Midterm Exam Review Flashcards
Who can prescribe dental radiographs?
A dentist
What is inherent filtration of the x-ray tube?
takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube head, the insulating oil, and the tube head seal
What is added filtration of the x-ray tube?
added aluminium disks in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tube head seal
What is total filtration?
thickness of filtration required to operate the machine ex. below 70 kV
What is a collimation device?
device used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam and limit patient exposure
what are two shapes collimation devices come in?
rectangular and circular
what shape of collimation device is more effective in minimizing patient exposure?
the rectangular collimator, reduces by 60% less
What is the position indicating device?
extension of the tube head used to direct the x-ray beam
What two shapes does the PID come in?
rectangular and round
what two lengths does the PID come in?
8 inch and 16 inch
What is the most preferred shape of a PID? why?
the rectangular, limits patients exposure similar to the rectangular collimator
which length PID gives off less exposure
the 16 inch PID
What is a thyroid collar and why is it used?
lead collar places around the neck it protects the thyroid gland.
when is a thyroid collar not recommended?
in extra oral exposures, it can obscure the image
What is a lead apron and why is it used?
flexible lead shield placed over the patients chest and lap/ used to protect the reproductive system and blood forming tissues from scatter radiation
What receptor allows for the least amount of radiation?
digital receptor
How does a beam alignment device reduce patient exposure to radiation? (2)
- it stabilizes the receptor and therefore reduces movement
- aligns the receptor precisely with the beam
To limit radiation exposure what is the optimal exposure kV setting?
60 to 80 kV
Why is proper technique so important when taking radiographs?
It limits the chances of having to retake the image and therefore reduces patients exposure
How can we as the x ray operator protect ourselves from radiation?
leave the room while radiographs are being taken
If you can not leave the room while a radiograph is being taken, how far should you stand?
six feet
how far (in degrees) should the radiographer stand from the beam?
perpendicular to the beam and 90-135 deg away
What is leakage radiation?
any radiation with the exception of the primary beam that is emitted from the dental tube head
What is a radiation monitoring badge?
device used to monitor the amount of radiation that reaches the body of the dental radiographer
how does a radiation monitoring badge work?
The radiographer wears the badge for a certain time period, the badge gets sent back to the company and then the company reports the amount of radiation found
What is the maximum permissible dose (MPD)?
maximum dose of radiation that an individual can receive in a specific period that will cause little to no harm
what is the cumulative occupational dose?
the amount of radiation a workers must not exceed in their lifetime. Measured in mSv
What is the formula for measure the cumulative occupational dose?
workers age X 10 mSv
ex. someone who is 50 years old (50 x10 mSv= 500 mSv)should not exceed 500 mSv
What does ALARA stand for? what does it mean?
As low as reasonably achievable, means that we should always be trying to keep radiation as low as possible
True or False: every patient should be evaluated individually prior to prescribing dental images?
True
True or False: The 8 inch PID is more effective than the 16-inch PID in reducing radiation exposure of the patient?
False, the 16-inch PID is more effective
True or False: Pointed cones should not be used because of increased scatter radiation?
True
True or False: The thyroid collar must be worn for both intra oral and extra oral exposures?
False, the thyroid collar may interfere with the extra oral images
True or False: if necessary, the dental radiographer may hold a receptor in the patient mouth to ensure a diagnostic image?
False, you should never hold a receptor in place while taking radiographs (exposure)
Which statement best describes the function of a filter in a dental x-ray tube head?
a. it reduces the size and shape of the beam
b. it removes low-energy x rays?
c. it removes the dose of radiation to the thyroid gland
d. it decreases the mean energy of the beam
B
Which is not a component of inherent filtration?
a. oil
b. unleaded glass window
c. a leaded PID
d. tube head seal
C
what is the most effective way of reducing patient exposure to radiations?
a. lead apron
b. fast films
c. circular pid
D. film-holding device
B
What position indicating device is most effective in reducing exposure?
a. conical
b. rectangular
c. circular
d. all are equally effective
B
Which device restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam?
a. filter
b. collimator
c. barrier
d. film badge
B
which material is used as a collimator?
a. lead
b. aluminum
c. copper
d. all of the above
A
what describes the function of filtration?
a. increases scatter radiation
b. increases divergent rays
c. increases long wavelengths
d. reduces low-energy waves
D
What is the recommended size of the beam at the patient face?
