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ANAT 316 > Midterm Exam Weeks 4-6 > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Weeks 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of the ear

A
  1. external
  2. middle
  3. internal
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2
Q

external ear components

A
  1. auricle
  2. external acoustic meatus
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3
Q

auricle

A

cartilage that captures waves and sound
- protects external auditory canal

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4
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

runs from auricle to tympanic membrane and directs sound waves into the ear
- lateral 2/3 is cartilage
- medial 1/3 is temporal bone

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5
Q

external acoustic meatus components

A
  1. ceruminous glands (ear wax)
  2. debris trapping hairs
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6
Q

debris trapping hairs

A

give tactile sensation and prevent things from further entering the ear

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7
Q

bony components of the external ear

A
  1. temporal bone
  2. external acoustic meatus
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8
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  1. separates the external and middle ear
  2. vibrates in response to incoming sound waves
  3. clear, thin and transparent
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9
Q

middle ear

A
  1. collect and amplify sound waves
  2. transmits sound to internal ear
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10
Q

features of the middle ear

A
  1. tympanic membrane
  2. auditory ossicles
  3. eustachian tube
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11
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

connects nasopharynx to the ear

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12
Q

ottis media

A
  1. swelling
  2. redness
  3. pain
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13
Q

auditory ossicles

A
  1. 3 bones
  2. bony ossicles
  3. connect tympanic membrane and internal ear
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14
Q

bony ossicles

A
  1. malleus (hammer) - points to interior tympanic membrane
  2. incus (anvil) - attaches malleus to stapes
  3. stapes (stirrup) - covers oval window
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15
Q

pathway of sound

A
  1. tympanic membrane
  2. vibration to malleus
  3. incus
  4. stapes
  5. oval window
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16
Q

muscles of the middle ear

A
  1. tensor tympani
  2. stapedius
    - prevent excessive vibration of the bony ossicles to prevent large sound waves from damaging the ear
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17
Q

tensor tympani

A

pulls on malleus to increase stiffness and limit movement of tympanic membrane

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18
Q

stapedius

A

pulls on stapes to restrict movement at oval window

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19
Q

oval window

A

stapes pushes against oval window to transmit sound waves to internal ear

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20
Q

round window

A

helps sound waves travel through internal ear
***smaller

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21
Q

internal ear

A
  1. innermost compartment
  2. encased in temporal bone
  3. sensations of hearing and balance
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22
Q

internal ear components

A
  1. bony labyrinth
  2. membranous labyrinth
  3. perilymph
  4. endolymph
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23
Q

cochlea

A
  1. fluid-filled sensory organ for hearing
  2. sound travels through fluid as pressure waves and sends sound information to the brain
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24
Q

vestibule (utricle and saccule)

A

for balance and equilibrium/ stability and posture
detects:
1. head position
2. gravity
3. linear acceleration

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25
Q

3 semicircular canals

A
  1. detects rotational motion in 3 different planes
  2. maintains balance
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26
Q

sensory hair cells

A
  1. cells with hair-like projections (stereocilia)
  2. detects motion when hair cells are bent
  3. hearing and balance
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27
Q

sterocilia

A

hair-like projections that send neurotransmitters to nerves
1. increases neurotransmitter release when hear
2. decreases neurotransmitter release when stop hearing

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28
Q

which portion of the cochlea contains endolymph

A

cochlear ducts

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29
Q

sound

A
  1. pressure conducted through a medium
  2. vibration in air
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30
Q

amplitude of sound

A
  1. height of sound wave
  2. volume of sound
  3. decibels (DB)
    ***higher sound wave=higher sound
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31
Q

frequency of sound

A
  1. how close together waves are
  2. pitch of sound
  3. hertz (Hz)
    ***closer together waves=higher pitch
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32
Q

sounds transmission

A
  1. sound waves transmitted through external ear to tympanic membrane
  2. vibrations pass through ossicles of middle ear
  3. stapes pushes against oval window and sound waves are transmitted to cochlea
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33
Q

components of cochlea

A
  1. cochlear duct (scala media)
  2. helicotrema
  3. scala vestibuli (oval window)
  4. scala tympani (round window)
  5. organ of corti
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34
Q

sound transmission in cochlea

A
  1. how many hair cells stimulated is determined by how loud you hear the sound
  2. low frequency noises travel all the way to helicotrema
  3. high frequency noises only travel to middle of cochlea
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35
Q

endolymph vs. perilymph

A

endolymph: cochlear duct
perilymph: scala vestibuli and scala tympani

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36
Q

components of organ of corti (spiral organ)

A
  1. tectorial membrane
  2. hair cell (sit on basilar membrane, and in contact with tectorial membrane)
  3. basilar membrane
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37
Q

organ of corti

A
  1. waves in perilymph move basilar membrane up and down
  2. sterocilia of hair cells are pushed against and pulled away from tectorial membrane
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38
Q

innervation of hearing

A

CN VIII
- transmit information to the brainstem

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39
Q

process of hearing

A
  1. sound waves cause vibration of tympanic membrane
  2. movement of tympanic membrane vibrates ossicles (amplify sound)
  3. stapes pushing against oval window causes waves in perilymph
  4. waves of perilymph push against basilar membrane as they travel through the cochlea
  5. hair cells push against tectorial membrane and when they bend a neural signal is transmitted
  6. impulses travel to CNS via cochlear branch of CN VIII
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40
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

external or middle ear
- usually temporary
- cerumen (earwax) buildup
- perforated tympanic membrane

