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ANAT 316 > Midterm Exam Weeks 1-3 > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Weeks 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the skull

A
  1. neurocranium
  2. viscerocranium
  3. skull foramina
  4. skull fossae
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2
Q

accessory bones of the skull

A
  1. ossicles
  2. hyoid bones
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3
Q

neurocranium (braincase)

A
  1. frontal (1)
  2. parietal (2)
  3. occipital (1)
  4. temporal (2)
  5. ethmoid (1)
  6. sphenoid (1)

***8 bones total

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4
Q

viscerocranium (facial skeleton)

A
  1. maxillae (2)
  2. palatine bones (2)
  3. nasal bones (2)
  4. inferior nasal conchae (2)
  5. zygomatic bones (2)
  6. lacrimal bones (2)
  7. vomer (1)
  8. mandible (1)

***14 bones total

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5
Q

how many bones total in the skull

A

22 bones

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6
Q

functions of the neurocranium

A
  1. surround and protect the brain
  2. articulates with the vertebral column
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7
Q

functions of the viscerocranium

A
  1. supports and protects the entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
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8
Q

functions of the accessory bones of the skull

A

7 bones used for hearing and muscle attachment

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9
Q

external features of the neurocranium

A
  1. external acoustic meatus
  2. mastoid process
  3. styloid process
  4. zygomatic process
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10
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

opening in ear canal (entrance)

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11
Q

mastoid process

A

attachment site for neck muscles

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12
Q

zygomatic process

A

forms cheek bones

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13
Q

anterior view of the neurocranium

A
  1. frontal bone
  2. parietal bones (2)
  3. sphenoid bone
  4. temporal bones (2)
  5. ethmoid bone
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14
Q

lateral view of the neurocranium

A
  1. frontal bone
  2. parietal bones (2)
  3. occipital bone
  4. sphenoid bone
  5. temporal bones (2)
  6. ethmoid bone
  7. external acoustic meatus
  8. mastoid process
  9. styloid process
  10. zygomatic process
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15
Q

superior view of the neurocranium

A
  1. frontal bone
  2. parietal bones (2)
  3. occipital bone
  4. temporal bones (2)
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16
Q

inferior view of the neurocranium

A
  1. sphenoid bone
  2. temporal bone
  3. zygomatic process
  4. styloid process
  5. mastoid process
  6. mandibular fossa
  7. occipital bone
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17
Q

mandibular fossa

A

articulates with the mandible
- joins the mandible to the skull

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18
Q

features of the occipital bone

A
  1. foramen magnum (passage of the spinal cords)
  2. occipital condyle (articulation with atlas C1)
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19
Q

ethmoid bone

A

unpaired bone that forms part of the orbital wall, nasal cavity/septum

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20
Q

perpendicular plate

A

extends down into the nasal cavity and divides the nasal cavity into left/right

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21
Q

features of the ethmoid

A
  1. crista galli
  2. superior nasal concha
  3. middle nasal concha
  4. cribriform plate
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22
Q

crista galli

A

perpendicular projection of the ethmoid bone
- acts as an anchoring point for the meninges

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23
Q

cribriform plate

A

rough base beside the crista galli
- branches of CN1 pass through it

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24
Q

sphenoid bone

A

unpaired bone that forms part of the eye orbit and base of skull

***looks like owl

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25
Q

features of the sphenoid bone

A
  1. greater wing
  2. lesser wing
  3. body
  4. pterygoid process (attachment for muscles of mastication)
  5. sella turcica
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26
Q

lesser wings vs greater wings

A

lesser wings are smaller and superior to the greater wings

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27
Q

sella turcica

A

fossa within the sphenoid bone
- holds pituitary glands

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28
Q

skull foramina

A

allows for passage of nerves and blood vessels

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29
Q

sphenoid bone - skull foramina

A
  1. optic canal (CN II)
  2. superior orbital fissure (CN III, IV, V1, VI)
  3. inferior orbital fissure
  4. foramen rotundum (CN V2)
  5. foramen ovale (CN V3)
  6. foramen spinosum
  7. foramen lacerum
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30
Q

temporal bone - skull foramina

A
  1. carotid canal (internal carotid artery)
  2. internal acoustic meatus (CN VIII)
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30
Q

other features of the skull foramina

A
  1. hypoglossal canal (occipital bone)
    - CN XII
  2. jugular foramen (occipital + temporal)
    - CN IX, X, XI
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31
Q

sutures

A

boundaries between skull bones
- fibrous, immovable joints
1. sagittal
2. squamous
3. coronal
4. lamboid

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32
Q

sagittal suture

A

separates the two parietal bones

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33
Q

squamous suture

A

separates temporal bones from others

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34
Q

coronal suture

A

separates frontal bones from parietal

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35
Q

lamboid suture

A

separates the occipital from parietal

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36
Q

cranial fossae

A

floor of the cranial cavity divided into 3 fossae
1. anterior
2. middle
3. posterior