a. 2.75 inches
b. 3.25 inches
c. 3.50 inches
d. 4 inches
A
Which term describes the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little to no chance of injury?
a. radiation limit
b. maximum permissible dose
c. occupationally exposed dose
d. ALARA
B
Which statement is true of a radiation monitoring badge?
a. it should be worn when the radiographer is undergoing x-ray exposure
b. it can be shared between employees
c. it should be worn at waist level when exposing x ray receptors
d. all of the above are true
C
What does the term radiolucent refer to? What does it look like? Example
portion of the image that is dark or black. lacks density therefore allowing the passage of the x ray beam freely (eg spaces between the teeth)
What does the term radiopaque refer to? What does it look like? Example?
portion of the image that appears light or white, structures that are dense and are able to resist the passageway of the x ray beam ex. enamel or bone
What is a diagnostic image?
an image that provides a great deal of information, with proper density and contrast and accurate shape and size.
The overall blackness or darkness of a dental image is termed ______?
density
What influences density of an image?
Exposure factors
- Kilovoltage (kV)
- Milliamperage (mA)
- exposure time
If the kilovoltage is increased, the density _____ and the image appears ______?
increases and darker
if the kilovoltage is _______ the density decreases and the image appears lighter
decreased
If the milliamperage is increased, the density is ______ and the image appears darker
increased
If the exposure time is increased, the density is _______ and the image appears darker
increased
True or False: The longer the exposure time the darker the image get?
True. Think of exposure time as a faucet, the longer the faucet is on the more water comes out
How does subject thickness affect density?
the thicker the subject the less density and therefore a lighter image
What is contrast in dental radiography?
The difference in degree of blackness between adjacent dental areas on a dental image
What kind of contrast would be an image that has very dark areas and very light areas?
high contrast
what kind of contrast would be an image that has similar shades of gray?
low contrast
What is film contrast?
characteristics of the film that influence the radiographic contrast, this is by manufacturer and cannot be changed except in film processing where development time or temperature can have an impact
What is subject contrast?
characteristics of the subject (patient) that influence radiographic contrast (size and thickness of patient tissues)
When a high kilovoltage is used ___ subject contrast results
low
when a low kilovoltage is used ___ subject contrast results
high
what can influence contrast on a dental image
kilovoltage
the range of useful densities seen on a dental image is termed the _________
scale of contrast
what is short scale contrast?
a dental image that only show two densities: areas of black and areas of white
A _______ kilovoltage range results in an image with a short scale contrast
lower
A image that exhibits a short contrast scale can also be describes having ____ contrast
high
What is long scale contrast?
a dental image that exhibits many densities or many shades of grey
True or false: A higher kilovoltage range results in an image with a long scale contrast
true
an image that exhibits a long contrast scale can also be described as having _____ contrast
low
If the operator is suspicious of finding cavities on the patients image, decreasing the kilovoltage to produce
____ scale contrast may be beneficial
short
what scale of contrast would be beneficial when looking at different levels of bone loss in periodontal diseases
long scale
Review: High kilovoltage = low contrast = _____ scale
long
Review: Low kilovoltage= High contrast= ____ scale
short
What is a stepwedge? why is it used?
device used to demonstrate short and long scale contrast. Its a layer of x rat absorbing material such as aluminium that shows the different densities that appear on the image
What is sharpness in an image?
how well the distinct outlines are shown- how well the smallest details of an object are reproduced on a dental image
What is Penumbra
defined as the unsharpness or blurring of the edges
What is magnification of an image?
refers to a radiographic image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it repersents
What is distortion of an image?
variation in the true size and shape of the object being radiographed. a distorted image does not have the same size and shape as the object being radiographed
The portion of a dental image that appears dark or black is termed:
a. dense
b. radiolucent
c. radiopaque
d. transparent
B
The portion of the dental image that appears light or white is termed:
a. radiolucent
b. radiopaque
c. dense
d. high density
B
Which appears most radiolucent on a dental image?
a. bone
b. enamel
c. dentin
d. airspace
D
Which appears most radiopaque on a dental image?