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41
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

internal ear/nerve pathway
- usually permanent
- cochlear/nerve degeneration caused by aging
- trauma induced sensory cell damage

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42
Q

the receptors of the internal ear responsible for the detection of sound are termed

A

hair cells

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43
Q

vestibular apparatus

A
  1. vestibule
  2. semicircular canals
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44
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

maintaining balance when head and body are moved suddenly
- semicircular ducts

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45
Q

static equilibrium

A

maintaining posture and stability when body is motionless
- saccule and utricle

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46
Q

planes of the semicircular canals

A
  1. anterior (YES)
  2. posterior (side to side - roll)
  3. lateral (NO)
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47
Q

semicircular canals

A
  1. membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph
  2. each duct is continuous with utricle
  3. each duct contains an ampulla
  4. hair-cells are clustered together on the ampulla - cristae ampullaris
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48
Q

ampulla

A

swollen region containing sensory receptors

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49
Q

cupula

A

sensory hair cells embedded in gelatinous mass on semicircular canals
- stimulates hair cells when endolymph pushes against

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50
Q

sensing rotational movement - the steps

A
  1. head rotates and causes movement of endolymph
  2. semicircular canal rotates with the head and endolymph sloshes against cupula
  3. displacement of cupula distorts the sensory hair cells
  4. nerve impulses are transmitted during this displacement/movement
    - neurotransmitters stimulate nerves
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51
Q

saccule and utricle - the vestibule

A

membranous sacs filled with endolymph
- each sac contains a macula
utricle: horizontal acceleration
saccule: vertical acceleration

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52
Q

macula

A

contains hair cells in the utricle and saccule

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53
Q

otoliths

A

crystals that are heavy and lag behind

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54
Q

movement of otoliths

A

movement of dense otoliths stimulates hair cells which release neurotransmitters and send neural signal

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55
Q

head normal vs head tilted

A

when you tilt your head gravity pushes the otoliths downhill distorting hair cell processes so the receptor output increases

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56
Q

bony orbit

A

bilateral, symmetrical cavities containing the eyeballs and associated structures

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57
Q

bones that make up the bony orbit

A
  1. frontal bone - anterior
  2. sphenoid bone - posterior
  3. ethmoid bone - medial
  4. lacrimal bone - anterior medial wall
  5. palatine bone - hard palate
  6. maxilla - anterior and floor
  7. zygomatic bone - lateral
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58
Q

superior orbital fissure

A
  1. oculomotor nerve CN III
  2. trochlear nerve CN IV
  3. opthalamic division of trigeminal nerve CN V1
  4. abducens nerve CN VI
    *** all travel through
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59
Q

optic canal

A

optic nerve CN II travels through

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60
Q

components of the bony orbit

A
  1. superior orbital fissure
  2. inferior orbital fissure
  3. optic canal
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61
Q

layers of the eye

A
  1. outer fibrous layer
  2. middle vascular layer
  3. inner neural layer
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62
Q

outer fibrous layer

A
  1. sclera
  2. cornea
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63
Q

middle vascular layer

A

uvea:
1. iris
2. ciliary body
3. choroid

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64
Q

inner neural layer

A
  1. retina
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65
Q

cornea

A
  1. first refraction of light entering eye
  2. directs light in to lens
  3. avascular (no blood vessels)
  4. clear layer
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66
Q

scelera

A
  1. supportive outer white layer
  2. attachment site for extraocular muscles
  3. covered by mucous membranes (conjuctiva) to lubricate eye
  4. vascular (blood vessels)
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67
Q

limbus

A

transition zone between cornea and sclera

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68
Q

iris

A
  1. contains pupillary dilator and sphincter muscles
  2. controls pupil size depending on light and nervous system signals
  3. goes around pupil
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69
Q

ciliary body

A
  1. produces aqueous humour
  2. contains ciliary muscles
  3. helps focus lens using zonular fibres and ciliary muscles
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70
Q

zonular fibres

A

attach from ciliary body to lens

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71
Q

lens

A

focuses light on the retina
- majority of refractions

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72
Q

choroid

A
  1. very vascularized between sclera and the retinoid
  2. nourishes retina
  3. maintains eye temperature and volume
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73
Q

intraocular muscles vs extraocular muscles

A

intra: within the eye
extra: outside the eye

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74
Q

ciliary muscles

A

form a ring around the eyeball

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75
Q

when looking at something far away what happens to the ciliary muscles

A
  1. ciliary muscles relax
  2. zonule fibres tense
  3. lens flattened for focusing on distant objects
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76
Q

when looking at something close by what happens to the ciliary muscles

A
  1. ciliary muscles contract
  2. zonule fibres relax
  3. lens rounded (thickens) for focusing on close objects
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77
Q

pupillary muscles

A
  1. sphincter pupillae
  2. dilator pupillae
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78
Q