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37
Q

anterior cranial fossa

A

frontal lobe of brain
- contains the frontal, ethmoid, & sphenoid bones

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38
Q

middle cranial fossa

A

temporal lobes of the brain
- contains the sphenoid & temporal bones

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39
Q

posterior cranial fossa

A

cerebellum
- contains the occipital & temporal bones

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40
Q

bones in orbit

A
  1. zygomatic
  2. sphenoid
  3. maxillae
  4. ethmoid
  5. frontal
  6. lacrimal
  7. palatine
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41
Q

maxilla vs. mandible

A

maxilla: upper jaw
mandible: lower jaw

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42
Q

features of the mandible

A
  1. ramus
  2. body
  3. angle
  4. condylar process (articulation with skull)
  5. coronoid process
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43
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

only moveable joint of skull that has articulation between:
1. condylar process
2. mandibular fossa

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44
Q

inferior view of the facial skeleton

A
  1. zygomatic bones (2)
  2. zygomatic arch
  3. maxillae (2)
  4. incisive foramen (transmits nerves to the mouth)
  5. palatine bones (2)
  6. vomer
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45
Q

the hard palate

A
  1. palatine process of the maxilla
  2. palatine bones
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46
Q

palatine bones

A

extend up to make wall of the nasal cavity

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47
Q

vomer

A

sits on top of maxilla and palatine bones

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48
Q

accessory bones of the skull

A
  1. ossicles
  2. hyoid bone
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49
Q

ossicles

A

small bones involved in hearing, housed in the temporal bone
- 3 in each middle ear
1. malleus
2. incus
3. stapes

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50
Q

hyoid bone

A

“floating bone” located in the neck
- has important attachment site for tongue and muscles involved in swallowing

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51
Q

features of the hyoid bone

A
  1. lesser horn (cornu)
  2. greater horn (cornu)
  3. body
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52
Q

what are the two cell types the NS is comprised of

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia
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53
Q

major components of the NS

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
  3. cranial nerves (off brain)
  4. spinal nerves (off spinal cord)
  5. ganglia
  6. sensory receptors
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54
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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55
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  1. cranial nerves and spinal nerves
  2. ganglia and sensory receptors
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56
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons located outside the brain and spinal cord

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57
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of nerves (I-XII)
  • emerge from base of the brain
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58
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs of nerves
  • emerge from the spinal cord
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59
Q

ganglia

A
  • clusters of neuron cell bodies
  • located outside the CNS
    ***communication
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60
Q

sensory receptors

A
  • monitor changes in the environment
  • skin, eyes, nose, muscles, etc.
    ***detect changes
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61
Q

sensory function of the NS (input)

A
  • sensory receptors detect internal and external stimuli
  • sensory (afferent) neurons transmit information to the CNS (through a ganglion)
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62
Q

integrative function of the NS (control)

A
  • perception (conscious awareness) of stimuli
  • interneurons analyze and integrate sensory information
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63
Q

motor function of the NS (output)

A
  • initiate actions in effector organs (muscles, glands)
  • motor (efferent) neurons respond to integration
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64
Q

neurons in the somatic nervous system

A
  1. somatic sensory neurons
  2. somatic motor neurons
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65
Q

somatic sensory neurons

A
  1. convey information TO the CNS FROM sensory receptors
    for integration
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66
Q

somatic motor neurons

A
  1. convey information FROM the CNS TO skeletal muscles muscular contraction
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67
Q

somatic nervous system

A

regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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68
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary control
1. sympathetic NS
2. parasympathetic NS

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69
Q

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

A
  1. INCREASE in activity and metabolic rate
  2. fight-or-flight response
    Ex. increase HR, dilate pupils
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70
Q

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

A
  1. DECREASE in activity and metabolic rate
  2. rest-or-digest response
    Ex. decrease HR, constrict pupils
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71
Q

neurons

A
  1. form complex processing networks
  2. transfer and process information
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72
Q

neuroglia

A
  1. smaller and more abundant than neurons
  2. support, nourish, and protect neurons
  3. do not participate in transfer of information
    ***create homeostatic environment
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73
Q

cerebrum (telencephalon)

A

initiates and manages conscious thoughts and actions
- located at the front of the brain
- consists of 2 hemispheres separated by a fissure
actions: read, write, & speak

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74
Q

encephalon (cerebrum)

A

the largest and more anterior part of the brain

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75
Q

structures of the cerebrum

A
  1. white matter
  2. gray matter
  3. cerebral hemispheres
  4. gyrus
  5. sulcus
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76
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  1. outer layer
  2. covers cerebrum
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77
Q

white matter vs gray matter

A

white: internal
gray: external, comprises the cerebral cortex

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78
Q

gyrus vs sulcus

A

gyrus: ridges
sulcus: lines

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79
Q

features of the cerebrum

A
  1. longitudinal fissure
  2. corpus callosum
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80
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
- stops at the corpus callosum

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81
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects right and left cerebral hemispheres

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82
Q

frontal lobe

A

largest lobe, anterior
1. planning
2. decision making
3. mood

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83
Q

temporal lobe

A

inferior
1. hearing and speaking

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84
Q

parietal lobe

A

supero-posterior
1. responding to stimuli from environment
2. proprioception

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85
Q

occipital lobe

A

posterior
1. vision

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86
Q

insular lobe (insula)

