Midterm Exam Review Flashcards
What is malnutrition?
Failing health from long-standing dietary practices that don’t coincide with nutritional needs
What is under nutrition?
Decline in body functions associated with a decline in nutrient status. Failing health that results from a long standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs.
What is desirable nutrition ?
Adequate stores of nutrients
What is over nutrition?
Toxic damage to the body. A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds their body’s needs
Why do we need to consume energy yielding/energy providing nutrients?
The energy we need for involuntary body functions+ voluntary physical activity comes from various sources.
What is the general structure of different nutrients?(organic vs inorganic)
Organic nutrients contain carbon and inorganic nutrients do not.
Define hunger
Primarily a physiological drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating
Define appetite
Primarily a psychological influence that encourages us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger
Define nutrition
The science that links food to health and disease. It includes digestion, absorption, transportation, and excretion of food substances and waste products
What makes a nutrient essential?
Has a biological function, omission results in decline of function. Replenishing restores biological function.
What are the energy (kcal) values for each of the energy producing nutrients?
Carbohydrates - 4 kcal/g
Lipids- 9 kcal/g
Proteins- 4 kcal/g
Alcohol- 7 kcal/g
How do you calculate the calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fat ?
You multiply the amount of grams of that nutrient consumed by the kcal/g measurement and then add them all up for total calories.
Nutrition is a lifestyle factor for what types of chronic diseases?
Hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity,cancer, osteoporosis
What are dietary reference intakes (DRI)?
Term used to encompass nutrient recommendations by the Food and Nutrition Board
What is RDA?( recommended dietary allowances )
The dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
What is an AI?(adequate intakes )
A recommended intake value based on observed ore experimental approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people that is assumed to be adequate. Used when RDA can’t be determined.
What is an EER?(estimated energy requirements)
Estimates energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage. Needs to be specific, taking in account age, gender, height, weight, and physical activity.
What is an UL?(tolerable upper intake levels )
The highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL the risk of adverse effects increases
What is a DV?
Daily value is the nutrient standard used on the nutrition facts portion of the food label. The percent DV of each nutrient is based on consuming a 2000 kcal diet
Fortified vs Enriched
Enriched generally refers to replacing nutrients lost in processing whereas fortified refers to adding nutrients not originally present in the specific food
What does it mean to be a good source?
Means that a serving of the food contains 10% to 19% of the DV of a particular nutrient
Who regulates food labels?
The FDA
What are the levels of organization in the body?
Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form systems
What does the scientific method start with ?
A) research
B) hypothesis
C) observation
D) conclusion
C) observation
What are blue zones ?
A) areas around the United stated that are the coolest in temperature
B) areas in the body where the blood is not oxygenated
C) areas around the world where people live the longest
C) areas around the world where people live the longest
Why type of study is the gold standard for nutrition research?
Double - blind case control study
True or False? Correlation and causation mean the same thing.
False
True or False? Food can change how your genes behave.
True
What is nutrigenomics?
The study of how food and nutrients interact with the expression of an individual’s genetic makeup
Satiety is :
A) A physiologic drive to find and eat food
B) a physiologic aversion to food
C) a psychological drive to find and eat food
D) a physiologic state of satisfaction where the desire to eat is gone
D) a physiologic state of satisfaction where the desire to eat is gone
What is not an essential nutrient ?
A) carbohydrate
B) alcohol
C) protein
D) fats
B) alcohol
What are the six classes of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins, minerals, water
Which vitamins are fat soluble ?
Vitamins A D E and K
Which vitamins are water soluble ?
Vitamins B and C
How much is required for major and trace minerals ?
Major -100 mg/d or more required
Trace - less 100 mg/d required
Water transports…. And ……
Medium for ….. regulation
Nutrients and waste
Temperature
What is little c in calories ?
The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
What are the basic functions of nutrients ?
Provides nutrients for growth, development, and maintenance
What are the digestive organs ?
Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
What is the esophagus’ function?
Lubricate with mucus. Move food to stomach by peristaltic waves(swallowing)
What is the stomach’s function?
Store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food
What is the liver’s function?
Produce bile to aid for digestion and absorption
What is the gallbladder’s function?
Store,concentrate and later release bile into the small intestine
What is the pancreas’ function?
Secrete sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbohydrate, fat, and protein
What is the small intestine’s function?
Mix and propel contents. Lubricate with mucus. Digest and absorb most substances using enzymes made in pancreas and small intestinal cells
What is the large intestine’s function?
Mix and propel contents, absorb sodium, potassium, and water. Synthesize some vitamins and short-chain fatty acids, form feces
What is the name of the round muscle that controls the flow of food/chime/waste throughout the digestive track?
A)sphincter
B) duodenal plug
C) shunt
D) gastric envelope
A) sphincter
What happens if the lower esophageal sphincter is not working?
It causes acid acid reflux
What are the muscle contraction that propel food down the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
What are villi?
Fingerlike protrusions that participate in digestion and absorption of food
What are microvilli?
Extensive folds on the muscosal surface of the absorptive cells
The daily value is most commonly found :
A) as a reference point in commercial kitchens
B) on restaurant menus
C) on food labels
D) on all food in the grocery store
C) on food labels
Nutrients per calorie indicates :
A) nutrient density
B) energy density
A) nutrient density
Which food is most nutrient dense?
A) butter
B) spinach
C) eggs
D) red lentils
B) spinach
What is another way to say calorie dense?
A) energy dense
B) nutrient dense
A) energy dense
Which food is more energy dense ?
A) peanut butter
B) oatmeal
C) mashed potatoes
D) olive oil
D) olive oil