a. Bone
b. enamel
c. dentin
d, all of the above
D
The overall blackness or darkness of a dental image is termed:
a. density
b. contrast
c. subject thickness
d. diagnostic quality
A
Increasing Milliamperage (mA) will cause:
a. an increase in density: the image will appear darker
b. an increase in density: the image will appear lighter
c. a decease in density: the image will appear darker
d. a decease in density the image will appear lighter
A
Increasing kilovoltage (kV) will cause:
a. an increase in density: the image will appear darker
b. an increase in density: the image will appear lighter
c. a decease in density: the image will appear darker
d. a decease in density the image will appear lighter
A
Increasing exposure time will cause:
a. an increase in density: the image will appear darker
b. an increase in density: the image will appear lighter
c. a decease in density: the image will appear darker
d. a decease in density the image will appear lighter
A
A dental patient has thick soft tissues and dense bones to compensate for this subject thickness and to provide diagnostic density the the dental radiogrpaher may:
a. increase exposure time
b. increase mA
c. increase kV
d. all of the above
D
The difference in degrees of density between adjacent areas on a dental image is termed:
a. film contrast
b. contrast
c. subject thickness
d. diagnostic quality
B
A dental image that has many shades of gray is said to have:
a. high contrast
b. low contrast
c. high density
d. low density
B
A dental image that demonstrates very dark and very light areas is said to have:
a. high contrast
b. low contrast
c, high density
d. low density
A
The one exposure factor that has direct influence on the contrast of a dental image is:
a. kV
b. mA
c. exposure time
d. subject thickness
A
the type of contrast preferred in dental imaging is:
a. low contrast
b. long-scale contrast only
c. short scale contrast only
d. a compromise between short scale contrast and long scale contrast
D
The step-wedge is used for all of the following except?
a. to demonstrate short scale and long scale contrast
b. to monitor quality control of film processing
c. to increase the penetrating quality of the x ray beam
d. to demonstrate densities
C
The capacity of the receptor to reproduce distinct outlines of an object is termed?
a. sharpness
b. magnification
c. distortion
d. diagnostic quality
A
The unsharp or blurred edges seen on an image are termed:
a. distortion
b. umbra
c.penumbra
d. contrast
C
The geometric characteristics that refers to an image that appears larger than its actual size is termed:
a. distortion
b. detail
c. definition
d. magnification
D
A variation in the true size and shape of the object being imaged is termed:
a. magnification
b. distortion
c. sharpness
d. resolution
B
Components of an intra oral x ray machine: What is the tube head?
contains the x ray tube that produces dental x rays
Components of an intra oral x ray machine: What is the extension arm?
suspends the x ray tube head, houses the electrical wires and allows for movement and positioning of the tube head
Components of an intra oral x ray machine: What is the control panel?
allows the dental radiographer to regulate the x ray beam
Components of an intra oral x ray machine: what is found on the control panel and what do they do?
- on off switch- turns the unit on
- exposure button- activates the machine to produce x rays
- control devices- regulates the x ray beam by kV, mA and length of exposure
What are the components of an extra oral x ray machine?
tube head, positioning devices for lateral head, chin and forehead and a control pannel
what is the normal exposure time for an extra oral x ray machine?
a few moments up to 20-30 seconds
What is a receptor holder?
device used to hold and align intra oral dental x ray receptors in the mouth, eliminates the need for the patient to stabilize the receptor
How is a beam alignment device used?
helps the dental radiographer to position the PID in relation to the tooth and receptor
When is an EndoRay film holder used?
During a root canal
Which XCP device is used for anterior teeth?
Blue
Which XCP device is used for posterior teeth?
Yellow
What XCP device is used for bite wing techniques?
Red
What XCP device is used for endodontic procedures?
Teal
Dental receptors places inside the mouth are termed:
a. intra oral
b. extra oral
c. occlusal
d. all of the above
A
The component part of the dental x-ray machine that contains the x ray tube is called:
a. control panel
b. tube head
c. extension arm
d. console
B
The component part of the dental x ray machine that allows movement and positioning of the tube head is termed the;
a. control panel
b. extension arm
c. console
d. position indicating device
B
The dental radiographer can regulate the x-ray beam (kV, mA, time) through the use of the
a. control panel
b. extension arm
c. tube head
d. PID
A
An instrument that is used to help the dental radiographer position the PID in relation to the tooth and the receptor is the:
a. receptor hold
b. beam alignment device
c. collimating device
d. non of the above
B
A device that is used to stabilize an intra oral receptor is termed:
a. collimating device
b. receptor holder
c. beam alignment device
d. none of the above
B
Which of the following is used to restrict the size of the x ray beam to the size of an intra oral receptor?
a. collimating device
b receptor holder
c. beam alignment device
d. none of the above
A
True or False: the federal government dictates how dental x ray equipment is used
F
True or False: State and local government dictates codes that pertain to the use of dental x ray equipment
T
True or False: Portable dental x ray units are approved in all states?