A

autonomic responses
- under parietal

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87
Q

fossae of the brain

A
  1. anterior fossa - frontal lobe
  2. middle fossa - temporal lobe
  3. posterior fossa - brainstem and cerebellum
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88
Q

lobe divisions of the cerebrum

A
  1. central sulcus
  2. parieto-occipital sulcus
  3. lateral sulcus
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89
Q

central sulcus

A

frontal and parietal
- travels transversely, middle of cerebrum

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90
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

parietal and occipital

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91
Q

lateral sulcus

A

frontal and temporal
***thumb of glove

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92
Q

cerebellum features

A
  1. folia (gray matter)
  2. arbor vitae (white matter)
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93
Q

cerebellum functions

A
  1. coordinates voluntary movements
  2. regulates posture and balance
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94
Q

cerebellum structure

A
  1. cerebellar hemispheres
  2. cerebellar peduncles (information highway)
  3. vermis (connects hemispheres)
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95
Q

cerebellum orientation

A
  1. falx cerebri
  2. falx cerebelli
  3. tentorium cerebelli
  4. transverse fissure
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96
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

uncoordinated movements due to lesion/damage to cerebellum

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97
Q

SCALP

A

S: skin
C: connective tissue
A: aponeurosis
L: loose connective tissue
P: periosteum

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98
Q

scalp proper

A

3 superficial layers:
1. skin
2. connective tissue
3. aponeurosis
***all connected, they move together

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99
Q

aponeurosis

A
  1. frontalis (raise eyebrows)
  2. epicranial aponeurosis
  3. occipitofrontalis
  4. occipitalis (retract skull)
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100
Q

function of aponeurosis

A

helps prevent stretching of the scalp

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101
Q

deep scalp

A
  1. loose connective tissue
  2. periosteum
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102
Q

loose connective tissue

A

emissary veins in loose connective tissue provide a infection pathway into the cranial vault

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103
Q

periosteum

A

metabolically supportive layer

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104
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of tissue to provide protection and support to CNS
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater
***superficial to deep

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105
Q

dura mater

A
  • thick layer of meninges deep to calvarium (skull cap)
  • encloses dural venous sinuses
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106
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

major structures that drain the cranial vault

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107
Q

three invaginations of the dura mater within the cranial vault

A
  1. falx cerebri (midsaggital)
  2. falx cerebelli (midsaggital)
  3. tentorium cerebelli (transverse)
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108
Q

falx cerebri

A

on longitudinal fissure

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109
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebrum from inferior cerebellum

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110
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A
  1. periosteal layer (superficial)
  2. meningeal layer (deeper)
    ***these layers split to help form the dural venous sinuses
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111
Q

2 spaces of dura mater

A
  1. epidural space
  2. subdural space
    ***potential spaces
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112
Q

epidural space of the scalp

A

between skull and dura mater

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113
Q

subdural space of the scalp

A

between dura mater and underlying arachnoid mater

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114
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • sits deep to the dura, on dura mater
  • contains subarachnoid space
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115
Q

subarachnoid space of the scalp

A

between the arachnoid and pia mater
- contains CSF
***very real space

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116
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

helps metabolically and physically support brain

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117
Q

metabolic support of the CSF

A

exchanges medium (electrolytes and metabolites)

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118
Q

physical support of the CSF

A

buoyancy and cushion (so brain floats)

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119
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

drain CSF through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses

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120
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

gives support to the arachnoid mater

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121
Q

pia mater

A

closely covers cortical sulci and gyri
- contains subpial space

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122
Q

subpial space

A

exists between pia and cortex
***potential space

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123
Q

spinal meninges

A

3 layers of tissue providing protection and support to spinal cord
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater

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124
Q

dura meninges and archanoid meninges

A

cover the spinal nerve roots

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125
Q

denticulate ligaments (from pia mater)

A

connect to the dura for cord stability
(very thin ligaments)

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126
Q

epidural space of the spinal menginges

A

contains fat and venous plexuses
*** real space

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127
Q

subarachnoid space of the spinal menginges

A

contains CSF

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128
Q

subdural and subpial spaces of the spinal menginges

A

potential spaces

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129
Q

ventricles

A

4 cavities within the brain responsible for deep CSF flow
- 2 lateral ventricles
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle

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130
Q

3 major horns of the lateral ventricles

A
  1. anterior horns
  2. inferior horns
  3. posterior horns
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131
Q

other features of the lateral ventricle

A
  1. body
  2. atrium
  3. interventricular foramen
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132
Q

atrium of the lateral ventricle

A

connects inferior and posterior horn with the anterior

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133
Q

interventricular foramen of the lateral ventricle

A

communication foramen that carries CSF

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134
Q

lateral ventricles

A

associated with the telencephalon

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135
Q

third ventricle

A

associated with the thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)

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136
Q

features of the third ventricle

A
  1. roof
  2. anterior wall
  3. lateral walls x2
  4. posterior wall
  5. floor
  6. interthalamic adhesion
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137
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

band of tissue passing directly through the third ventricle
- connects the bilateral masses of the thalamus

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138
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles, passing through the midbrain into the pons
- moves fluid

