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1102 Rad > Midterm Exam Review > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Who can prescribe dental radiographs?

A

A dentist

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2
Q

What is inherent filtration of the x-ray tube?

A

takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube head, the insulating oil, and the tube head seal

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3
Q

What is added filtration of the x-ray tube?

A

added aluminium disks in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tube head seal

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4
Q

What is total filtration?

A

thickness of filtration required to operate the machine ex. below 70 kV

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5
Q

What is a collimation device?

A

device used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam and limit patient exposure

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6
Q

what are two shapes collimation devices come in?

A

rectangular and circular

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7
Q

what shape of collimation device is more effective in minimizing patient exposure?

A

the rectangular collimator, reduces by 60% less

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8
Q

What is the position indicating device?

A

extension of the tube head used to direct the x-ray beam

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9
Q

What two shapes does the PID come in?

A

rectangular and round

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10
Q

what two lengths does the PID come in?

A

8 inch and 16 inch

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11
Q

What is the most preferred shape of a PID? why?

A

the rectangular, limits patients exposure similar to the rectangular collimator

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12
Q

which length PID gives off less exposure

A

the 16 inch PID

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13
Q

What is a thyroid collar and why is it used?

A

lead collar places around the neck it protects the thyroid gland.

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14
Q

when is a thyroid collar not recommended?

A

in extra oral exposures, it can obscure the image

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15
Q

What is a lead apron and why is it used?

A

flexible lead shield placed over the patients chest and lap/ used to protect the reproductive system and blood forming tissues from scatter radiation

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16
Q

What receptor allows for the least amount of radiation?

A

digital receptor

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17
Q

How does a beam alignment device reduce patient exposure to radiation? (2)

A
  1. it stabilizes the receptor and therefore reduces movement
  2. aligns the receptor precisely with the beam
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18
Q

To limit radiation exposure what is the optimal exposure kV setting?

A

60 to 80 kV

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19
Q

Why is proper technique so important when taking radiographs?

A

It limits the chances of having to retake the image and therefore reduces patients exposure

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20
Q

How can we as the x ray operator protect ourselves from radiation?

A

leave the room while radiographs are being taken

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21
Q

If you can not leave the room while a radiograph is being taken, how far should you stand?

A

six feet

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22
Q

how far (in degrees) should the radiographer stand from the beam?

A

perpendicular to the beam and 90-135 deg away

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23
Q

What is leakage radiation?

A

any radiation with the exception of the primary beam that is emitted from the dental tube head

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24
Q

What is a radiation monitoring badge?

A

device used to monitor the amount of radiation that reaches the body of the dental radiographer

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25
Q

how does a radiation monitoring badge work?

A

The radiographer wears the badge for a certain time period, the badge gets sent back to the company and then the company reports the amount of radiation found

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26
Q

What is the maximum permissible dose (MPD)?

A

maximum dose of radiation that an individual can receive in a specific period that will cause little to no harm

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27
Q

what is the cumulative occupational dose?

A

the amount of radiation a workers must not exceed in their lifetime. Measured in mSv

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28
Q

What is the formula for measure the cumulative occupational dose?

A

workers age X 10 mSv
ex. someone who is 50 years old (50 x10 mSv= 500 mSv)should not exceed 500 mSv

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29
Q

What does ALARA stand for? what does it mean?

A

As low as reasonably achievable, means that we should always be trying to keep radiation as low as possible

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30
Q

True or False: every patient should be evaluated individually prior to prescribing dental images?

A

True

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31
Q

True or False: The 8 inch PID is more effective than the 16-inch PID in reducing radiation exposure of the patient?

A

False, the 16-inch PID is more effective

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32
Q

True or False: Pointed cones should not be used because of increased scatter radiation?

A

True

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33
Q

True or False: The thyroid collar must be worn for both intra oral and extra oral exposures?

A

False, the thyroid collar may interfere with the extra oral images

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34
Q

True or False: if necessary, the dental radiographer may hold a receptor in the patient mouth to ensure a diagnostic image?

