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Nutrition 201 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functional categories of nutrients and which nutrients fall under those categories ?

A

Essential vs Nonessential.
Macronutrients: carbohydrates, lipids,proteins
Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, water

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2
Q

What are the functions of micronutrients ?

A

Micronutrients don’t provide calories. Need in milligrams or microgram quantities in diet. Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins: contain no usable energy
Minerals : produce no energy, perform electrolyte functions.
Major > 100 mg/d required, dairy products, fruits
Trace< 100 mg/d required, meats, poultry, fish, nuts

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3
Q

What is the general chemical structure of organic vs inorganic nutrients ?

A

Organic nutrients contain carbons and inorganic substances do not

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4
Q

Define hunger

A

Primarily a physiological drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating

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5
Q

Define appetite

A

Primarily a physiological influence that encourages us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger

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6
Q

Basic functions of nutrients

A

Growth, development, and maintenance

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7
Q

What type of improvements can be made in the typical American diet?

A

-consuming a variety of nutrient dense foods within and across food groups
- limiting intake of solid fats, cholesterol, added sugars, sodium, and alcohol
- limiting caloric intake to meet caloric needs

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8
Q

What is the purpose of dietary guideline for Americans ?

A

To promote optimal nutritional status of desirable nutrition for individuals

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9
Q

What are the key recommendations of dietary guidelines for Americans

A

1) eat a variety of foods
2) maintain a healthy weight
3) choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
4) choose a diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits and grain products
5) use sugars only in moderation
6) during salt and sodium only in moderation
7) drink alcohol beverages in moderation

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10
Q

What are the MyPlate basic messages including foods to increase and reduce

A
  1. Enjoy your food but eat less
  2. Eat the right amount of calories for you
  3. Cut back on foods high in fats, added sugars and salts
  4. Be physically active you way
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11
Q

What is the difference between RDA and AI?

A

RDA: the dietary intake level that is sufficiently to meet the requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group. When set for a nutrient, aim for this intake
AI: A recommended intake value based on observed or experimental approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people that is assumed to be adequate. Used when an RDA can’t be determined. When set for a nutrient, aim for this intake

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12
Q

Define peristalsis

A

The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward

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13
Q

What is the storage form of glucose? What is its function?

A

Glycogen; when the body needs a quick boost of energy or when the body isn’t getting glucose from food, glycogen is broken down to releases glucose into the bloodstream to be used as fuel for the cells

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14
Q

What is dietary fiber ?

A

Structural parts of plants, fiber aka non starch polysaccharides
Two types: soluble and insoluble

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15
Q

Where are different nutrients absorbed ?

A

Most are absorbed in the small intestine

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16
Q

What is the site in the GI tract of here most digestion takes place?

A

Small intestine

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17
Q

What are the different ways the body can produce glucose ?

A

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

What are the risk factors and treatments for diabetes?

A

Risk factors: inactivity , weight, race, family history, age, high blood pressure
Treatments : weight reduction and dietary changes, insulin

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19
Q

What are the functions of protein in the body?

A

Building materials for growth and maintenance, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transporters, acid base regulators, energy and glucose source

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20
Q

If an amino acid is unavailable for protein synthesis, what occurs?

A

It’ll break down different amino acids to find the right one needed for protein synthesis

21
Q

Define the biological value of a food protein

A

A measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organisms body

22
Q

What are complementary proteins ?

A

Two or more dietary proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other

23
Q

What affects protein quality ?

A

Amino acid composition of the protein being ingested and also the digestibility of the protein

24
Q

What is a positive and negative nitrogen balance ?

A

Positive- intake of nitrogen is greater than the loss of nitrogen so it increases the total protein in the body
Negative - loss of nitrogen is greater in the urine than intake of nitrogen

25
Q

What are the functions of fatty acids in the body?

A

Provide energy, efficient storage of energy, insulating and protecting the body, transport fat soluble vitamins, A,D,E, and K, phospholipids, become part of the cell membrane
Cholesterol becomes part of hormones, estrogen, testosterone, and precursor of active vitamin D hormone

26
Q

What do trans fatty acids to do cholesterol?

A

Increases LDL levels and decreases HDL levels

27
Q

Describe the Mediterranean diet

A

The foundation of the Mediterranean diet is vegetables, fruits, herbs, nuts, beans and whole grains. Meals are built around there plant based foods. Moderate amounts of dairy, poultry yogurt and eggs are also central to the diet as well as seafood

28
Q

What are the functions of cholesterol in the body ?

A

Aides in production of sex hormones
Building block for cells
Assists in bile production of cells
Assists in bile production of liver

29
Q

What does digestion of lipids occur

A

Small intestine

30
Q

What is the major fat -digesting enzyme?

A

Lipase

31
Q

What is the function of lipoprotein?

A

Transports fats in the blood stream

32
Q

What is a lipoprotein ?

A

Any group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma

33
Q

What are the benefits and risks associated with alcohol consumption

A

Benefits - lower risk of cardiovascular disease and LDL levels and raise of HDL levels
Risk- heart damage, motor vehicle collisions, liver damage, cancer

34
Q

What are the recommendation for at risk sub groups related to alcohol consumptions ?

A

Monitor drinking and watch for signs that you’re becoming an alcoholic

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse ?

A

Odor of alcohol on breath or clothing, swaying and unsteady movements, slurred, incoherent speech, flushed appearance to face, nausea or vomiting, poor coordination , slow reaction time, blurred vision, confusion, hallucinations, lack of memory, altered mental status

36
Q

What is metabolism ?

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

37
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate, energy is required for active transport

38
Q

How are amino acids metabolized to produce energy?

A

They are oxidized in the liver which then yields energy molecules

39
Q

What are the physiological effects of fasting at short, intermediate and long time periods ?

A

Short term- increase appetite for meals
Intermediate- good for weight loss as long as it’s not a binge/purge type of situation
Long term- could lead to anorexia, lose lots of weight, possibility of dehydration from losing water wrought and ketosis

40
Q

Describe the different types of energy production in the body and under what conditions they occur

A

Anaerobic and aerobic, all depends on if oxygen is present or not, can get it from ketosis, fat stores, carbs/sugars just eaten, or breakdown of amino acids

41
Q

What conditions lead to ketosis ?

A

The body doesn’t have enough glucose for energy, so starvation or lack of carbs in the diet, diabetes too

42
Q

What are the different pathways for alcohol metabolism and when do they occur?

A

Oxidative and nonoxidative pathways, it depends on how much you drink.
Oxidative is normal levels of alcohol, non-oxidative is when you binge drink

43
Q

How is metabolism regulated ?

A

Hormones - main anabolic hormone, catabolic hormones

44
Q

What are the main differences between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

A

Aerobic requires oxygen to occur, anaerobic requires energy to occur

45
Q

What happens to different macronutrients when in a feasted state?

A

Carbs - get turned to fat
Fat- go to fat
Protein- stored in fat , excess amino acids are excreted

46
Q

What are inborn errors of metabolism?

A

Genetic conditions in which an individual lacks an enzyme that controls a specific metabolic pathway
- results in the buildup of toxins
- can’t be cured
- can be controlled through diet

47
Q

Define set point theory

A

A theory that states that the body is programmed to gravitate toward a particular weight; the metabolism may adjust upward or downward to ensure that weight is neither lost nor gained

48
Q

What is energy balance?

A

Energy in = energy out

49
Q

What is positive energy balance?

A

Energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain

Nutrition 201 (2 decks)

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