what is color of the iris determined by

A

amount of melanin

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79
Q

sphincter pupillae

A
  1. concentric muscle fibres
  2. constricts pupil when contracted
  3. parasympathetic NS
    ***rest and digest so dont need to let as much light in
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80
Q

dilator pupillae

A
  1. muscle fibres run longitudinally towards margins of the iris
  2. enlarges pupil when contracted
  3. sympathetic NS
    *** fight or flight so let more light in to be aware
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81
Q

bright light or PSNS signals

A

sphincter pupillae
- pupil constricts

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82
Q

dim light or SNS signals

A

dilator pupillae
- pupil dilates

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83
Q

retina

A

captures light to send to the brain

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84
Q

components of the retina

A
  1. macula (fovea in centre)
  2. optic disc
  3. ora serrata
  4. optic nerve
  5. fovea
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85
Q

macula of retina

A

highest concentration of photoreceptor cells

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86
Q

optic disc

A
  1. where optic nerve exits the eye
  2. blind spot - no photoreceptors
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87
Q

ora serrata

A

anterior border of the retina

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88
Q

optic nerve

A

accumulation of the retinal axons

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89
Q

fovea

A

has sharpest vision
- physical dip that pushes vascular aside so light can directly go to the photoreceptors

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90
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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91
Q

myotopia (near-sightedness)

A

image is focused in front of fovea
- lens is too long/bulbous

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92
Q

hypertopia (far-sightedness)

A

image is focused behind the fovea
- lens is too short/flat too

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93
Q

chambers of the eye

A

anterior cavity:
1. anterior chamber
2. posterior chamber
posterior cavity:
1. vitreous chamber (largest)

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94
Q

anterior chamber

A
  1. between cornea and the iris
  2. filled with the aqueous humous
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95
Q

aqueous humour

A
  1. maintains ocular (eye) pressure
  2. replaced every 90 minutes
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95
Q

posterior chamber

A
  1. between iris and the lens
  2. important for production and circulation of aqueous humour
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96
Q

vitreous humour

A
  1. maintains shape of the eye
  2. nourishes the eye
  3. attached to retina
  4. makes up about 80% of the eye volume
  5. does not regenerate
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96
Q

vitreous chamber

A

filled with gel-like vitreous humour

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97
Q

extraocular muscles

A
  1. superior rectus (top of eye)
  2. inferior rectus (bottom of eye)
  3. lateral rectus
  4. medial rectus
  5. superior oblique
  6. inferior oblique
  7. levator palpebrae superioris
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98
Q

superior oblique

A

goes through a pully - trochlea - and attaches on the posterior lateral side
***angle

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99
Q

inferior oblique

A

comes from medial orbit directly from bone and attaches to posterior lateral eyeball
***angle

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100
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

attaches to upper eyelid and is responsible for opening the eye

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101
Q

movement of the superior rectus

A

contracts and pulls the eye up

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102
Q

movement of the inferior rectus

A

roll eye downward

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103
Q

movement of the lateral and medial rectus

A

lateral: roll eye laterally
medial: roll eye medially

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104
Q

movement of the superior oblique

A

down and out

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105
Q

movement of the inferior oblique

A

up and out

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106
Q

innervation of the extraocular muscles

A

oculomotor nerve CN III
EXCEPTION: SO4LR6
- superior oblique (SO) and lateral rectus (LR)

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107
Q

superior oblique innervation

A

trochlear nerve CN IV (4)
***trochlea = pulley

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108
Q

lateral rectus innervation

A

abducens nerve CN VI (6)
- abducens abducts

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109
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. system of glands and ducts
  2. produces and drains lacrimal fluid (tears)
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110
Q

lacrimal fluid

A
  1. lubricates eye surface
  2. removes debris from the eye
  3. about 1 mL produced each day
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111
Q

components of the lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. lacrimal gland
  2. excretory lacrimal ducts
  3. superior and inferior puncta (lacrimal fluid drained)
  4. superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi
  5. lacrimal sac
  6. nasolacrimal duct
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112
Q

the nasal cavity

A
  1. divided into left and right side
  2. has midline and lateral walls
  3. has roof and floor
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113
Q

functions of the nasal cavity

A
  1. humidify, warm and filter the air
  2. facilitate drainage of the paranasal sinuses
  3. secrete mucus
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114
Q

external nose

A
  1. projects outwards allowing air to enter the nasal cavity
  2. made up of bone and cartilage
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115
Q

neurocranium of nose

A
  1. frontal bone
  2. cribriform plate
  3. ethmoid bone
  4. sphenoid bone
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116
Q

viscerocranium of noses

A
  1. nasal bone
  2. vomer bone
  3. maxillary bone
  4. inferior nasal concha
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117
Q

bones in the nasal cavity

A
  1. frontal bone
  2. nasal bone
  3. ethmoid bone
  4. sphenoid bone
  5. vomer bone
  6. palatine bone
  7. maxillary bone
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118
Q

medial wall of the nasal cavity

A

nasal septum

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119
Q

nasal septum

A

wall made up of a bony portion and a cartilaginous portion

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120
Q

components of the nasal septum

A
  1. ethmoid bone
  2. vomer bone
  3. septal cartilage
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121
Q

deviated septum

A

nasal septum that does not run across the midline (bends to side)