A

False, you should never hold a receptor in place while taking radiographs (exposure)

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35
Q

Which statement best describes the function of a filter in a dental x-ray tube head?
a. it reduces the size and shape of the beam
b. it removes low-energy x rays?
c. it removes the dose of radiation to the thyroid gland
d. it decreases the mean energy of the beam

A

B

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36
Q

Which is not a component of inherent filtration?
a. oil
b. unleaded glass window
c. a leaded PID
d. tube head seal

A

C

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37
Q

what is the most effective way of reducing patient exposure to radiations?
a. lead apron
b. fast films
c. circular pid
D. film-holding device

A

B

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38
Q

What position indicating device is most effective in reducing exposure?
a. conical
b. rectangular
c. circular
d. all are equally effective

A

B

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39
Q

Which device restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam?
a. filter
b. collimator
c. barrier
d. film badge

A

B

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40
Q

which material is used as a collimator?
a. lead
b. aluminum
c. copper
d. all of the above

A

A

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41
Q

what describes the function of filtration?
a. increases scatter radiation
b. increases divergent rays
c. increases long wavelengths
d. reduces low-energy waves

A

D

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42
Q

What is the recommended size of the beam at the patient face?
a. 2.75 inches
b. 3.25 inches
c. 3.50 inches
d. 4 inches

A

A

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43
Q

Which term describes the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little to no chance of injury?
a. radiation limit
b. maximum permissible dose
c. occupationally exposed dose
d. ALARA

A

B

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44
Q

Which statement is true of a radiation monitoring badge?
a. it should be worn when the radiographer is undergoing x-ray exposure
b. it can be shared between employees
c. it should be worn at waist level when exposing x ray receptors
d. all of the above are true

A

C

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45
Q

What does the term radiolucent refer to? What does it look like? Example

A

portion of the image that is dark or black. lacks density therefore allowing the passage of the x ray beam freely (eg spaces between the teeth)

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46
Q

What does the term radiopaque refer to? What does it look like? Example?

A

portion of the image that appears light or white, structures that are dense and are able to resist the passageway of the x ray beam ex. enamel or bone

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47
Q

What is a diagnostic image?

A

an image that provides a great deal of information, with proper density and contrast and accurate shape and size.

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48
Q

The overall blackness or darkness of a dental image is termed ______?

A

density

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49
Q

What influences density of an image?

A

Exposure factors
- Kilovoltage (kV)
- Milliamperage (mA)
- exposure time

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50
Q

If the kilovoltage is increased, the density _____ and the image appears ______?

A

increases and darker

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51
Q

if the kilovoltage is _______ the density decreases and the image appears lighter

A

decreased

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52
Q

If the milliamperage is increased, the density is ______ and the image appears darker

A

increased

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53
Q

If the exposure time is increased, the density is _______ and the image appears darker

A

increased

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54
Q

True or False: The longer the exposure time the darker the image get?

A

True. Think of exposure time as a faucet, the longer the faucet is on the more water comes out

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55
Q

How does subject thickness affect density?

A

the thicker the subject the less density and therefore a lighter image

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56
Q

What is contrast in dental radiography?

A

The difference in degree of blackness between adjacent dental areas on a dental image

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57
Q

What kind of contrast would be an image that has very dark areas and very light areas?

A

high contrast

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58
Q

what kind of contrast would be an image that has similar shades of gray?

A

low contrast

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59
Q

What is film contrast?

A

characteristics of the film that influence the radiographic contrast, this is by manufacturer and cannot be changed except in film processing where development time or temperature can have an impact

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60
Q

What is subject contrast?

A

characteristics of the subject (patient) that influence radiographic contrast (size and thickness of patient tissues)

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61
Q

When a high kilovoltage is used ___ subject contrast results

A

low

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62
Q

when a low kilovoltage is used ___ subject contrast results

A

high

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63
Q

what can influence contrast on a dental image

A

kilovoltage

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64
Q

the range of useful densities seen on a dental image is termed the _________

A

scale of contrast

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65
Q

what is short scale contrast?

A

a dental image that only show two densities: areas of black and areas of white

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66
Q

A _______ kilovoltage range results in an image with a short scale contrast

A

lower

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67
Q

A image that exhibits a short contrast scale can also be describes having ____ contrast

A

high

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68
Q

What is long scale contrast?

A

a dental image that exhibits many densities or many shades of grey

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69
Q

True or false: A higher kilovoltage range results in an image with a long scale contrast

A

true

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70
Q

an image that exhibits a long contrast scale can also be described as having _____ contrast

A

low

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71
Q

If the operator is suspicious of finding cavities on the patients image, decreasing the kilovoltage to produce
____ scale contrast may be beneficial

A

short

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72
Q

what scale of contrast would be beneficial when looking at different levels of bone loss in periodontal diseases

A

long scale

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73
Q

Review: High kilovoltage = low contrast = _____ scale

A

long

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74
Q

Review: Low kilovoltage= High contrast= ____ scale

A

short

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75
Q

What is a stepwedge? why is it used?