F
True or False: Studies have shown that a portable dental x ray unit can be use to produce high quality diagnostic images
T
True or False: With a portable dental x ray unit, operator exposure is limited by using a lead acrylic disk shield around the PID
T
True or False: an example of a collimating device is the tru align aiming device?
T
True or False: an example of a beam alignment device is a snap a ray
F
What is an intra oral imaging examination?
inspection used to examine the teeth and intra oral adjacent surfaces, the foundation of dental images
What are intra oral receptors
receptors placed inside the mouth to examine the teeth and supporting structures
What are the 3 types of intra oral examinations?
- periapical
- inter-proximal
- occlusal
what is the purpose of a periapical examination?
to examine the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone
what kind of receptor is used during a periapical exam?
a periapical receptor
What are two methods used for obtaining periapical images? (techniques)
- paralleling technique
- bisecting technique
What is the purpose of an inter-proximal examination?
used to examine the crowns of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image
What type of receptor do we use in interproximal examinations?
bite wing receptor is used
what method is used for obtaining interproximal examinations? (technique)
bite wing technique
What is the purpose of an occlusal examination?
used to examine large areas of the maxilla or mandibular on one image
what type of receptor is used in an occlusal examination?
an occlusal receptor is used (shows an entire arch)
what technique is used to obtain an occlusal examination?
the occlusal technique
what is a complete mouth series (CMS) also known as?
A full mouth series (FMS or FMX)
what is a complete mouth series?
series of intra oral dental images that show all the tooth bearing areas of both jaw
what is a tooth bearing area?
the regions of the maxilla and manidble where the 32 teeth of the human dentition are normally located
what is a dentulous area?
area that exhibits teeth
what is a edentulous area?
an area where teeth are no longer present
What techniques are used in a CMS?
mostly periapical images
bite wings may be used where teeth have interproximal contact and caries are a concern
How many photos are in a CMS?
14-20
What is an extra oral examination?
inspection used to examine large areas of the skull or jaw
what kind of receptors are used in extra oral examinations?
extra oral imaging receptors are used and are placed outside the mouth
what is an example of an extra oral examination?
a panoramic image
What is the bisecting technique?
method used to expose periapical images
what are two other terms for the bisecting technique?
bisecting angle technique and the bisection of the angle technique
Bisecting Technique: What is an angle?
two lines diverging from a common point
Bisecting Technique: What is a bisect?
to divide into equal parts
Bisecting Technique: What is a triangle?
figure formed by connecting three points, so it has three angles
Bisecting Technique: What is an equilateral triangle?
a triangle with three equal sides
Bisecting Technique: what is a right triangle?
a triangle with one 90-degree angle
Bisecting Technique:what is a congruent triangle?
triangles that are identical and correspond exactly when superimposed
Bisecting Technique: What is a hypotenuse?
the side of a right triangle opposite to the right angle
Bisecting Technique: what is isometry?
equality of measurment
Bisecting Technique: What is the long axis of the tooth?
an imaginary line that divides the tooth longitudinally into two equal haves
Bisecting Technique:What is the central ray?
centre portion of the primary beam of x-radiation
What geometric principle is important in the bisecting technique?
the rule of isometry
what is the rule of isometry?
states that two triangles are equal if the triangles have two equal angles and share a common side
what tooth surface does the receptor get placed on in the bisecting technique?
lingual
Bisecting Technique: at the point where the receptor contacts the tooth, the plane of the receptor and the _____ _____ of the tooth form an angle
long axis
what is the imaginary bisector?
creates two equal angles and provides a common side for the two imaginary equal triangles
where must the radiographer direct the central ray of the x ray beam in the bisecting technique?
perpendicular to the imaginary bisector
Bisecting Technique: When the central ray is directed at an angle of ___ degrees to the imaginary bisector, two imaginary equal triangles are formed
90
Bisecting Technique: the two imaginary triangles that result are ____ triangles and are congruent
right
Bisecting Technique: The hypotenuse of one imaginary triangle is represented by the ____ ____ oof the tooth and the plane of the receptor repersents the other _______
long axis and hypotensuse
True or False: When the rule of isometry is followed strictly, the image of the tooth in the bisecting technique will be accurate?
