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PCog LAB > (MIDTERM) Extraction of Saponins > Flashcards

(MIDTERM) Extraction of Saponins Flashcards

1
Q

A glycoside is any molecule in which a
sugar group is bonded through its
anomeric carbon to another group via
_______________

A

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

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2
Q

The sugar group is known as the
_______ and the non-sugar group as the
_______ or _____ part of the glycoside.

A

GLYCONE
AGLYCONE
GENIN

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3
Q

The glycone and aglycone portions can
be chemically separated by hydrolysis in the presence of ____.

A

ACID

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4
Q

Classification of Glycosides

A
  • On the Basis of Glycone
  • On the Basis of Glycosidic Linkage
  • On the Basis of Aglycone
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5
Q

Latin ____, meaning soap.

A

SAPO

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6
Q

Characterized by their property of producing a frothing aqueous solution.

A

Saponins

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7
Q

Have hemolytic properties, and when injected into the blood stream, are highly toxic.

A

Saponins

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8
Q

Sternutatory

A

Saponins

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8
Q

Generally, have acrid, bitter taste.

A

Saponins

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9
Q

Have a high molecular weight and a high polarity and their isolation in a state of purity presents some difficulties.

A

Saponins

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9
Q

Occur as complex mixtures with the components differing only slightly from one another in the nature of the sugars present, or in the structure of the aglycone.

A

Saponins

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10
Q

According to the structure of the aglycone or sapogenin, two kinds of saponin are recognized:

A
  • the steroidal (commonly tetracyclic triterpenoids)
  • the pentacyclic triterpenoid types
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11
Q

less widely distributed in nature than the pentacyclic triterpenoid type

A

Steroidal Saponins

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12
Q

Phytochemical surveys have shown their presence in many families, particularly the:
* Dioscoreaceae (e.g. Dioscorea spp.)
* Agavaceae (e.g. Agave and Yucca spp.)
* Smilacaceae (Smilax spp.)
* Leguminosae (Fenugreek)
* Solanaceae (Steroidal alkaloids in Solanum)
* Species of Strophanthus and Digitalis contain both steroidal saponins and cardiac glycosides.

A

Steroidal Saponins

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13
Q

e.g. Dioscorea spp.

A

Dioscoreaceae

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14
Q

e.g. Agave and Yucca spp.

A

Agavaceae

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14
Q

Smilax spp.

A

Smilacaceae

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15
Q

Fenugreek

A

Leguminosae

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15
Q

Steroidal alkaloids in Solanum

A

Solanaceae

16
Q

Species of ___________________ contain both steroidal saponins and cardiac glycosides

A

Strophanthus and Digitalis

17
Q

Rare in monocotyledons.

A

Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins

17
Q

In these saponins the sapogenin is attached to a chain of sugar or uronic acid units, or both, often in
the 3-position

A

Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins

18
Q

Abundant in many dicotyledonous families, particularly:
* Caryophyllaceae
* Sapindaceae
* Polygalaceae
* Sapotaceae

A

Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins

19
Q

Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins
Abundant in many dicotyledonous families, particularly:

A
  • Caryophyllaceae
  • Sapindaceae
  • Polygalaceae
  • Sapotaceae
20
Q
  1. Weigh about 10 g of gogo
    bark and cut into small
    pieces.
  2. Place the gogo bark in a
    beaker containing 30 ml
    of distilled water and
    allow to boil for 10
    minutes.
  3. Filter and decolorize the
    filtrate using animal
    charcoal.
  4. Evaporate the clear
    filtrate to dryness.
  5. Add 10 ml of ether, stir
    and decant off the ether.
  6. Weigh the residue left in
    the evaporating dish
A

Extraction Process of Saponins

21
Q

3 Identification Tests

A
  • Based on physical properties of saponins (foam-forming).
  • Based on chemical properties of saponins (color and precipitation reactions).
  • Based on biological properties of saponins (hemolysis test).
22
Q

Based on physical properties of saponins

A

foam-forming

23
Q

Based on chemical properties of saponins

A

color and precipitation reactions

23
Q

involves shaking an extract with water

A

Foam-foaming

23
Q

Based on biological properties of saponins

A

hemolysis test

23
Q

Foam-foaming:
* involves shaking an extract with water
* formation of ____________________

A

STABLE PERSISTENT HONEY-COMB FOAM (1-2 cm)

24
Q

formation of STABLE PERSISTENT HONEY-COMB FOAM (1-2 cm)

A

Foam-foaming

25
Q

BASED ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

A
  • Barium Hydroxide Test
  • Lead Acetate Test
  • Fehling’s Solution Test
26
Q

formation of WHITE PPT.

A

Lead Acetate Test

26
Q

formation of a WHITE PPT. OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STABLE FOAM

A

Barium Hydroxide Test

26
Q

BASED ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

A

Liebermann-Burchard Test

26
Q

formation of RED, ORANGE, OR YELLOW PPT. (GENERALLY BRICK-RED PPT.)

A

Fehling’s Solution Test

27
Q
  • differential test for steroidal and triterpenoid saponins
  • Reagents: Acetic anhydride; concentrated sulfuric acid
  • Blue-green coloration - presence of STEROIDAL saponins
  • Purple coloration - presence of TRITERPENOID saponins
A

Liebermann-Burchard Test

28
Q

Acetic anhydride; concentrated sulfuric acid

A

Liebermann-Burchard Test
Reagents

29
Q
  1. Aglycone portion (hydrophobic) portion binds to lipids (cholesterol and
    phospholipids) on the RBC cell membrane
  2. Increase in membrane permeability, leading to formation of pores
    (holes) on the lipid bilayer
  3. Disrupts osmotic balance due to entry of water, leading to cell swelling
  4. Resulting to cell lysis (bursting), leading to release of hemoglobin to
    solution
A

Mechanism of Hemolysis

29
Q

Blue-green coloration

A

presence of STEROIDAL saponins

29
Q

BASED ON BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:

A

Hemolytic Test

29
Q

Purple coloration

A

presence of TRITERPENOID saponins

30
Q

Hemolytic Test

A
  • Deep Red Supernatant
  • Light Red Supernatant
  • Clear Supernatant
31
Q

COMPLETE HEMOLYSIS (BETA-HEMOLYSIS)

A

Deep Red Supernatant

32
Q

PARTIAL HEMOLYSIS (ALPHA - HEMOLYSIS)

A

Light Red Supernatant

33
Q

No Hemolysis

A

Clear Supernatant

PCog LAB (6 decks)

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