A

device used to demonstrate short and long scale contrast. Its a layer of x rat absorbing material such as aluminium that shows the different densities that appear on the image

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76
Q

What is sharpness in an image?

A

how well the distinct outlines are shown- how well the smallest details of an object are reproduced on a dental image

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77
Q

What is Penumbra

A

defined as the unsharpness or blurring of the edges

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78
Q

What is magnification of an image?

A

refers to a radiographic image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it repersents

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79
Q

What is distortion of an image?

A

variation in the true size and shape of the object being radiographed. a distorted image does not have the same size and shape as the object being radiographed

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80
Q

The portion of a dental image that appears dark or black is termed:
a. dense
b. radiolucent
c. radiopaque
d. transparent

A

B

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81
Q

The portion of the dental image that appears light or white is termed:
a. radiolucent
b. radiopaque
c. dense
d. high density

A

B

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82
Q

Which appears most radiolucent on a dental image?
a. bone
b. enamel
c. dentin
d. airspace

A

D

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83
Q

Which appears most radiopaque on a dental image?
a. Bone
b. enamel
c. dentin
d, all of the above

A

D

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84
Q

The overall blackness or darkness of a dental image is termed:
a. density
b. contrast
c. subject thickness
d. diagnostic quality

A

A

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85
Q

Increasing Milliamperage (mA) will cause:
a. an increase in density: the image will appear darker
b. an increase in density: the image will appear lighter
c. a decease in density: the image will appear darker
d. a decease in density the image will appear lighter

A

A

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86
Q

Increasing kilovoltage (kV) will cause:
a. an increase in density: the image will appear darker
b. an increase in density: the image will appear lighter
c. a decease in density: the image will appear darker
d. a decease in density the image will appear lighter

A

A

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87
Q

Increasing exposure time will cause:
a. an increase in density: the image will appear darker
b. an increase in density: the image will appear lighter
c. a decease in density: the image will appear darker
d. a decease in density the image will appear lighter

A

A

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88
Q

A dental patient has thick soft tissues and dense bones to compensate for this subject thickness and to provide diagnostic density the the dental radiogrpaher may:
a. increase exposure time
b. increase mA
c. increase kV
d. all of the above

A

D

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89
Q

The difference in degrees of density between adjacent areas on a dental image is termed:
a. film contrast
b. contrast
c. subject thickness
d. diagnostic quality

A

B

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90
Q

A dental image that has many shades of gray is said to have:
a. high contrast
b. low contrast
c. high density
d. low density

A

B

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91
Q

A dental image that demonstrates very dark and very light areas is said to have:
a. high contrast
b. low contrast
c, high density
d. low density

A

A

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92
Q

The one exposure factor that has direct influence on the contrast of a dental image is:
a. kV
b. mA
c. exposure time
d. subject thickness

A

A

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93
Q

the type of contrast preferred in dental imaging is:
a. low contrast
b. long-scale contrast only
c. short scale contrast only
d. a compromise between short scale contrast and long scale contrast

A

D

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94
Q

The step-wedge is used for all of the following except?
a. to demonstrate short scale and long scale contrast
b. to monitor quality control of film processing
c. to increase the penetrating quality of the x ray beam
d. to demonstrate densities

A

C

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95
Q

The capacity of the receptor to reproduce distinct outlines of an object is termed?
a. sharpness
b. magnification
c. distortion
d. diagnostic quality

A

A

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96
Q

The unsharp or blurred edges seen on an image are termed:
a. distortion
b. umbra
c.penumbra
d. contrast

A

C

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97
Q

The geometric characteristics that refers to an image that appears larger than its actual size is termed:
a. distortion
b. detail
c. definition
d. magnification

A

D

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98
Q

A variation in the true size and shape of the object being imaged is termed:
a. magnification
b. distortion
c. sharpness
d. resolution

A

B

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99
Q

Components of an intra oral x ray machine: What is the tube head?

A

contains the x ray tube that produces dental x rays

100
Q

Components of an intra oral x ray machine: What is the extension arm?

