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Biology Lab 152 > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

What is being changed in the experiment by the scientist

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2
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The data. What is being analyzed of measured

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3
Q

Give an example of the independent and dependent variable using different fertilizer types and the growth of plants.

A

Independent variable:: Changing the fertilizer type

Dependent Variable:: The growth of the plants

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4
Q

What is the Null Hypothesis (HO)?

A

The independent variable will have NO EFFECT on the dependent variable (no change)

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5
Q

What is the Alternative Hypothesis (HA)?

A

The independent variable will HAVE AN EFFECT on the dependent variable (change)

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6
Q

Give an example of the HO using salt concentration using the preferred format:

A

The salt concentration will NOT have an effect on the growth

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7
Q

Give an example of the HA using salt concentration using the preferred format:

A

The salt concentration will have an effect on the growth

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8
Q

What does is mean to have good control for experimental design?

A

The control group gets no changes/treatment and is used as a baseline to compare with the results

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9
Q

What does is mean to have a good replication for experimental design?

A

The experiment must be able to replicable, so that the others can recreate and compare the result

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10
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A very large molecule

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11
Q

What are monomers?

A

Single molecular units

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12
Q

What are polymers?

A

Monomers that have formed in chains or branched structures

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13
Q

List the three categories of macromolecules and give an example of each:

A

1) Proteins ==> Actin
2) Nucleic Acids ==> DNA and RNA
3) Carbohydrates ==> Sugars

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14
Q

What monomers are Carbohydrates made up of?

A

Monosaccharides

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15
Q

What monomers are Proteins made up of?

A

Amino Acids

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16
Q

What monomers are Nucleic Acids made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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17
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

The building blocks of Proteins + are held together to peptide bonds

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18
Q

What is the purpose of proteins?

A

They are the major working molecules of the cell

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19
Q

What is Starch?

A

A polymer of glucose that is a form of energy storage for plants

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20
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

A polymer of glucose that is a form of energy storage for animals

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21
Q

What category of of organic molecules are fats and oils?

A

Fats and oils are not considered a macromolecule

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22
Q

What is glucose?

A

Simple sugar

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23
Q

How are monomers covalently bonded together to form polymers?

A

They use covalent bonds

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24
Q

List the 3 basic principles of Cell Theory:

A

1) All Living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the unit of life
3) All cells come from preexisting cells

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25
Q

What are the 3 basic characteristic of Prokaryotic cells?

A

1) They have no true nucleus
2) They are usually Bacteria/Archea
3) They tend to be unicellular

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26
Q

What are the 3 basic characteristics of Eukaryote cells?

A

1) They have a true nucleus
2) They are usually fungi, plants, and animals
3) They can be both unicellular and multicellular

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27
Q

What are basic characteristics of all cells?

A

1) All cells have a plasma membrane
2) Cells have hereditary information (DSA) to pass on to their daughter cells
3) Cells have metabolism and can perform chemical reactions

28
Q

What is the purpose of a cells plasma membrane?

A

To separate them from the outside world, and to control what gets in and out of the cell

29
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of tissues

30
Q

How are cells in multicellular organisms grouped?

A

Tissues

31
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues contain cells of similar structure and origin that act together to perform a similar function

32
Q

List the organization of multicellular organisms:

A

Cells ==> tissues ==> organ ==> organ systems

33
Q

What are organs? Give an example:

A

The heart, liver, skin, and kidney ]

34
Q

What is the organ system? Give an example:

A

The organ system is where the organs work together (interact) a functioning organism

Ex) The digestive system + respiratory system

35
Q

What are the 4 major categories of Tissues types:

A

1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Muscle Tissue
3) Connective Tissue
4) Nervous Tissue

36
Q

List the 6 Organelles and their functions:

A

1) Nucleus
2) Ribosomes
3) Endoplasmic Reticulum
4) Golgi apparatus -
5) Chloroplasts
6) Mitochondria

37
Q

What are unique characteristics of plant cells?