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139
Q

fourth ventricle

A

associated with the pons (myelencephalon)
3 apertures:
- 2 lateral and 1 medial

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140
Q

lateral aperatures

A

foramina of luschka

141
Q

medial aperatures

A

foramina of magendie

142
Q

central canal

A

continues all the way down the spinal cord
- provides metabolic support (nourishment) to the deep spinal cord

143
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal enlargement of the ventricles caused by a buildup of CSF

144
Q

choroid plexus

A

collection of ependymal cells found on the walls of all 4 ventricles
- produces cerebrospinal fluid, which flows into the ventricles

145
Q

ventricular flow

A
  1. lateral ventricle
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. third ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueduct
  5. fourth ventricle
    3 pathways after the fourth ventricle:
  6. foramina of luschka
  7. central canal
  8. foramen of magendie
146
Q

cisterns (small subarachanoid spaces)

A

CSF flows into these and then along the outer corticies of the cerebrum and cerebellum (providing nutrients)

147
Q

cranial CSF flows

A
  1. choroid plexus
  2. lateral ventricle
  3. interventricular foramen
  4. third ventricle
  5. cerebral aqueduct
  6. fourth ventricle
  7. median/lateral aperatures
  8. subarachnoid cisterns
  9. bathes superficial brain
  10. arachnoid granulations
  11. dural venous sinuses
    ***or stop at 6 and go to central canal
148
Q

three branches off the aorta

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk (right side)
  2. left common carotid artery (ascend to brain)
  3. left subclavian artery (under clavicle)
149
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

bifurcates into…
1. right common carotid artery
2. right subclavian artery

150
Q

4 major arteries to the brain

A
  1. common carotid artery splits into the internal carotid artery
  2. subclavian artery splits into vertebral artery
151
Q

vertebral artery

A

runs through the vertebral foramina of the cervical vertebrae

152
Q

arteries coming through the skull

A
  1. internal carotid artery passes through the carotid canal
  2. vertebral artery passes through the anterior foramen magnum
153
Q

basilar artery

A
  1. joined by an anastomose of the right and left vertebral arteries
  2. sits in basilar groove of pons
  3. gives off pontine arteries to supply the pons
154
Q

posterior cerebral arteries

A

x2 (supply their respected hemisphere - left/right)
formed by bifurcation of the basilar artery at superior border of pon
- supply the posterior cerebral cortex

155
Q

circle of willis

A

anastomosis of arteries providing major cerebral blood supply

156
Q

circle of willis - the flows

A
  1. basilar artery
  2. posterior cerebral arteries
  3. posterior communicating arteries
  4. internal carotid arteries
  5. middle cerebral arteries
  6. anterior cerebral arteries
  7. anterior communicating artery
157
Q

posterior communicating artery

A

connects internal carotid artery with posterior cerebral artery

158
Q

steps of the circle of willis

A
  1. basilar artery bifurcates into posterior cerebral arteries
  2. internal carotid gives off anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries
  3. also ICA gives off posterior communicating artery
  4. anterior cerebral arteries are connected by anterior communicating artery
159
Q

purpose of the circle of willis

A

maintains cerebral blood flow through the brain in case of a clot or something

160
Q

venous drainage

A

consists of dural venous sinuses that drain the inner structures of the cranial vault

161
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

lies along mid-sagittal plane, in falx cerebri

162
Q

confluence of sinuses

A
  1. superior sagittal sinus
  2. confluence of sinuses
  3. 2 transverse sinuses
163
Q

transverse sinuses

A

sit in the tentorium cerebelli
- becomes sigmoid sinus when exiting tentorium cerebelli

164
Q

sigmoid sinus

A

drains into the internal jugular vein via jugular foramen

165
Q

cavernous sinus

A

venous plexus sitting lateral to body of the sphenoid bone
- drains the eye, parts of the cerebral cortex, and pituitary gland

166
Q

what is the cavernous sinus pierced by?

A

internal carotid artery
***only venous sinus that is pierced by another artery (CS)

167
Q

3 parts of the diencephalon

A
  1. epithalamus (above)
  2. thalamus
  3. hypothalamus (below)
168
Q

thalamus

A

major relay centre of senses except for smell
- autonomic activities

169
Q

parts of the thalamus

A
  1. interthalamic adhesion
  2. third ventricle
  3. internal capsule
170
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

joins left and right halves of the thalamus

171
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • controls body activities
  • produces hormones and regulates homeostasis
  • regulates emotions & circadian rhythms
172
Q

infundibulum

A

connects pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

173
Q

parts of the epithalamus

A
  1. habenular nuclei
  2. pineal gland
174
Q

habenular nuclei

A

sense of smell and emotional response to odors

175
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin
- on third ventricle

176
Q

3 structures on the brainstem

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
177
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  1. continuation of superior spinal cord
  2. forms inferior brainstem
  3. contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tract that connects spinal cord to brain
178
Q

pyramids on the medulla

A

anterior aspect of white matter
- 90% of axons cross to opposite side = decussation of pyramids
- this allows for contralateral control

179
Q

pons

A

superior to medulla, and anterior to cerebellum
- contains a control centre for respiration