A

suspends the x ray tube head, houses the electrical wires and allows for movement and positioning of the tube head

101
Q

Components of an intra oral x ray machine: What is the control panel?

A

allows the dental radiographer to regulate the x ray beam

102
Q

Components of an intra oral x ray machine: what is found on the control panel and what do they do?

A
  1. on off switch- turns the unit on
  2. exposure button- activates the machine to produce x rays
  3. control devices- regulates the x ray beam by kV, mA and length of exposure
103
Q

What are the components of an extra oral x ray machine?

A

tube head, positioning devices for lateral head, chin and forehead and a control pannel

104
Q

what is the normal exposure time for an extra oral x ray machine?

A

a few moments up to 20-30 seconds

105
Q

What is a receptor holder?

A

device used to hold and align intra oral dental x ray receptors in the mouth, eliminates the need for the patient to stabilize the receptor

106
Q

How is a beam alignment device used?

A

helps the dental radiographer to position the PID in relation to the tooth and receptor

107
Q

When is an EndoRay film holder used?

A

During a root canal

108
Q

Which XCP device is used for anterior teeth?

A

Blue

109
Q

Which XCP device is used for posterior teeth?

A

Yellow

110
Q

What XCP device is used for bite wing techniques?

A

Red

111
Q

What XCP device is used for endodontic procedures?

A

Teal

112
Q

Dental receptors places inside the mouth are termed:
a. intra oral
b. extra oral
c. occlusal
d. all of the above

A

A

113
Q

The component part of the dental x-ray machine that contains the x ray tube is called:
a. control panel
b. tube head
c. extension arm
d. console

A

B

114
Q

The component part of the dental x ray machine that allows movement and positioning of the tube head is termed the;
a. control panel
b. extension arm
c. console
d. position indicating device

A

B

115
Q

The dental radiographer can regulate the x-ray beam (kV, mA, time) through the use of the
a. control panel
b. extension arm
c. tube head
d. PID

A

A

116
Q

An instrument that is used to help the dental radiographer position the PID in relation to the tooth and the receptor is the:
a. receptor hold
b. beam alignment device
c. collimating device
d. non of the above

A

B

117
Q

A device that is used to stabilize an intra oral receptor is termed:
a. collimating device
b. receptor holder
c. beam alignment device
d. none of the above

A

B

118
Q

Which of the following is used to restrict the size of the x ray beam to the size of an intra oral receptor?
a. collimating device
b receptor holder
c. beam alignment device
d. none of the above

A

A

119
Q

True or False: the federal government dictates how dental x ray equipment is used

A

F

120
Q

True or False: State and local government dictates codes that pertain to the use of dental x ray equipment

A

T

121
Q

True or False: Portable dental x ray units are approved in all states?

A

F

122
Q

True or False: Studies have shown that a portable dental x ray unit can be use to produce high quality diagnostic images

A

T

123
Q

True or False: With a portable dental x ray unit, operator exposure is limited by using a lead acrylic disk shield around the PID

A

T

124
Q

True or False: an example of a collimating device is the tru align aiming device?

A

T

125
Q

True or False: an example of a beam alignment device is a snap a ray

A

F

126
Q

What is an intra oral imaging examination?

A

inspection used to examine the teeth and intra oral adjacent surfaces, the foundation of dental images

127
Q

What are intra oral receptors

A

receptors placed inside the mouth to examine the teeth and supporting structures

128
Q

What are the 3 types of intra oral examinations?

A
  1. periapical
  2. inter-proximal
  3. occlusal
129
Q

what is the purpose of a periapical examination?

A

to examine the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone

130
Q

what kind of receptor is used during a periapical exam?

A

a periapical receptor

131
Q

What are two methods used for obtaining periapical images? (techniques)

A
  1. paralleling technique
  2. bisecting technique
132
Q

What is the purpose of an inter-proximal examination?

A

used to examine the crowns of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image

133
Q

What type of receptor do we use in interproximal examinations?

A

bite wing receptor is used

134
Q

what method is used for obtaining interproximal examinations? (technique)

A

bite wing technique

135
Q

What is the purpose of an occlusal examination?

A

used to examine large areas of the maxilla or mandibular on one image

136
Q

what type of receptor is used in an occlusal examination?

A

an occlusal receptor is used (shows an entire arch)

137
Q

what technique is used to obtain an occlusal examination?

A

the occlusal technique

138
Q

what is a complete mouth series (CMS) also known as?