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122
Q

lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

conchae and meatuses

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123
Q

conchae and meatuses

A
  1. superior nasal concha
  2. middle nasal concha
  3. inferior nasal concha
  4. superior nasal meatus
  5. middle nasal meatus
  6. inferior nasal meatus
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124
Q

meatus

A

space between the concha

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125
Q

nasal conchae

A
  1. superior and middle conchae are processes of the ETHMOID bone
  2. inferior concha is formed by ITS OWN BONE
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126
Q

functions of the nasal conchae

A
  1. increase surface area in the nasal cavity (air we breathe in stays in concha for longer)
  2. humidify air
  3. filter air (covered in mucus)
  4. warm up air
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127
Q

roof of the nasal cavity - medial

A
  1. cribriform plate
  2. nasal bone
  3. frontal bone
  4. sphenoid bone
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128
Q

roof of the nasal cavity - anterior

A
  1. frontal bone
  2. nasal bone
  3. sphenoid bone
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129
Q

roof of the nasal cavity - superior

A
  1. frontal bone
  2. cribriform plate
  3. ethmoid bone
  4. sphenoid bone
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130
Q

floor of the nasal cavity

A

palate
1. palatine bone
2. maxillary bone

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131
Q

cartilage of the external nose

A
  1. lateral nasal cartilage
  2. major alar cartilage
  3. minor alar cartilage
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132
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  1. cavities (air pockets) found in the skull
  2. lined with respiratory mucosa and secrete mucous
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133
Q

bones with paranasal sinuses

A
  1. ethmoid
  2. frontal
  3. maxillary
  4. sphenoid
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134
Q

function of the paranasal sinuses

A
  1. lighten weight of the skull due to air pockets
  2. humidify/heat/filter inspired air
  3. secrete mucus
    ***nasal meatuses receive drainage from the paranasal sinuses
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135
Q

what drains into the superior meatus

A
  1. sphenoid sinus
  2. posterior ethmoid sinuses
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136
Q

what drains into the middle meatus

A
  1. frontal sinus
  2. anterior ethmoid sinus
  3. maxillary sinuses
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137
Q

where is the mucus swallowed after drainage

A

nasopharynx

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138
Q

what is the largest paranasal sinus

A

the maxillary sinus

139
Q

innervation of the paranasal sinuses

A

ophthalmic V1 and maxillary V2 branches of the trigeminal nerve CN V

140
Q

muscles of facial expression

A
  1. originate from facial bones or adjacent muscles
  2. insert into the skin
  3. superficial (subcutaneous) muscles
141
Q

innervation of the facial muscles

A

facial CN VII

142
Q

function of the facial muscles

A
  1. act as sphincters and dilators
  2. alter facial expressions
143
Q

7 muscles of facial expression

A
  1. frontalis
  2. orbicularis oculi
  3. corrugator supercilii
  4. orbicularis oris
  5. zygomaticus
  6. buccinator
  7. platysma
144
Q

frontalis

A

epicranial group - occipitofrontalis

145
Q

action of frontalis

A

draws scalp back, raising the eyebrows
SUPRISE

146
Q

orbicularis oculi different parts

A

orbital group
1. orbital part
2. palpebral part
3. lacrimal part

147
Q

action of orbital part of orbicularis oculi

A

tightly closing eye
WINKING

148
Q

action of the palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

A

loosely closing eye
BLINKING

149
Q

action of the lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi

A

compress lacrimal sac (tears)

150
Q

corrugator supercilii

A

orbital group
***have to remove orbicularis oculi to see it

151
Q

action of the corrugator supercilii

A

draw the eyebrows together medially and inferiorly
FROWNING

152
Q

orbicularis oris

A

oral group

153
Q

action of orbicularis oris

A

purses and protrudes the lips

154
Q

zygomaticus

A

oral group (cheek)

155
Q

action of zygomaticus

A

pulls corners of the mouth up and drawing it laterally
SMILE

156
Q

buccinator

A

oral group

157
Q

action of buccinator

A

pull the cheeks inward against the teeth

158
Q

platysma

A

most superficial muscle of the neck group

159
Q

action of platysma

A

pull corners of the mouth down
YIKES

160
Q

intracranial pathway of CN VII (facial nerve)

A
  1. originate in brainstem
  2. enters through internal acoustic meatus
  3. facial canal
  4. medial wall of the middle ear
  5. exits through the stylomastoid foramen
161
Q

branches of the facial nerve for facial muscle innervation

A
  1. temporal branches
  2. zygomatic branches
  3. buccal branches
  4. cervical branches
    To Zanzibar By Motor Car
162
Q

temporal branch of the facial nerve

A

innervates
1. orbicularis oculi (upper half)
2. corrugator supercilii
3. frontalis

163
Q

zygomatic branch of the facial nerve

A

innervates the orbicularis oculi (lower halfs)

