Midterm Exam Part 1

Question 1

1 Definition of Psychology

Answer 1

The science of mind and behavior

Question 2

2 Definition of Psychology

Answer 2

The science of experimental epistemology (theory of knowledge)

Question 3

3 Definition of Psychology

Answer 3

The science of knowing and experiencing

Question 4

4 Definition of Psychology

Answer 4

The science of things that move around on their own

Question 5

What 3 sciences did definition #1 (the science of mind and behavior) consist of?

Answer 5

1. Structuralism
2. Behaviorism
3. Cognitivism

Question 6

What year was structuralism founded? What does it mean?

Answer 6

1879; science of the mind, looks for elements of thought

Question 7

Who founded structuralism?

Answer 7

Wilhelm Wundt; first lab for psychology
Taught Titchner who had the idea of structuralism
Coordinated structuralism with the idea of science of the mind

Question 8

What did Titchner believe?

Answer 8

Thoughts had images connected to them

Question 9

Who founded behaviorism?

Answer 9

John Watson 1913

Question 10

What does behaviorism look at?

Answer 10

It looks at psychology as an observable science; looks at data objectively

Question 11

Who founded cognitivism and in what year?

Answer 11

Ulric Neisser 1967

Question 12

What does cognitivism look at?

Answer 12

Mind and behavior; attention, perception, language, memory (COMPUTERS INPUT & OUTPUT)

Question 13

Where do you get knowledge from? NATIVISM VIEWPOINT

Answer 13

Nature; you are born with the knowledge (INNATE)

Question 14

Where do you get knowledge from? EMPIRICISM VIEWPOINT

Answer 14

Nurture; knowledge comes from experience; born with a clean slate TABULA RASA

Question 15

How do you learn your knowledge? RATIONALISM VIEWPOINT

Answer 15

Learn by thinking about things and making inferences; manipulation of concepts and ideas

Question 16

How do you learn your knowledge? ASSOCIATIONISM

Answer 16

Connect experiences together

Question 17

How is our mind and physical body related and how do they interact? DUALISM VIEWPOINT

Answer 17

There are 2 kind of stuff that make up the universe and they interact; the physical body AND the non-physical (mind, soul, thoughts)

Question 18

How is our mind and physical body related and how do they interact? MATERIALISM VIEWPOINT

Answer 18

Everything is made up in the world is physical; a THOUGHT is part of the PHYSICAL world; electrical signal = physical, thoughts = electrical signals

Question 19

The movement of things and why things happen was ORIGINALLY focused on what sciences?

Answer 19

Physics = matter and motion
And
Biology

Question 20

What does physics and biology NOT account for?

Answer 20

Animate motion (movement without applying anything to it); things moving around on their own

Ex. Jumping and stepping to the side is a BEHAVIOR

Question 21

Psychology accounts for the ANIMATE motion

Answer 21

Things that move around on their own; humans, dogs chimps, bacteria, NOT rocks

Question 22

Things that move on their own

Answer 22

Make up psychology, have goals, have knowledge of success of goals, perception, learn environment, have memories; LOCOMOTION

Question 23

A reflex occurs without what?

Answer 23

Thought from the frontal cortex

Question 24

The INITIAL signal of a reflex triggers where?

Answer 24

BACK; spinal cord SENSORY

Question 25

The FINAL signal of a reflex comes out where?

Answer 25

FRONT; to the muscle MOTOR

Question 26

Cell body (soma)

Answer 26

Contains the nucleus

Question 27

Dendrites

Answer 27

Receive input from the previous neuron (presynaptic neuron)

Question 28

Axon

Answer 28

Sends the signal AWAY from cell body to the next neuron (post synaptic neuron)

Question 29

Myelin sheath

Answer 29

Fatty material that insulates the axon for the information to pass FASTER & EFFICIENTLY

Question 30

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 30

Gaps in the myelin sheath (exchange of ions)

Question 31

Axon terminals

Answer 31

Where the neuron connects to another neuron to send signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS)

Question 32

Synapse

Answer 32

Gap in between the first neuron and the second neuron (signal jumps across)

Question 33

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 33

*Autoimmune disorder where the nervous system treats myelin sheath as foreign & attacks it *Not many action potentials fire correctly *Signals have harder time traveling or even happening *Hard for someone to walk or see; MUSCLE WEAKNESS

Question 34

Resting state of neuron

Answer 34

*Resting state = -70mV *Na+ ions are OUTSIDE the neuron *More NEGATIVE ions INSIDE the neuron and more POSITIVE ions OUTSIDE the neuron *Makes it more NEGATIVE inside neuron than outside

Question 35

Neuron is stimulated by other neuron (neurotransmitters)

Answer 35

*Na+ ions slowly go inside neuron *-70mV goes up to -55mV *-55mV threshold allows AP to happen

Question 36

Depolarization occurs (neuron becomes more POSITIVE)

Answer 36

*Na+ gates are opened once the threshold is reached and Na+ rushes into neuron *More positive neuron = +40mV *AP is fired

Question 37

Repolarization/hyperpolarization

Answer 37

*Potassium K+ ions flood OUT the neuron because too positive *Neuron becomes more negative *Overshoots resting state

Question 38

Back to resting state

Answer 38

*Sodium potassium pumps push K+ back into the neuron and Na+ back out of the neuron *More Na+ outside the cell making it POSITIVE outside the cell *Less K+ inside the cell making it more NEGATIVE *-70mV resting potential

Question 39

Action potential travels down the axon at what speed?

Answer 39

50 - 100 m/sec

Question 40

Synapse

Answer 40

Gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron

Question 41

Neurotransmitters are the KEY

Answer 41

Vesicles hold neurotransmitters and release them

Question 42

Receptor molecules are the LOCK

Answer 42

Located in dendrites of postsynaptic neuron; key opens lock and now Na+ comes into neuron

Question 43

What do SSRIs do?

Answer 43

*Drug that stops reuptake of serotonin *Keeps serotonin in the synapse to have more serotonin to use

Question 44

What was Charles Sherrington experiment in discovering the synapse?

Answer 44

*Dog experiment *Scratch dog in area, stop responding bc of inhibition, snips spinal column, no more inhibition

Question 45

The Central Nervous System consists of what?

Answer 45

Brain & Spinal Cord

Question 46

The Peripheral Nervous System consists of what?

Answer 46

*Somatic Nervous System (muscles, senses = voluntary) *Autonomic Nervous System (vital functions = involuntary) *sympatheic NS *Parasympathetic NS

Question 47

Examples of sympathetic NS (Autonomic NS)

Answer 47

Fight or flight, emergency state (car crash), energy, increased heart rate

Question 48

Examples of the Parasympathetic NS (Autonomic NS)

Answer 48

Calm state, rest & digest, slower heart rate