True
Bisecting Technique: When the angle is formed by the plane of the receptor and the long axis of the tooth is bisected, and the x ray beam is directed at a right angle to the imaginary bisector, the actual tooth and the image of the tooth are the _______ length
same
Bisecting Technique: When can longer images occur?
when the beam angulation is too flat
Bisecting Technique: When can shorter images occur?
When the beam angulation is too steep
What beam alignment device can be used in the bisecting technique?
Rinn BAI System ( BAI= bisecting angle instrument)
What could we use during the bisecting technique to limit patient exposure?
a collimator
Why is using the Rinn BAI System useful?
helps with horizontal and vertical angulations, prevents cone cut, and minimizes distortion from receptor bending
True or False: aiming rings are used with receptor holders when using the bisecting technique
False- the operator must determine the horizontal and vertical angulations
what two receptor holders are used during the bisecting technique?
Stabe bite block (Rinn)- styrofoam block used to hold a receptor
Rinn snap a ray holder- used to stabilize a receptor
True or False: The Rinn BAI, Rinn snap a ray holder and the Stable bite block are all reusable instruments that much be sterilized
False; the Stable bite block is disposable
What kind of collimator is recommended for the bisecting technique and why
the rectangular collimator, it limits patients exposure
What size and orientation is a receptor used in the anterior region in the bisecting technique?
Size 2 and vertical
What size and orientation isa receptor used in the posterior region in the bisecting technique?
size 2 and horizontal
Does using a Rinn BAI system with aiming rings dictate the proper PID angualtion?
Yes
If using a receptor holder what must the dental radiographer determine on their own?
the horizontal and vertical angulation
What is horizontal angulation?
positioning of the PID and the direction of the central ray in a horizontal or side-to-side plane
What does correct horizontal angulation look like in the bisecting technique?
the central ray is directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch and through the contact areas of the teeth. image appears “open”
What does incorrect horizontal angulation look like in the bisecting technique?
results in overlapped and unopened contact areas. thus results in a nondiagnostic image
What is vertical angulation?
refers to the positioning of the PID ina vertical or up and down plane
What does vertical angulation look like in the bisecting technique?
determined by the imaginary bisector, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector
What does correct vertical angulation look like in the bisecting technique?
correct vertical angulation results in a dental image that is the same length as the tooth. There is a chart to follow to give a recommended vertical angulation based on teeth
What does incorrect vertical angulation look like in the bisecting technique?
results in an image that is not of the same length of the tooth, instead distortion and elongated images appear
What is a foreshortened image? and why is it caused
image that appears shortened. caused by excessive vertical angulation or when the central ray is directed perpendicular to the plane of the receptor rathe than to the imaginary bisector
What is an elongated image? and why is it caused?
teeth that appear to long, results from insufficient vertical angulation (too flat) also when the central ray is directed perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth rather than to the imaginary bisector
Rules for Bisecting Technique: The receptor must be positioned to cover which areas?
the prescribed areas
Rules for Bisecting Technique: What surface must the receptor be placed against?
the lingual surface
Rules for Bisecting Technique: The occlusal end of the receptor must extend how far beyond the incisal or occulsal surface?
1/8 inch
Rules for Bisecting Technique: The apical end of the receptor must rest against the _____ or the alveolar tissues
palatal
Rules for Bisecting Technique: (vertical) The central ray of the x ray beam must be directed ________ to the imaginary bisector that divides the angle formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth
Perpendicular
Rules for Bisecting Technique: (horizontal) The central ray of the x ray beam be directed through the _____ ______ between teeth
contact areas
Rules for Bisecting Technique: the x ray beam must be _____ on the receptor to ensure that all area of the receptor are exposed
centered
What region of the teeth do we start with when completing an exposure sequence of the bisecting technique? Why?
Anterior, to allows patient to get used to the beam alignment device and avoids the chance of triggering the gag reflex
How many total anterior placements are used in the bisecting technique?