164
Q

buccal branch of the facial nerve

A

innervates
1. orbicularis oris
2. zygomaticus
3. buccinator

165
Q

cervical branch of the facial nerve

A

innervates the platysma

166
Q

functions of the pharynx

A
  1. shared passageway for both air and food
  2. provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
  3. houses the tonsils, which serve immunological functions
167
Q

divisions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx (superior)
  2. oropharynx (middle)
  3. laryngopharynx (inferior)
168
Q

borders of the nasopharynx

A
  1. superior: choanae
  2. posterior: vertebral bodies
  3. anterior: soft palate
  4. inferior: oropharynx
169
Q

key features of the nasopharynx

A
  1. soft palate
  2. openings of the eustachian tube
  3. adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
170
Q

soft palate

A
  1. forms the posterior roof of the mouth
  2. arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
171
Q

uvula

A

extension of the soft palate

172
Q

soft palate - swallowing

A

contracts and close the nasopharynx when swallowing
- soft palate blocks the nasopharynx
- tongue blocks the oral cavity

173
Q

eustachian tube

A
  1. a narrow passage between the nasopharynx and middle ear
  2. allows air exchange to equalize pressure between these areas
174
Q

adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)

A
  1. patch of lymphoid tissue on the superior posterior wall
  2. typically atrophies and shrinks significantly by adulthood
175
Q

borders of the oropharynx

A
  1. superior: nasopharynx
  2. inferior: laryngopharynx
  3. posterior: vertebral bodies
  4. anterior: fauces (throat)/oral cavity
176
Q

nasopharynx function

A

respiratory function

177
Q

oropharynx function

A

respiratory and digestive functions

178
Q

oropharyngeal tonsils

A

patches of lymphoid tissue
1. lingual tonsils
2. palatine tonsils

179
Q

borders of the laryngopharynx

A
  1. superior: oropharynx
  2. posterior: vertebral bodies
  3. inferior: larynx and esophagus
180
Q

laryngopharynx function

A

respiratory and digestive function

181
Q

key features of the laryngopharynx

A
  1. laryngeal inlet
  2. piriform fossae (recesses)
182
Q

key features of the oropharynx

A
  1. lingual tonsils
  2. palatine tonsils
183
Q

laryngeal inlet

A

entrance to the larynx

184
Q

piriform fossa (recess)

A

groove on either side of the laryngeal inlet

185
Q

pharynx epithelium

A
  1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
  2. nonkeratinized stratefied squamous epithelium
186
Q

pharyngeal muscles - outer circular layer

A
  1. superior constrictor (4 muscle bodies)
  2. middle constrictor (2 muscle bodies)
  3. inferior constrictor (2 muscle bodies)
187
Q

LOCATION of the superior constrictor

A

surrounds the oropharynx

188
Q

FUNCTION of the superior constrictor

A

constricts the upper portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing

189
Q

LOCATION of the middle constrictor

A

surrounds the laryngopharynx

190
Q

FUNCTION of the middle constrictor

A

constricts the middle portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing

191
Q

LOCATION of the inferior constrictor

A

surrounds the laryngopharynx

192
Q

FUNCTION of the inferior constrictor

A
  1. constricts the lower portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
  2. forms the upper esophageal sphincter (entrance to esophagus)
193
Q

attachments site for pharyngeal muscles

A
  1. pharyngeal raphe
  2. occipital bone - additional attachment site for superior constrictor
194
Q

deep view of the pharynx

A
  1. nasal conchae
  2. nasal septum
195
Q

motor innervation of the pharyngeal muscles

A

vagus nerve CN X

196
Q

sensory innervation of the pharyngeal muscles

A

glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

197
Q

larynx

A
  1. short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
  2. anterior to C4-C7
  3. voice-box
198
Q

functions of larynx

A
  1. valve to close the trachea
  2. voice production via vocal cords
199
Q

cartilaginous structure of the larynx

A
  1. epiglottis (singly)
  2. thyroid cartilage (singly)
  3. arytenoid cartilage (occurs in pairs)
  4. cricoid cartilage (singly)
200
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  1. largest cartilage of the larynx
  2. form upper and anterior walls
  3. two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
201
Q

function of the thyroid cartilage

A

protect and support the vocal cords

202
Q

laryngeal prominence

A

adams apple

203
Q

epiglottis

A
  1. leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage
  2. covered with epithelium
  3. “stalk” is attached to the thyroid cartilage and “leaf” is unattached
204
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

closes off larynx during swallowing

205
Q

epiglottis: swallowing

A

moves down and forms a lid over the opening to the larynx

206
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  1. ring of hyaline cartilage
  2. forms inferior wall of larynx
  3. landmark for making an emergency airway
    ***looks like a signet ring
207
Q

function of the cricoid cartilage

A

maintains airway opening

208
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A
  1. triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
  2. sit on the cricoid cartilage
209
Q

function of the arytenoid cartilage

A

influence movement (tension and relaxation) of vocal folds

210
Q

laryngeal ligaments

A

support the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx

211
Q

extrinsic laryngeal ligaments

A

attach larynx to external structures
1. thyrohyoid membrane
- medial and lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
2. cricotracheal ligament