180
Q

midbrain

A
  1. extends upward from pons to diencephalon
  2. involved in the auditory and visual pathway
    ***connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
181
Q

features on the midbrain

A
  1. superior colliculi
  2. inferior colliculi
182
Q

superior colliculi

A

vision

183
Q

inferior colliculi

A

audition

184
Q

what system are the cranial nerves a part of

A

peripheral nervous system

185
Q

12 cranial nerves

A

I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal

186
Q

sensory cranial nerves

A

contain axons of sensory neurons
- I, II, VIII

187
Q

motor cranial nerves

A

contain axons of motor neurons
- III, IV, VI, XI, XII

188
Q

mixed cranial nerves

A

axons of sensory and motor neurons
- V, VII, IX, X

189
Q

I Olfactory Nerve (S) - Function

A

olfaction/smell

190
Q

I Olfactory Nerve (S) - Skull Exit

A

cribriform plate

191
Q

II Optic Nerve (S) - Function

A

vision/sight

192
Q

II Optic Nerve (S) - Skull Exit

A

optic canal

193
Q

III Oculomotor Nerve (M) - Function

A

movement of the eyeballs

194
Q

III Oculomotor Nerve (M) - Skull Exit

A

superior orbital fissure

195
Q

IV Trochlear Nerve (M) - Function

A

movement of the eyeballs

196
Q

IV Trochlear Nerve (M) - Skull Exit

A

optic canal

197
Q

V Trigeminal Nerve (S&M) - Function

A

Sensory: innervation to the face
Motor: innervation to muscles of mastication

198
Q

V Trigeminal Nerve (S&M) - Skull Exits

A
  1. ophthalmic branch (V1) exits at superior orbital fissure
  2. maxillary branch (V2) exits at foramen rotundum
  3. mandibular branch (V3) exits at foramen ovale
199
Q

VI Abducens Nerve (M) - Function

A

movement of the eyeballs

200
Q

VI Abducens Nerve (M) - Skull Exit

A

superior orbital fissure

201
Q

what are the 3 cranial nerves that move the eyeballs

A
  1. III Oculomotor Nerve
  2. IV Trochlear Nerve
  3. VI Abducens Nerve
202
Q

VII Facial Nerve (S&M) - Function

A

Sensory: taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
Motor: control muscles of facial expression

203
Q

VII Facial Nerve (S&M) - Skull Exit

A

stylomastoid foramen (between mastoid and styloid process on temporal bones)

204
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve (S) - Function

A

hearing and equilibrium

205
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve (S) - Skull Exit

A

internal acoustic meatus

206
Q

X Vagus Nerve (S&M) - Function

A

autonomic regulation (HR, digestion, breathing)

207
Q

X Vagus Nerve (S&M) - Skull Exit

A

jugular foramen

208
Q

XI Accessory Nerve (M) - Function

A

innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

209
Q

XI Accessory Nerve (M) - Skull Exit

A

foramen magnum

210
Q

XII Hypoglossal Nerve (M) - Function

A
  1. speech
  2. manipulation of food
  3. swallowing
211
Q

XII Hypoglossal Nerve (M) - Skull Exit

A

hypoglossal foramen

212
Q

Mnemonic to remember S&M

A

Some
Say
Money
Matters
But
My
Brother
Says
Big
Brains
Matter
More

213
Q

protective structures of the spinal cord

A
  1. vertebral column
  2. spinal meninges
  3. CSF (shock absorbing tissue)
214
Q

vertebral column

A

surrounds spinal cord
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 fused sacral
- 4 fused coccygeal

215
Q

spinal meninges

A
  1. dura mater (outermost)
  2. arachnoid mater (middle)
  3. pia mater (innermost)
    ***all continuous with their corresponding cranial mater
216
Q

structures in the spinal meninges

A
  1. epidural space
  2. subdural space
  3. subarachnoid space
  4. denticulate ligaments
217
Q

epidural space of the spinal cords

A

between vertebral canal and dura mater
- cushion of fat & CT for protection

218
Q

subdural space

A

between dura and arachnoid mater

219
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia mater
- contains shock absorbing CSF

220
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

suspend spinal cord in dural sheath
- triangle shaped membranes
- anchor the spinal cords

221
Q

cervical enlargement

A
  1. C4-T1
  2. supplies upper extremities
222
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A
  1. T9-T12
  2. supplies lower extremities
223
Q

spinal cord external anatomy

A
  1. conus medullaris
  2. filum terminale
  3. cauda equina
224
Q

conus medullaris

A

located between L1-L2
- determines the termination of the spinal cord

225
Q

filum terminale

A
  • extension of the pia mater
  • attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx
226
Q

cauda equina

A
  • lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves
  • “horses tail”
227
Q

lumbar puncture

A

samples CSF

228
Q

internal structure of the spinal cord

A
  1. posterior median sulcus (narrow groove)
  2. anterior median fissure (wider groove)
  3. central canal
  4. grey matter (surrounded by the white matter)
  5. white matter
229
Q

central canal

A

extends entire length of spinal cord and contains CSF

230
Q

grey matter of spinal cord

A
  1. posterior horn (sensory)
  2. lateral horn
  3. anterior horn (motor)
231
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A
  1. posterior funiculus
  2. lateral funiculus
  3. anterior funiculus
232
Q

sensory vs motor

A

sensory= ascending
motor= descending

233
Q

which part of the brainstem surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