6 ( 3 max 3 mand)
When exposing maxillary anterior teeth in the bisecting technique do we go L to R or R to L
R to L
When exposing mandibular anterior teeth in the bisecting technique do we go L to R or R to L
L to R
What tooth do we start with in the maxillary anterior series?
max right canine
what tooth do you end with in the maxillary anterior series?
max left canine
what tooth do you start with in the mandibular anterior series?
mand left canine
what tooth do you finish with in the mandibular anterior series?
mand right canine
What receptor do we expose first in the posterior sequence?
premolars, again less change of gag reflex
how many receptor placements are used in the posterior region
8 (4 max 4 mand)
What region do we start with in the posterior series?
maxillary right quad
what teeth do we expose in the posterior series in what order
pre molar and then the molar
what is the sequence for exposing posterior (by quad)
max right, mand right, max left, mand left
how many images do we take in a CMS of the bisecting technique?
14
Two max canine
One max incisor
Two mand canine
One mand incisor
Two max premolar
Two max molar
Two mand premolar
Two mand molar
is and example of what
CMS of the bisecting technique
What is the main advantage of using the bisecting technique
eliminates the need of the beam alignment device
What is some disadvantages of using the bisecting technique?
image distortion and angulation problems
BW: what does interproximal mean?
between two adjacent spaces
what is a bite-wing receptor? what does it look like?
used in interproximal exams, has wings or tabs that the patient bites on
what is the alveolar bone?
bone that supports and encases the roots of teeth
what is the crestal bone?
coronal portion of the alveolar bone found between teeth also known as the alveolar crest
what is a contact area?
the area of a tooth that touches an adjacent tooth: the area where adjacent tooth surfaces contact each-other
what is a horizontal bite wing?
bite wing receptor is placed into the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direct
what are opened contacts?
on a dental image opened contacts appear as thin radiolucent lines between adjacent tooth surfaces
what are overlapped contacts?
on a dental image the area where the contact are of one tooth is superimposed over the contact area of an adjacent tooth
what is a vertical bite wing?
the bite wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction
Why is the bite wing technique used?
to examine inter-proximal surfaces of the teeth
BW: The receptor is placed in the mouth ______ to the crown of both maxillary and mandibular arches
parallel
BW: How is the receptor stabilized in the patients mouth?
the patient bites on the bite wing tab or a bite block is used
BW: What vertical angulation should be used with bite wings?
+10 deg
What colour beam aligment device is used for bite wings?
red
What is a size 0 receptor used for? is it used vertically or horizontal
posterior teeth of children with primary dentition- horizontal
What is a size 2 receptor used for? vertically or horizontally?
posterior teeth in other children and adults - both vertical and horizontal
What is a size 3 receptor used for? vertically or horizontally?
narrower and longer than size two and is only used in adults in a horizontal position
what does the term angulation mean?
describes the alignment of the central ray of the x ray beam in both horizontal and vertical planes
what does correct horizontal angulation look like in BW?
the central ray is directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch, and through the contact areas of teeth. The areas of the image is opened
what does incorrect horizontal angulation look like in BW?
results in overlapped contact areas and may require a retake
If the PID is positioned above the occlusal plane and the central ray is directed downward the vertical angulation is deemed _______
positive
If the PID is positioned below the occlusal plane and the central ray is directed upward the vertical angulation is deemed _______
negative
What does correct vertical angulation look like in BW?
+10 deg
what does incorrect vertical angulation look like in BW?
results in a distored image
How many BW xrays do we need to take for a full series
4 (2 pm 2 m )
Which examination area describes the primary area of the bite wing images?
a. apical areas of the teeth
b. apical and interproximal areas of the teeth?
c. interproximal areas of the teeth
d. pulp chambers of the teeth
C
Which is the correct vertical angulation used with the bite wing technique?
a. -10 deg
b. -20 deg
c. +10 deg
d. +15 deg
C
Which statement described the relationship of the receptor to maxillary and mandibular teeth in the bite wing technique?
a. the receptor an the teeth are parallel to eachother
b. the receptor and teeth are at right angles of eachtoher
c. the receptor and the teeth are perpendicular to eachother
d. the receptor and teeth intersect with eachother
A
Which of the follow statements about the exposure sequence for a CMS that includes periapical and bite wing exposures are incorrect?
a. anterior periapical receptors are always exposed first
b. posterior periapical receptors are exposed after anterior c. periapiclas
bite wing receptors are exposed last
d. none of the above
D