A

A full mouth series (FMS or FMX)

139
Q

what is a complete mouth series?

A

series of intra oral dental images that show all the tooth bearing areas of both jaw

140
Q

what is a tooth bearing area?

A

the regions of the maxilla and manidble where the 32 teeth of the human dentition are normally located

141
Q

what is a dentulous area?

A

area that exhibits teeth

142
Q

what is a edentulous area?

A

an area where teeth are no longer present

143
Q

What techniques are used in a CMS?

A

mostly periapical images
bite wings may be used where teeth have interproximal contact and caries are a concern

144
Q

How many photos are in a CMS?

A

14-20

145
Q

What is an extra oral examination?

A

inspection used to examine large areas of the skull or jaw

146
Q

what kind of receptors are used in extra oral examinations?

A

extra oral imaging receptors are used and are placed outside the mouth

147
Q

what is an example of an extra oral examination?

A

a panoramic image

148
Q

What is the bisecting technique?

A

method used to expose periapical images

149
Q

what are two other terms for the bisecting technique?

A

bisecting angle technique and the bisection of the angle technique

150
Q

Bisecting Technique: What is an angle?

A

two lines diverging from a common point

151
Q

Bisecting Technique: What is a bisect?

A

to divide into equal parts

152
Q

Bisecting Technique: What is a triangle?

A

figure formed by connecting three points, so it has three angles

153
Q

Bisecting Technique: What is an equilateral triangle?

A

a triangle with three equal sides

154
Q

Bisecting Technique: what is a right triangle?

A

a triangle with one 90-degree angle

155
Q

Bisecting Technique:what is a congruent triangle?

A

triangles that are identical and correspond exactly when superimposed

156
Q

Bisecting Technique: What is a hypotenuse?

A

the side of a right triangle opposite to the right angle

157
Q

Bisecting Technique: what is isometry?

A

equality of measurment

158
Q

Bisecting Technique: What is the long axis of the tooth?

A

an imaginary line that divides the tooth longitudinally into two equal haves

159
Q

Bisecting Technique:What is the central ray?

A

centre portion of the primary beam of x-radiation

160
Q

What geometric principle is important in the bisecting technique?

A

the rule of isometry

161
Q

what is the rule of isometry?

A

states that two triangles are equal if the triangles have two equal angles and share a common side

162
Q

what tooth surface does the receptor get placed on in the bisecting technique?

A

lingual

163
Q

Bisecting Technique: at the point where the receptor contacts the tooth, the plane of the receptor and the _____ _____ of the tooth form an angle

A

long axis

164
Q

what is the imaginary bisector?

A

creates two equal angles and provides a common side for the two imaginary equal triangles

165
Q

where must the radiographer direct the central ray of the x ray beam in the bisecting technique?

A

perpendicular to the imaginary bisector

166
Q

Bisecting Technique: When the central ray is directed at an angle of ___ degrees to the imaginary bisector, two imaginary equal triangles are formed

A

90

167
Q

Bisecting Technique: the two imaginary triangles that result are ____ triangles and are congruent

A

right

168
Q

Bisecting Technique: The hypotenuse of one imaginary triangle is represented by the ____ ____ oof the tooth and the plane of the receptor repersents the other _______

A

long axis and hypotensuse

169
Q

True or False: When the rule of isometry is followed strictly, the image of the tooth in the bisecting technique will be accurate?

A

True

170
Q

Bisecting Technique: When the angle is formed by the plane of the receptor and the long axis of the tooth is bisected, and the x ray beam is directed at a right angle to the imaginary bisector, the actual tooth and the image of the tooth are the _______ length

A

same

171
Q

Bisecting Technique: When can longer images occur?

A

when the beam angulation is too flat

172
Q

Bisecting Technique: When can shorter images occur?

A

When the beam angulation is too steep

173
Q

What beam alignment device can be used in the bisecting technique?

A

Rinn BAI System ( BAI= bisecting angle instrument)

174
Q

What could we use during the bisecting technique to limit patient exposure?

A

a collimator

175
Q

Why is using the Rinn BAI System useful?

A

helps with horizontal and vertical angulations, prevents cone cut, and minimizes distortion from receptor bending

176
Q

True or False: aiming rings are used with receptor holders when using the bisecting technique

A

False- the operator must determine the horizontal and vertical angulations

177
Q

what two receptor holders are used during the bisecting technique?