A

midbrain

234
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A
  1. brain
  2. brainstem
  3. spinal cord
235
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves and ganglia outside the CNS
*** cranial and spinal nerves

236
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • includes both sensory and motor neurons
  • voluntary
237
Q

somatic sensory neurons (afferent)

A

convey input from
1. receptors for somatic senses
2. receptors for special senses
***information from the outside to brain

238
Q

somatic motor neurons (efferent)

A

innervate skeletal muscles
***information from the brain to outside

239
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
1. regulates cardiac & smooth muscle, and glandular tissue

240
Q

autonomic motor neurons

A

regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activities in effector tissues

241
Q

somatic sensory vs. visceral sensory

A

somatic: carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones and joints (DIRECT)
visceral: carries signals mainly from organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities (PRE AND POST)

242
Q

which sensory response is not a part of the somatic sensory division?

A

taste

243
Q

the 3 general sensory receptors

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. encapsulated
  3. proprioceptors
244
Q

free nerve endings of sensory neurons (functional class)

A
  1. nociceptors (pain)
  2. thermoreceptors (heat and cold)
  3. mechanoreceptors (pressure)
  4. chemoreceptors (chemical change)
245
Q

free nerve endings of sensory neurons (body location)

A

most body tissues; most dense in connective tissue

246
Q

modified free nerve endings - Merkel discs (functional class)

A

mechanoreceptors (light pressure)

247
Q

modified free nerve endings - Merkel discs (body location)

A

deepest layer of epidermis (most superficial layer of the skin)

248
Q

hair follicle receptors (functional class)

A

mechanoreceptors (hair deflection)

249
Q

hair follicle receptors (body location)

A

in and surrounding hair follicles

250
Q

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles (functional class)

A

mechanoreceptors (light pressure, discriminative touch, vibration of low frequency)

251
Q

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles (body location)

A
  1. hairless skin
  2. particularly nipples
  3. external genitalia
  4. fingertips
  5. eyelids
252
Q

lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles (functional class)

A

mechanoreceptors (deep pressure, stretch, vibration of high frequency)

253
Q

lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles (body location)

A
  1. dermis and hypodermis
    2.fingers
  2. soles of feet
  3. external genitalia
  4. nipples
254
Q

ruffini corpuscles (functional class)

A

mechanoreceptors (deep stretch and stretch of tendons)

255
Q

ruffini corpuscles (body location)

A
  1. deep in dermis
  2. hypodermis
  3. joint capsules
256
Q

muscle spindles (functional class)

A

mechanoreceptors (muscle stretch)

257
Q

muscle spindles (body location)

A

skeletal muscles - particularly those of the extremities

258
Q

tendon organs (functional class)

A

mechanoreceptors (tendon stretch)

259
Q

tendon organs (body location)

A

tendons

260
Q

free nerve endings

A
  1. free nerve endings of sensory neurons
  2. modified free nerve endings (merkel discs)
  3. hair follicle receptors
261
Q

encapsulated sensory receptors

A
  1. tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles
  2. lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
  3. ruffini corpuscles
262
Q

proprioceptors sensory receptors

A
  1. muscle spindles
  2. tendon organs
263
Q

features of the spinal cord

A
  1. posterior horn (thoracic)
  2. anterior horn (upper lumbar)
  3. lateral horn (sacral)
  4. central canal
  5. white matter
264
Q

purpose of spinal nerves

A
  1. communication system between brain and various body parts
  2. essential for voluntary and involuntary actions
  3. highway for sensory and motor integrations
  4. important for rapid automatic responses through reflexes
265
Q

anatomy of the spinal cord

A
  1. epineurium (outermost and superficial)
  2. perineurium (surround axons)
  3. endoneurium
    ***all provide structural support, protection, and organization to the nerves
266
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

267
Q

segments of the 31 spinal nerves

A
  • 8 pairs of cervical nerves
  • 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
  • 5 pairs of lumbar nerves
  • 5 pairs of sacral nerves
  • 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
268
Q

what pairs of nerves leave the spinal cord above their vertebrae level?

A

pairs 1-7

269
Q

dorsal root

A

connects the spinal nerves to the spinal cord
- contains axonal processes of sensory neurons arising from the POSTERIOR horn
- contains the dorsal root ganglion

270
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A
  • enlargement of the dorsal root
  • cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons
  • functions as sensory relay stations by processing and modulating sensory signal before reaching the CNS
271
Q

where do the spinal nerve and DRG lie within?

A

the intervertebral foramina

272
Q

ventral root

A
  • contains axonal processes of motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in ANTERIOR horn
273
Q

what does each spinal nerve branch into?