212
Q

intrinsic laryngeal ligaments

A

attach cartilages of the larynx together
1. cricothyroid ligament

213
Q

thyrohyoid membrane

A

connects the thyroid to the hyoid bone

214
Q

cricotracheal ligament

A

connects the cricoid cartilage to the trachea

215
Q

cricothyroid ligament

A

connects cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage

216
Q

true and false vocal cords

A

the mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds

217
Q

truce vocal cords

A
  1. inferior
  2. vocal folds
  3. principle structure of voice production
218
Q

false vocal cords

A
  1. superior
  2. ventricular folds
  3. protect the vocal cords but no voice production
219
Q

cavity of the larynx

A
  1. vestibule
  2. glottis
  3. rima glottidis
  4. infraglottic cavity
  5. trachea
220
Q

vestibule

A

from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords)

221
Q

glottis

A

from vestibular folds to vocal folds (true cords)

222
Q

rima glottidis

A

gap between vocal folds

223
Q

infraglottic cavity (space)

A

below vocal folds

224
Q

action of the vocal cords

A
  1. during respiration: abduct/open
    - allows the passage of air
  2. during swallowing: adduct/close
    - to prevent food/liquid from entering
  3. during phonation: adduct and alter tension of vocal cords
225
Q

hiccups

A

glottis closes during hiccups

226
Q

vocal resonance

A

reverberation of sound waves from the vibrating vocal folds
- the larynx and pharynx are resonating chambers for speech

227
Q

laryngeal muscles

A
  1. cricothyroid
  2. thyroarytenoid
  3. posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid
  4. transverse and oblique arytenoid
228
Q

functions of laryngeal muscles

A
  1. control the shape of the rima glottidis
  2. control the length and tension of the vocal cords
229
Q

function of the cricothyroid

A
  1. stretches and tenses the vocal ligament
  2. known as the “singers muscle” as it alters tone of voice
230
Q

function of the thyroarytenoid

A

relax vocal ligament

231
Q

function of the posterior cricoarytenoid

A
  1. sole abductor of the vocal folds
  2. widens the rima glottidis
232
Q

function of the lateral cricoarytenoid

A
  1. major adductor of the vocal folds
  2. narrows the rima glottidis
233
Q

function of the transverse and oblique arytenoid

A
  1. adduct the arytenoid cartilage
  2. narrows the rima glottidis to modulate tone and volume of speech
234
Q

sensory innervation from the internal superior laryngeal nerve

A

above vocal cords

235
Q

motor innervation from the external superior laryngeal nerve

A

cricothyroid

236
Q

sensory innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

below vocal cords

237
Q

motor innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

all except cricothyroid

238
Q

thoracic cavity

A

organs of respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and lymphatic systems

239
Q

subdivisions of the thoracic cavity

A
  1. right and left pleural cavities which surround the lungs
  2. mediastinum
  3. pericardial cavity
240
Q

mediastinum

A

central compartment of the thoracic cavity

241
Q

pericardial cavity

A

surrounds the heart

242
Q

boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A
  1. bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by thoracic cage
  2. bounded inferiorly by the diaphragm
243
Q

thoracic cage

A
  1. ribs
  2. sternum
  3. thoracic spine T1-T12
  4. muscles
244
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle that is inferior to heart and lungs

245
Q

LOCATION of the heart

A
  1. middle mediastinum within the pericardial cavity
  2. directly posterior to the sternum
  3. between the lungs
  4. superior to diaphragm
  5. apex points antero-inferiorly and to the left
  6. base of the heart is posterior and superior
246
Q

FUNCTION of the heart

A
  1. pumps blood throughout the body within a network of blood vessels
  2. chambers contract to pump blood (flow is controlled via the valves)
  3. blood is driven through two circuits
    1. pulmonary
    2. systemic
247
Q

heart

A

4 chambered, double muscular pump

248
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  1. pumps DEOXY blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated
  2. pumps OXY blood from the lungs back to heart
249
Q

systemic circulation

A
  1. pumps OXY blood from heart to rest of the body
  2. returns DEOXY blood back to heart
250
Q

pericardium

A
  1. layered, fluid-filled sac that surrounds heart
  2. formed by the outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium
251
Q

fibrous pericardium (outermost)

A
  1. outer dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels
  2. base of FP is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm
252
Q

central tendon

A

aponeurosis or flattened tendinous thickening of the diaphragm

253
Q

functions of the fibrous pericardium

A
  1. anchors the heart in place
  2. provides protection
  3. prevents overextension of the heart
254
Q

serous pericardium

A

2 layers:
1. parietal pericardium
2. visceral pericardium

255
Q

parietal pericardium

A

fused with the fibrous pericardium
- thin layer

256
Q

visceral pericardium

A

adhered to the surface of the heart

257
Q

pericardial cavity/space

A
  1. space between the visceral and parietal pericardium layers
  2. contains a small amount of pericardial fluid
258
Q

pericardial fluid

A

acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between opposing surfaces of the heart and the pericardium as the heart beats

259
Q

pericardial cavity: potential space

A

adjacent structures are normally pressed together
- opposing layers of the visceral and parietal pericardium are in close contact

260
Q

pericardial effusion

A

accumulation of excess fluid in pericardial cavity due to infection or injury

261
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A
  1. 2 atria
  2. 2 ventricles
262
Q

