Midterm Exam Part 1 Flashcards
1 Definition of Psychology
The science of mind and behavior
2 Definition of Psychology
The science of experimental epistemology (theory of knowledge)
3 Definition of Psychology
The science of knowing and experiencing
4 Definition of Psychology
The science of things that move around on their own
What 3 sciences did definition #1 (the science of mind and behavior) consist of?
- Structuralism
- Behaviorism
- Cognitivism
What year was structuralism founded? What does it mean?
1879; science of the mind, looks for elements of thought
Who founded structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt; first lab for psychology
Taught Titchner who had the idea of structuralism
Coordinated structuralism with the idea of science of the mind
What did Titchner believe?
Thoughts had images connected to them
Who founded behaviorism?
John Watson 1913
What does behaviorism look at?
It looks at psychology as an observable science; looks at data objectively
Who founded cognitivism and in what year?
Ulric Neisser 1967
What does cognitivism look at?
Mind and behavior; attention, perception, language, memory (COMPUTERS INPUT & OUTPUT)
Where do you get knowledge from? NATIVISM VIEWPOINT
Nature; you are born with the knowledge (INNATE)
Where do you get knowledge from? EMPIRICISM VIEWPOINT
Nurture; knowledge comes from experience; born with a clean slate TABULA RASA
How do you learn your knowledge? RATIONALISM VIEWPOINT
Learn by thinking about things and making inferences; manipulation of concepts and ideas
How do you learn your knowledge? ASSOCIATIONISM
Connect experiences together
How is our mind and physical body related and how do they interact? DUALISM VIEWPOINT
There are 2 kind of stuff that make up the universe and they interact; the physical body AND the non-physical (mind, soul, thoughts)
How is our mind and physical body related and how do they interact? MATERIALISM VIEWPOINT
Everything is made up in the world is physical; a THOUGHT is part of the PHYSICAL world; electrical signal = physical, thoughts = electrical signals
The movement of things and why things happen was ORIGINALLY focused on what sciences?
Physics = matter and motion
And
Biology
What does physics and biology NOT account for?
Animate motion (movement without applying anything to it); things moving around on their own
Ex. Jumping and stepping to the side is a BEHAVIOR
Psychology accounts for the ANIMATE motion
Things that move around on their own; humans, dogs chimps, bacteria, NOT rocks
Things that move on their own
Make up psychology, have goals, have knowledge of success of goals, perception, learn environment, have memories; LOCOMOTION
A reflex occurs without what?
Thought from the frontal cortex
The INITIAL signal of a reflex triggers where?
BACK; spinal cord SENSORY
The FINAL signal of a reflex comes out where?
FRONT; to the muscle MOTOR
Cell body (soma)
Contains the nucleus
Dendrites
Receive input from the previous neuron (presynaptic neuron)
Axon
Sends the signal AWAY from cell body to the next neuron (post synaptic neuron)
Myelin sheath
Fatty material that insulates the axon for the information to pass FASTER & EFFICIENTLY
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath (exchange of ions)
Axon terminals
Where the neuron connects to another neuron to send signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS)
Synapse
Gap in between the first neuron and the second neuron (signal jumps across)
Multiple sclerosis
*Autoimmune disorder where the nervous system treats myelin sheath as foreign & attacks it
*Not many action potentials fire correctly
*Signals have harder time traveling or even happening
*Hard for someone to walk or see; MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Resting state of neuron
*Resting state = -70mV
*Na+ ions are OUTSIDE the neuron
*More NEGATIVE ions INSIDE the neuron and more POSITIVE ions OUTSIDE the neuron
*Makes it more NEGATIVE inside neuron than outside
Neuron is stimulated by other neuron (neurotransmitters)
*Na+ ions slowly go inside neuron
*-70mV goes up to -55mV
*-55mV threshold allows AP to happen
Depolarization occurs (neuron becomes more POSITIVE)
*Na+ gates are opened once the threshold is reached and Na+ rushes into neuron
*More positive neuron = +40mV
*AP is fired
Repolarization/hyperpolarization
*Potassium K+ ions flood OUT the neuron because too positive
*Neuron becomes more negative
*Overshoots resting state
Back to resting state
*Sodium potassium pumps push K+ back into the neuron and Na+ back out of the neuron
*More Na+ outside the cell making it POSITIVE outside the cell
*Less K+ inside the cell making it more NEGATIVE
*-70mV resting potential
Action potential travels down the axon at what speed?
50 - 100 m/sec
Synapse
Gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitters are the KEY
Vesicles hold neurotransmitters and release them
Receptor molecules are the LOCK
Located in dendrites of postsynaptic neuron; key opens lock and now Na+ comes into neuron
What do SSRIs do?
*Drug that stops reuptake of serotonin
*Keeps serotonin in the synapse to have more serotonin to use
What was Charles Sherrington experiment in discovering the synapse?
*Dog experiment
*Scratch dog in area, stop responding bc of inhibition, snips spinal column, no more inhibition
The Central Nervous System consists of what?
Brain & Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System consists of what?
*Somatic Nervous System (muscles, senses = voluntary)
*Autonomic Nervous System (vital functions = involuntary)
*sympatheic NS
*Parasympathetic NS
Examples of sympathetic NS (Autonomic NS)
Fight or flight, emergency state (car crash), energy, increased heart rate
Examples of the Parasympathetic NS (Autonomic NS)
Calm state, rest & digest, slower heart rate
