ⍺-1,6 glucosidic bonds
Amylopectin
Amylose-Amylopectin Ratio: 75%
Amylopectin
Solubility in water: Less soluble
Amylopectin
Iodine test: Blue-violet or purple
color.
Amylopectin
Basic structural design of ________________________, along with the labeling of the atoms and torsion angles.
(a) glucose units, (b) amylose and (c) amylopectin
Extension of the basic units to macromolecular structures was adapted from ______________
Pérez & Bertoft (2010)
Barley
Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae)
Maize
Zea mays (Poaceae)
Potato
Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae)
Rice
Oryza sativa (Poaceae)
Sago
Metroxylon rumphii (Arecaceae)
Rye
Secale cereale (Poaceae)
Tapioca
Manihot utilissima (Euphorbiaceae)
Wheat
Triticum aestivum (Poaceae)
3 Official Starches
Corn Starch, Wheat Starch, Potato Starch
Starch, as the term is used in pharmaceutic circles, consists of granules separated from the:
* Mature grain of corn, Zea mays (Poaceae)
* Mature grain of wheat, Triticum aestivum (Poaceae)
* Tubers of the potato, Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae)
Official Starches
Mature grain of corn
Zea mays (Poaceae)
Mature grain of wheat
Triticum aestivum (Poaceae)
Tubers of the potato
Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae)
Ingredient in dusting powders
Pharmaceutical Uses of Starch
Pharmaceutic aid
* Binder
* Disintegrant
* Diluent
* Absorbents
* Glidant/Lubricant
Pharmaceutical Uses of Starch
Antidote for Iodine poisoning
Pharmaceutical Uses of Starch
Pharmaceutic aids
- Binder
- Disintegrant
- Diluent
- Absorbents
- Glidant/Lubricant
Starting material from which liquid glucose (corn syrup), dextrose, dextrins, and
high-fructose sweeteners are made.
Pharmaceutical Uses of Starch
Modified Starches:
- Pregelatinized starch
- Sodium starch glycolate
- Hetastarch
- Soluble starch
starch that has been chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or
part of the granules in the presence of water and is subsequently dried.
Pregelatinized starch
slightly soluble to soluble in cold water
Pregelatinized starch
used as a tablet excipient
Pregelatinized starch
a semisynthetic material; the sodium salt of a carboxymethyl ether of starch
Sodium starch glycolate
used as a disintegrating agent in tablet formulations
Sodium starch glycolate
a semisynthetic material that is prepared in such a manner that it is
approximately 90% amylopectin, and 7 or 8 hydroxyethyl substituents are
present for each 10 glucose units
Hetastarch
A 6% solution of hetastarch is used as a plasma expander
Hetastarch
It is adjunct therapy in treatment of shock caused by hemorrhage, burns,
surgery, sepsis, or other trauma
Hetastarch
prepared by treating commercial potato starch with hydrochloric acid until,
after washing, it forms a limpid, almost clear solution in hot water
Soluble starch
Lugol’s solution - aqueous solution of ____________
Iodine and Potassium Iodide
Iodine Test Rationale
Iodine molecules fit into the helical structure of starch (specifically amylose), forming a colored complex that produces the blue-black color