2 atria of the heart

A
  1. each atrium has an auricle
  2. form the base of the heart (posteriorly)
  3. receive blood
263
Q

2 ventricles of the heart

A

form the apex of the heart
1. pump blood away from the heart

264
Q

septa

A

separate chambers of the heart

265
Q

interatrial septum

A

separates the right and left atria

266
Q

interventricular septum

A

separates the right and left ventricles
1. anterior groove
2. posterior groove

267
Q

atrioventricular groove

A

separates RA and RV

268
Q

great vessels

A
  1. SVC
  2. IVC
  3. pulmonary trunk
  4. pulmonary arteries
  5. pulmonary veins
  6. aorta
269
Q

function of the great vessels

A

large arteries and veins that drain blood into the atria and pump blood away from the heart via the ventricles

270
Q

coronary circulation - arterial supply - ANTERIOR

A
  1. right coronary artery in atrioventricular groove
  2. left coronary artery
  3. left anterior descending artery in anterior interventricular groove
  4. circumflex artery
271
Q

coronary circulation - arterial supply - POSTERIOR

A
  1. right coronary artery
  2. circumflex artery
  3. posterior descending artery in posterior interventricular groove
272
Q

coronary circulation - venous drainage - ANTERIOR

A
  1. great cardiac vein in anterior interventricular groove with LDA
  2. small cardiac vein
273
Q

coronary circulation - venous drainage - POSTERIOR

A
  1. small cardiac vein
  2. middle cardiac vein
  3. coronary sinus
274
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain into

A

the right atrium

275
Q

superior and inferior vena cava

A

large veins that drain DEOXY blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart

276
Q

IVC

A
  1. formed by common iliac veins
  2. drains lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal viscera
277
Q

SVC

A

formed by…
1. right internal jugular vein
2. left internal jugular vein
3. right subclavian vein
4. left subclavian vein
5. right brachiocephalic vein
6. left brachiocephalic vein

278
Q

what does the SVC drain

A

thorax, head, neck and upper limbs

279
Q

features of the right atrium

A
  1. pectinate muscles
  2. fossa ovalis
280
Q

pectinate muscles

A

help increase contractile activity of the aorta

281
Q

fossa ovalis

A
  1. depression on interatrial septum - opening between the right and left atrium
  2. embryological remnant of the foramen ovale
282
Q

foramen ovale

A

functions during fetal development to allow blood to bypass the fetal lungs
- becomes the fossa ovalis after birth when the foramen ovale closes

283
Q

vessels of the right atrium

A
  1. SVC
  2. IVC
  3. coronary sinus
284
Q

valves of the right atrium

A

tricuspid valve

285
Q

tricuspid valve

A

one-way valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
- 3 cusps

286
Q

features of the right ventricle

A
  1. chordae tendinae - attach to valve cusps
  2. papillary muscles - anchor chordae tendinae
  3. trabeculae carnea
    ***these structures collectively prevent prolapse of the valve during contraction of the ventricle
287
Q

vessels of the right ventricle

A
  1. pulmonary trunk
  2. pulmonary arteries (2)
288
Q

valves of the right ventricle

A
  1. tricuspid valve
  2. pulmonary valve
289
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry DEOXY blood from the RV of heart to the lungs to become OXY
ARTERIES=AWAY

290
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry OXY blood from the lungs to the LA

291
Q

features of the left atrium

A

pectinate muscles

292
Q

vessels of the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

293
Q

valves of the left atrium

A

bicuspid/mitral valve (2 valves)

294
Q

features of the left ventricle

A
  1. chordae tendinae
  2. papillary muscles
  3. trabeculae carneae
295
Q

vessels of the left ventricle

A

aorta

296
Q

valves of the left ventricle

A
  1. bicuspid/mitral valve
  2. aortic valve (valve before we go into the aorta)
297
Q

aorta

A

large artery that carries OXY blood from the heart (LV) to the body

298
Q

arch of aorta

A

branches supply head, neck and upper limbs

299
Q

carotid vs subclavian

A

carotid: upper limbs
subclavian: lower limbs

300
Q

descending aorta

A

supplies blood to the thorax, abdomen and lower limbs

301
Q

deoxygenated blood flow through the heart

A
  1. deoxygenated blood from the body
  2. IVC or SVC
  3. RA
  4. through tricuspid valve
  5. RV
  6. pulmonary valve
  7. pulmonary trunk
  8. pulmonary arteries
  9. deoxygenated blood to lungs
302
Q

“try before you buy”