A

Stabe bite block (Rinn)- styrofoam block used to hold a receptor
Rinn snap a ray holder- used to stabilize a receptor

178
Q

True or False: The Rinn BAI, Rinn snap a ray holder and the Stable bite block are all reusable instruments that much be sterilized

A

False; the Stable bite block is disposable

179
Q

What kind of collimator is recommended for the bisecting technique and why

A

the rectangular collimator, it limits patients exposure

180
Q

What size and orientation is a receptor used in the anterior region in the bisecting technique?

A

Size 2 and vertical

181
Q

What size and orientation isa receptor used in the posterior region in the bisecting technique?

A

size 2 and horizontal

182
Q

Does using a Rinn BAI system with aiming rings dictate the proper PID angualtion?

A

Yes

183
Q

If using a receptor holder what must the dental radiographer determine on their own?

A

the horizontal and vertical angulation

184
Q

What is horizontal angulation?

A

positioning of the PID and the direction of the central ray in a horizontal or side-to-side plane

185
Q

What does correct horizontal angulation look like in the bisecting technique?

A

the central ray is directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch and through the contact areas of the teeth. image appears “open”

186
Q

What does incorrect horizontal angulation look like in the bisecting technique?

A

results in overlapped and unopened contact areas. thus results in a nondiagnostic image

187
Q

What is vertical angulation?

A

refers to the positioning of the PID ina vertical or up and down plane

188
Q

What does vertical angulation look like in the bisecting technique?

A

determined by the imaginary bisector, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector

189
Q

What does correct vertical angulation look like in the bisecting technique?

A

correct vertical angulation results in a dental image that is the same length as the tooth. There is a chart to follow to give a recommended vertical angulation based on teeth

190
Q

What does incorrect vertical angulation look like in the bisecting technique?

A

results in an image that is not of the same length of the tooth, instead distortion and elongated images appear

191
Q

What is a foreshortened image? and why is it caused

A

image that appears shortened. caused by excessive vertical angulation or when the central ray is directed perpendicular to the plane of the receptor rathe than to the imaginary bisector

192
Q

What is an elongated image? and why is it caused?

A

teeth that appear to long, results from insufficient vertical angulation (too flat) also when the central ray is directed perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth rather than to the imaginary bisector

193
Q

Rules for Bisecting Technique: The receptor must be positioned to cover which areas?

A

the prescribed areas

194
Q

Rules for Bisecting Technique: What surface must the receptor be placed against?

A

the lingual surface

195
Q

Rules for Bisecting Technique: The occlusal end of the receptor must extend how far beyond the incisal or occulsal surface?

A

1/8 inch

196
Q

Rules for Bisecting Technique: The apical end of the receptor must rest against the _____ or the alveolar tissues

A

palatal

197
Q

Rules for Bisecting Technique: (vertical) The central ray of the x ray beam must be directed ________ to the imaginary bisector that divides the angle formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth

A

Perpendicular

198
Q

Rules for Bisecting Technique: (horizontal) The central ray of the x ray beam be directed through the _____ ______ between teeth

A

contact areas

199
Q

Rules for Bisecting Technique: the x ray beam must be _____ on the receptor to ensure that all area of the receptor are exposed

A

centered

200
Q

What region of the teeth do we start with when completing an exposure sequence of the bisecting technique? Why?

A

Anterior, to allows patient to get used to the beam alignment device and avoids the chance of triggering the gag reflex

201
Q

How many total anterior placements are used in the bisecting technique?

A

6 ( 3 max 3 mand)

202
Q

When exposing maxillary anterior teeth in the bisecting technique do we go L to R or R to L

A

R to L

203
Q

When exposing mandibular anterior teeth in the bisecting technique do we go L to R or R to L

A

L to R

204
Q

What tooth do we start with in the maxillary anterior series?

A

max right canine

205
Q

what tooth do you end with in the maxillary anterior series?

A

max left canine

206
Q

what tooth do you start with in the mandibular anterior series?

A

mand left canine

207
Q

what tooth do you finish with in the mandibular anterior series?

A

mand right canine

208
Q

What receptor do we expose first in the posterior sequence?

A

premolars, again less change of gag reflex

209
Q

how many receptor placements are used in the posterior region

A

8 (4 max 4 mand)

210
Q

What region do we start with in the posterior series?