A

1) They have a rigid cell wall
2) They have green chloroplasts which process photosynthesis
3) They have a central vacuole which store water and waste material

38
Q

What is Brownian motion? Give an example:

A

Brownian motion is the random, erratic movement of molecules.

Ex) If you add milk to a cup of black coffee and watch as the milk slowly turns the coffee a light brown

39
Q

What is the Concentration gradient? Give an example:

A

The CG is The difference in the concentration of a substance between areas.

Ex) The perfume bottle example

40
Q

What is Diffusion? Give an example:

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of of higher concentration to an area of lower

41
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. From one area of higher concentration to a lower

42
Q

What are the 3 factors that may effect Diffusion:

A

1) Temperature
2) Concentration gradient must be present
3) Molecule size

43
Q

List the 3 cell environments:

A

1) Hypertonic
2) Hypotonic
3) Isotonic

44
Q

Define Tonicity:

A

The ability to move water in and out of a cell across a cell membrane by osmosis

45
Q

What does it mean to be Isotonic and how would it effect the cell environment?

A

The number of dissolved solutes in and out of the cell is the same amount. The cell remains the same

46
Q

What does it mean to be Hypertonic and how would it effect the cell environment?

A

The number of dissolved solutes are greater OUTSIDE the cell than inside the cell itself.

The cell gets bigger as water goes inside to attain equilibrium

47
Q

What does it mean to be Hypotonic and how would it effect the cell environment?

A

The number of dissolved solutes are LESSER outside the cell then inside the cell itself.

The cell shrinks as water moves outside to attain equilibrium

48
Q

What is a solute? Give an example:

A

What is being dissolved in a solution.

An example would be the creamer being poured into a cup of coffee

49
Q

What is a solvent? Give an example:

A

The solution that the solute is being dissolved in.

The cup of coffee

50
Q

What is the cell membrane and what is its function?

A

The cell membrane is selectively permeable and act as barriers to allow certain molecules to pass through

51
Q

Which molecules are able to freely pass though a cell membrane?

A

Water, gases, and some small molecules.

52
Q

Can large molecules pass through the cell membrane?

A

No

53
Q

Define Resolving Power

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish two close together images as being separate

54
Q

What is Resolution?

A

The measure of the sharpness of an image

55
Q

What are 2 lenses that a compound microscope has and where are they located?

A

1) Ocular lens –> in the eyepiece

2) Objective Lens –> above the stage

56
Q

How do you obtain the total magnification?

A

Multiply the magnification factor of the ocular lens by the objective lens

57
Q

What Is the magnification of the Ocular lens?

A

10x

58
Q

What is the magnification of the Object lens and there colors?

A

1) Scanning 4x ==> Red
2) Low 10x ==> Yellow
3) High 40x ==> Blue

59
Q

What is magnification?

A

The act of enlarging a small image

60
Q

What is field of vision?

A

What you can see

61
Q

What is the depth of field?

A

The thickness of a specimen that can be viewed with one plane of focus

62
Q

List the 5 steps to be taken when focusing a compound microscope?

A

1) Start with the scanning lens
2) Place the slide on stage and once the image is visible then center it under the scanning, low, or high
3) Use the course adjustment knob to move the stage up and down
4) When the specimen is almost in focus, use the fine adjustment knob to obtain the clearest view
5) Start with the low power lens and slowly move into the high power lens. Refocus with the one adjustment knob If necessary

63
Q

What is the function of the Epithelial Tissue and where is it located? Give a description:

A

Function: They provide protection, secretion, absorption

Location: They serve as coverings for the organs as well as linings of organs

64
Q

What is the function of the Connective Tissue and where is it located?

A

Function: They provide protection and support for the body

Location: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendon

65
Q

What is the function of the Muscle Tissue and where is it located?

A

Function: They are involved with contraction

Location: the heart

Biology Lab 152 (6 decks)

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