A

Tricuspid before Bicuspid
Tri=R on right side

303
Q

oxygenated blood flow through the heart

A
  1. oxygenated blood from the lungs
  2. pulmonary veins
  3. into LA
  4. through bicuspid valve
  5. LV
  6. through aortic valve
  7. through descending aorta or arch of aorta
  8. if DA - oxygenated blood to thorax, abdomen, and lower limbs
  9. if AA- oxygenated blood to head, neck and upper limbs
304
Q

posterior thoracic wall supply

A
  1. aorta continues as the descending thoracic aorta
  2. gives off the posterior intercostal arteries and supply the posterior thoracic wall
305
Q

anterior thoracic wall supply

A
  1. subclavian arteries give off the internal thoracic artery
  2. give off the anterior intercostal arteries which supplies the upper intercostal spaces
306
Q

what do the anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain into

A
  1. azygous vein (right side)
  2. hemi-azygous and accessory hemiazygous veins (left side) then to azygous
307
Q

intercostal nerves

A

formed by ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves

308
Q

motor innervation of the intercostal nerves

A

innervate intercostal muscles

309
Q

sensory innervation of the intercostal nerves

A

innervate the overlying skin of the intercostal muscles

310
Q

mediastinum

A
  1. central compartment of the thoracic cavity
  2. contains thoracic viscera outside the lungs
311
Q

borders of the mediastinum

A
  1. Lateral - lungs and pleural cavities
  2. Anterior - sternum
  3. Inferior - diaphragm
  4. Posterior - thoracic vertebral column
312
Q

divisions of the mediastinum

A
  1. superior
  2. inferior
313
Q

superior mediastinum viscera

A

superior portions of the esophagus and trachea

314
Q

superior mediastinum vessels

A
  1. arch of the aorta and branches
  2. SVC and brachiocephalic veins
315
Q

compartments of the inferior mediastinum

A
  1. anterior
  2. middle
  3. posterior
316
Q

anterior mediastinum

A
  1. between the sternum, and heart (pericardium)
  2. contains thymus gland
317
Q

middle mediastinum

A

contains the heart and roots of the great vessels

318
Q

posterior mediastinum

A
  1. between the heart and vertebral column
  2. contains the thoracic aorta, inferior esophagus, azygous system
319
Q

thymus gland

A
  1. lymphoid organ
  2. important site of white blood cell (T cell) maturation; hormone production
320
Q

apertures of the diaphragm

A
  1. IVC
  2. esophagus
  3. aorta
321
Q

conducting portion of the mediastinum

A

passage of air:
1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. primary bronchi
6. secondary bronchi
7. tertiary bronchi
8. bronchioles
9. terminal bronchioles

322
Q

trachea

A

bifurcates at the carina to form the right and left primary bronchus

323
Q

secondary/lobar bronchi - right side

A
  1. right primary bronchus
  2. 3 lobar bronchi
  3. tertiary bronchi
324
Q

secondary/lobar bronchi - left side

A
  1. left primary bronchus
  2. 2 lobar bronchi
  3. tertiary bronchi
325
Q

tertiary/segmental bronchi

A
  1. 9-10 in each lung
  2. each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment
326
Q

anatomy of the lung

A
  1. superior lobe
  2. middle lobe
  3. inferior lobe
  4. oblique fissure
  5. horizontal fissure
  6. cardiac notch
  7. apex
  8. base
327
Q

lung hilum

A

contains pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and bronchus

328
Q

parietal pleural membrane

A

covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum

329
Q

visceral pleural membrane

A

covers the outer surfaces of the lungs and extends into the fissures between lobes

330
Q

respiratory portion of the mediastinum

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveoli and alveolar sacs
331
Q

alveoli and alveolar sacs

A
  1. each alveolar duct ends in an expanded region known as an alveolar sac
  2. alveolar sacs are made up of clusters of alveoli
  3. alveoli = main sites of gas exchange
332
Q

what gives lungs their spongy appearance

A

alveoli and alveolar sacs

333
Q

alveoli

A
  1. primary sites of gas exchange :
    O2 into bloodstream and CO2 out of bloodstream
  2. extensive capillary network surround each alveolus
  3. elastic fibres surround alveoli which facilitate stretch and recoil during gas exchange
334
Q

pulmonary arteries and veins

A

branches of the pulmonary arteries and veins surround the alveoli of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange

335
Q

bronchial arteries

A

carry OXY blood to the lungs and bronchi

336
Q

bronchial veins

A

carry DEOXY blood from the lungs and bronchi
- drain into the azygous system

337
Q

autonomic innervation

A

sympathetic innervation = bronchodilation
parasympathetic innervation = bronchoconstriction

338
Q

innervation of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve provides motor innervation to diaphragm

339
Q

pressure and volume

A

inversely related

340
Q

inspiration

A
  1. as lung volume increase, pressure in the lungs decreases relative to atmospheric pressure
  2. air is drawn INTO the lungs
341
Q

expiration

A
  1. as lung volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases relative to atmospheric pressure
  2. air flows OUT of the lungs
342
Q

primary muscle for inspiration

A

diaphragm (contracts and flattens)

343
Q

secondary muscle for inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles (elevate ribs)

344
Q

primary expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes, structures return to pre-inspiratory position

345
Q

secondary expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles depress ribs

346
Q

gas exchange and respiratory membrane

A
  1. exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls
  2. O2 and CO2 move between alveolar air and blood down a diffusion gradient
  3. O2 enters respiratory portion (inspiration)
  4. O2 diffuses from alveolus across respiratory membrane into capillary where it binds to RBCs and transported around body
  5. CO2 diffuses across respiratory membrane into alveolus
  6. CO2 in expelled via expiration

ANAT 316 (4 decks)

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