A
  1. dorsal ramus
  2. ventral ramus
274
Q

properties of both the dorsal and ventral rami

A
  1. contain both sensory and motor fibres
  2. exit the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina
  3. supply the entire somatic region of the body
275
Q

dorsal rami

A

supplies dorsum of neck and back

276
Q

ventral rami

A
  1. supplies anterior and lateral regions of neck and trunk
  2. supplies all regions of the limbs
    ***much thicker than the dorsal rami
277
Q

nerve plexuses

A

formed by the ventral rami when they do not travel directly to their target tissues and instead branch out to form these complex networks

278
Q

4 primary nerve plexuses function

A

travel to specific target tissues, such as muscles, skin, and organs, to facilitate motor control and sensory perception

279
Q

the 4 primary nerve plexuses from ventral rami

A
  1. cervical plexus
  2. brachial plexus
  3. lumbar plexus
  4. sacral plexus
280
Q

cervical plexus spinal nerves

A

C1-C4

281
Q

cervical plexus supplies:

A

sensory and motor innervation to:
- neck
- portions of the head

282
Q

brachial plexus spinal nerves

A

C5-T1

283
Q

brachial plexus supplies:

A

sensory and motor innervation to:
- shoulder
- upper limbs

284
Q

lumbar plexus spinal nerves

A

L1-L4

285
Q

lumbar plexus supplies:

A

nerves to the:
- lower back
- abdominal wall
- part of the lower limb

286
Q

sacral plexus spinal nerves

A

L4-S5

287
Q

sacral plexus innervation:

A
  1. buttocks
  2. pelvic structures
  3. remainder of lower limb
288
Q

the path from the spinal cord

A
  1. nerves originate from the spinal cord through 2 roots
    1. dorsal roots
    2. ventral roots
  2. dorsal and ventral roots unite outside the spinal cord to form a spinal nerve (motor/sensory fibres)
  3. the spinal nerve branches into 2 rami
  4. dorsal rami
  5. ventral rami
289
Q

dorsal roots

A

carrying sensory information into the spinal cord

290
Q

ventral roots

A

carrying motor information away from the spinal cord

291
Q

dorsal rami

A

branches that supply the dorsal parts of the body, including the skin and muscles

292
Q

ventral rami

A

larger branches that supply the ventral parts of the body and form complex nerve plexuses
***has both motor and sensory information

293
Q

dermatomes

A
  1. sections of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
  2. motor and sensory innervation for those specific areas
294
Q

important dermatomes

A
  1. T4 nipples
  2. T10 umbillicus (belly button)
295
Q

motor reflex arc

A
  1. neural pathway that mediates rapid involuntary actions
  2. integrates sensory inputs and motor inputs
  3. physiological & neural response against potential harmful stimuli
296
Q

anatomy of the motor reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron (afferent)
  3. dorsal root ganglion
  4. dorsal root
  5. posterior horn
  6. interneurons
  7. anterior horn
  8. motor neuron
  9. effector muscle
297
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

involuntary (unconscious) motor (efferent) branch of NS that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, viscera and glands

298
Q

other word for ANS

A

visceral motor system

299
Q

examples of unconscious processes from ANS

A
  1. heart rate
  2. respiration
  3. sweating
300
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: increases HR; active in times of stress
parasympathetic: decreases HR; active in relaxed conditions

301
Q

functions of sympathetic NS

A
  1. increases HR
  2. stimulates metabolism
  3. downregulates digestive activity
  4. dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscle
302
Q

functions of parasympathetic NS

A
  1. decreases HR
  2. promotes relaxation
  3. stimulates digestive secretions and increase gut motility
  4. dilates blood vessels in GI tract
303
Q

neurons

A

highly specialized cells that carry electrical signals

304
Q

myelin sheath

A

lipid-rich sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons
- acts as an insulating layer (increases velocity of the signals)

305
Q

somatic NS

A
  1. voluntary control
  2. one neuron between CNS and target to innervate skeletal muscle
306
Q

autonomic NS

A
  1. involuntary control
  2. two neuron chain between CNS and target
    - preganglionic neuron synapses to the postsynaptic neuron
307
Q

location of preganglionic neuronal cell bodies

A

brainstem or spinal cord

308
Q

location of postganglionic neuronal cell bodies

A

autonomic ganglion

309
Q

preganglionic vs postganglionic

A

preganglionic: myelinated
postganglionic: unmyelinated

310
Q

ganglion

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies found in the PNS
DRG: sensory ganglion in SNS

311
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

function as relay stations between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the ANS

312
Q

autonomic outflow of sympathetic

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

313
Q

autonomic outflow of parasympathetic

A

cranio-sacral
cranial nerves:
- CN III - oculomotor
- CN VII - facial
- CN IX - glossopharyngeal
- CN X - vagus
***carry sympathetic information
sacral regions: S2-S4

314
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A
  1. preganglionic: short because they need a fast response (ForF)
  2. postganglionic: long
315
Q

rami communicans

A

connection between the spinal nerve and sympathetic truck
- dorsal and ventral root form spinal nerve
- white + grey ramus communicans

316
Q

sympathetic outflow

A
  1. originates in lateral horn on SC, from segments T1-T12
  2. pregang neuron exit SC via ventral horn and root to enter spinal nerve
  3. pregan neuron enters sympathetic chain via white ramus communicans “on ramp”
317
Q

3 main routes for pregang neurons upon entering sympathetic chain - sympathetic outflow