A

maxillary right quad

211
Q

what teeth do we expose in the posterior series in what order

A

pre molar and then the molar

212
Q

what is the sequence for exposing posterior (by quad)

A

max right, mand right, max left, mand left

213
Q

how many images do we take in a CMS of the bisecting technique?

A

14

214
Q

Two max canine
One max incisor
Two mand canine
One mand incisor
Two max premolar
Two max molar
Two mand premolar
Two mand molar

is and example of what

A

CMS of the bisecting technique

215
Q

What is the main advantage of using the bisecting technique

A

eliminates the need of the beam alignment device

216
Q

What is some disadvantages of using the bisecting technique?

A

image distortion and angulation problems

217
Q

BW: what does interproximal mean?

A

between two adjacent spaces

218
Q

what is a bite-wing receptor? what does it look like?

A

used in interproximal exams, has wings or tabs that the patient bites on

219
Q

what is the alveolar bone?

A

bone that supports and encases the roots of teeth

220
Q

what is the crestal bone?

A

coronal portion of the alveolar bone found between teeth also known as the alveolar crest

221
Q

what is a contact area?

A

the area of a tooth that touches an adjacent tooth: the area where adjacent tooth surfaces contact each-other

222
Q

what is a horizontal bite wing?

A

bite wing receptor is placed into the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direct

223
Q

what are opened contacts?

A

on a dental image opened contacts appear as thin radiolucent lines between adjacent tooth surfaces

224
Q

what are overlapped contacts?

A

on a dental image the area where the contact are of one tooth is superimposed over the contact area of an adjacent tooth

225
Q

what is a vertical bite wing?

A

the bite wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction

226
Q

Why is the bite wing technique used?

A

to examine inter-proximal surfaces of the teeth

227
Q

BW: The receptor is placed in the mouth ______ to the crown of both maxillary and mandibular arches

A

parallel

228
Q

BW: How is the receptor stabilized in the patients mouth?

A

the patient bites on the bite wing tab or a bite block is used

229
Q

BW: What vertical angulation should be used with bite wings?

A

+10 deg

230
Q

What colour beam aligment device is used for bite wings?

A

red

231
Q

What is a size 0 receptor used for? is it used vertically or horizontal

A

posterior teeth of children with primary dentition- horizontal

232
Q

What is a size 2 receptor used for? vertically or horizontally?

A

posterior teeth in other children and adults - both vertical and horizontal

233
Q

What is a size 3 receptor used for? vertically or horizontally?

A

narrower and longer than size two and is only used in adults in a horizontal position

234
Q

what does the term angulation mean?

A

describes the alignment of the central ray of the x ray beam in both horizontal and vertical planes

235
Q

what does correct horizontal angulation look like in BW?

A

the central ray is directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch, and through the contact areas of teeth. The areas of the image is opened

236
Q

what does incorrect horizontal angulation look like in BW?

A

results in overlapped contact areas and may require a retake

237
Q

If the PID is positioned above the occlusal plane and the central ray is directed downward the vertical angulation is deemed _______

A

positive

238
Q

If the PID is positioned below the occlusal plane and the central ray is directed upward the vertical angulation is deemed _______

A

negative

239
Q

What does correct vertical angulation look like in BW?

A

+10 deg

240
Q

what does incorrect vertical angulation look like in BW?

A

results in a distored image

241
Q

How many BW xrays do we need to take for a full series

A

4 (2 pm 2 m )

242
Q

Which examination area describes the primary area of the bite wing images?
a. apical areas of the teeth
b. apical and interproximal areas of the teeth?
c. interproximal areas of the teeth
d. pulp chambers of the teeth

A

C

243
Q

Which is the correct vertical angulation used with the bite wing technique?
a. -10 deg
b. -20 deg
c. +10 deg
d. +15 deg

A

C

244
Q

Which statement described the relationship of the receptor to maxillary and mandibular teeth in the bite wing technique?
a. the receptor an the teeth are parallel to eachother
b. the receptor and teeth are at right angles of eachtoher
c. the receptor and the teeth are perpendicular to eachother
d. the receptor and teeth intersect with eachother

A

A

245
Q

Which of the follow statements about the exposure sequence for a CMS that includes periapical and bite wing exposures are incorrect?
a. anterior periapical receptors are always exposed first
b. posterior periapical receptors are exposed after anterior c. periapiclas
bite wing receptors are exposed last
d. none of the above

A

D

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