A
  1. synapse within the chain at same level
  2. change level within the chain and then synapse
  3. formation of a splanchnic nerve
318
Q

1st route for pregang entering sympathetic chain

A

pregang neuron synpases with postgang neuron at same level, and exits via grey ramus, travelling with spinal nerve to target

ex. sympathetic innervation of blood vessels and sweat glands of the body wall and limbs

319
Q

white ramus communicans vs. grey ramus communicans

A

white: myelinated (on ramp)
grey: unmyelinated (off ramp)

320
Q

same level upon entering sympathetic chain

A
  • pregang neurons located between T1-T12
    nerves target:
    1. body wall
    2. ab and thoracic viscera
    3. limbs
321
Q

dermatomes

A

strip of skin supplied by a spinal nerve

322
Q

2nd route for pregang entering sympathetic chain

A

change level: pregang neuron fiber can ASCEND or DESCEND within the sympathetic chain
- runs from T1-L2
- occurs before synapse

323
Q

change level: ascending nerves target

A
  1. head/neck
  2. thoracic viscera
  3. upper limbs
324
Q

change level: descending nerves target

A
  1. abdominopelivic viscera
  2. lower limbs
325
Q

autonomic plexuses

A

network of intersecting fibres that supply organs
- postgang contributes to
1. cardiac plexus (heart)
2. pulmonary plexus (lungs)

326
Q

3rd route for pregang entering sympathetic chain

A

formation of a splanchnic nerve

327
Q

splanchnic nerves

A

associated with abdominoplevic viscera
- form when autonomic fibres do not re-join spinal nerve, instead they form a splanchnic nerve

328
Q

how are splanchnic nerves formed

A

pregang fibres bypass the sympathetic chain completely and synapse in a peripheral (prevertebral) ganglion near target organ

329
Q

where do splanchnic nerves originate

A

thoracic and lumbar vertebral levels

330
Q

sets of paired splanchnic nerves

A
  1. greater splanchnic (T5-T9)
  2. lesser splanchnic (T10-T11)
  3. least/lumbar splanchnic (T12-L2)
331
Q

where does the greater splanchnic nerve synpase

A

celiac ganglion

332
Q

where does the lesser splanchnic nerve synapse

A

superior mesenteric ganglion

333
Q

where does the least/lumbar splanchnic nerve synapse

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

334
Q

sympathetic outflow pathways summary

A
  1. pregang neuron synapses in sympathetic region, postgang axon exits to re-join spinal nerve at SAME LEVEL to innervate target
  2. pregang neuron ASCENDS/DESCENDS within sympathetic chain before synapsing, postgang axon exits via spinal nerve above or below original spinal level
  3. pregang neuron passes through sympathetic chain without synapsing, forming a splanchnic nerve, this synapses in prevertebral ganglion
335
Q

parasympathetic nervous system targets

A
  1. viscera of head and neck
  2. ab and thoracic viscera
  3. pelvic viscera
336
Q

parasympathetic ganglia

A

preganglionic: long
postganglionic: short

337
Q

cranial outflow- parasympathetic

A

pregang cell bodies synapse on ganglia in or near effector organ
- axons travel through cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

338
Q

cranial outflow - head and neck

A

pregang neurons leave brainstem from parasympathetic nuclei and synapse on postgang neuron within parasympathetic ganglia
- CN III, VII, IX - synapse on 4 different ganglia

339
Q

example of cranial outflow - head and neck

A

parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands
- CN VII synapses at submandibular ganglion and innervates submandibular galnds

340
Q

CN VII cranial outflow

A
  1. synapses at submandibular ganglion and innervates submandibular and sublingual gland
  2. synapses at pterygopalatine ganglion and innervates lacrimal gland
341
Q

CN III cranial outflow

A

synapses at ciliary ganglion and innervates the eye

342
Q

cranial outflow: thoracic and abdominal viscera

A
  1. pregang neurons leave the brainstem vis CN X, which contribute to autonomic plexuses
  2. pregang neurons synapse on ganglia within or close to target organ
343
Q

CN X cranial outflow

A

synapses at intra-mural ganglion and innervates:
1. cardiac and pulmonary plexus
2. celiac plexus
3. superior hypogastric plexus

344
Q

sacral outflow: distal GI tract and pelvic viscera

A
  1. pregang neuronal cell bodies located in spinal segments S2-S4
  2. axons travel via pelvic splanchnic nerves which contribute to autonomic plexuses
  3. pregang nerves synapse within ganglia in or near effector organ to supply targets
345
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves supply

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

346
Q

visceral afferent fibres

A

conduct sensory information from autonomic targets to the CNS
- are not considered sympathetic or parasympathetic

347
Q

visceral reflex arcs

A

are the simplest functional units in the ANS
- consist of sensory nerve (visceral afferent) and visceral motor neurons

348
Q

example of visceral reflexes

A

shinning a light in the eye triggers a visceral reflex that constricts the pupils

349
Q

enteric nervous system

A

third division of the ANS
- network of neurons located in the walls of the digestive tract
- receives regulatory signals via sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

350
Q
A

ANAT 316 (4 decks)

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