MidTerm Exam Flashcards
Open dating
Found on perishable foods
Meat, poultry, eggs
Closed/coded dating
Found on shelf stable products
Canned goods, boxed foods
Sell by date
How long to display the product for sale
Use by
Recommended use of the product while at peak quality
Best if used by
Not a purchase or safety date, it is for best flavor and quality
Closed or coded dates
Used by manufacturers to locate and track
What do foods get when there becomes an odor and different flavor
Spoilage bacteria
What happens if foods are mishandled
They can cause food-borne illness
Chronic diseases
Long term that aren’t contagious and very preventable
Factors that increase the risk of chronic diseases
Unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, genetics
7 out of 10 deaths are due to
Non communicable diseases
Progress has been made clear on reducing unsafe water and sanitation but _______ are an increasing threat
Diet obesity and drug
Epidemiological transition
Patterns of disease shift away from infectious and nutrient deficiencies
Nutrition transition
Shifts towards higher density diet with a greater role for fat and added sugars in foods
Sensory characteristics
Taste is number one factor to determine food choices
Flavor, appearance, texture
Dorito effect
Taste shape, can’t have just one
When are most chronic diseases expressed
Adulthood, main burden is seen in people older than 60
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nutrient that is the main source of energy for the body
Simple carbs
Sugars that provide quick energy
Fruits, honey,milk
Complex carbs
Sugars that form long chains
Grains vegetables, rice
Fiber
Part of fiber and grains that can’t be digested
Insoluble fiber
Bonds with water to produce bowl movements (prevent constipation)
Soluble fiber
Reduces blood cholesterol level and risk of heart disease
What is ketoacidosis
State where body breaks down fat for energy, levels of ketones raise in blood
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Based on scientific knowledge presented by the food nutrition board (FNB) of the national Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Defect of overconsumption of protein
To much used can impose metabolic burden on the bones kidneys and liver
High protein/ high meat diets may be associated with
Risk of coronary heart disease due to saturated and cholesterol or even cancer
80% of ___________ are attributed to dietary practices
Breast, bowel and prostate cancers
How much oil per day is healthy
6 teaspoons or 2 tablespoons
Sources of dietary fats
Animal- meat, dairy
Plant- vegetables, oil, nuts
Hidden-fries, pizza, pasta
Weight gain occurs when
Energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
How is excess energy stored
As triglycerides
Risk of cancer decreased with diets of
Fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, low in trans fats
There is a correlation between trans fats and
Cancer
Connection between salt and
Stomach cancer, upper throat cancer
After tobacco, ________ seems to be most avoidable cause of cancers in populations with western patterns of cancer incidents
Overweight/ obesity
Under consumes nutrients and nutrients of public health concern
Many consume amounts of nutrients below adequate intake levels
Which nutrients are under consumed by many people
Potassium, dietary fiber, magnesium, calcium, vitamins-ADEC
Low intakes of nutritious food groups- vegetables, fruits, whole grains and dairy
Lead to lack of nutrients intake and unhealthy eating patterns
Low intakes of dietary fiber are due to
Low intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
Low intakes of potassium are due to
Low intakes of fruits, vegetables, dairy
Sunlight on the skin enables the body to make
Vitamin D
Acculturation
Process by which individuals adopt attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, of a new culture
Our bodies contain more than ____ cells
100 billion
Does your body have more human cells or microbiome cells
Microbiome 100 trillion
Where can microbiome cells be found throughout the body
Diverse they can be found nearly everywhere
Where do microbiomes concentrate throughout the body
Nose, uterus, digestive system, shoulder, teeth
What does S. Mutans do to your teeth
Causes decay, weakens enamel, produces sugars and lactic acid
What does S. Mitis do for your teeth
Forms biofilm on enamel, if enters blood stream can cause inflammation of heart
What does the B. Subtilis do
Form spores, found in human gut, used to make soybean product
Number of _____ varies from person to person
Microbes
What are the functions of the gut microbiota
- Stick to intestinal wall,
- harmful bacteria cannot produce antimicrobial substances,
- produce mucin to boost immunity
- digest certain foods
- Produces vitamins and absorbs nutrients
What is key to ensuring proper digestive function
Balanced gut microbiota
What is the mucosa
Inner most layer of gastrointestinal tract
What is the mucosa made up of
Epithelium
Front lines of immune defense
Immunoglobulin
Food moves through your digestive system by process called
Peristalsis
What is the function of the small intestines
Digests food, extracts nutrients
After food passes through small intestines it goes into
The 6 foot colon/ large intestines
What are the gate keepers of the gut
Epithelial cells/colonocytes
Where is the largest number of bacterial cells found
In the large intestines
Human gut microbiota are dominated by
Four main phyla
When the body essentially attacks itself
Autoimmune disease
Immune system is comprised of
T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are a link between
Bodily tissues and immune system
What can alter digestive systems environment
Antibiotics
Acid reducing medication can cause
Bad bacteria make way to colon, causing dysbiosis
What can C. Difficile do
cause Bacterial imbalance
Chronically intestinal inflammation
Crohn’s disease
Beneficial bacteria are known as
Probiotics
Existing together without harm
Commensal relationship
People who eat red meat have higher risk of
Heart disease
What does the centers for disease control (CDC) measure
To little or to much consumption
Morbidity rates
Measure deaths and illness
While TB incident has decreased what has increased
Type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome is a
Multifaceted syndrome
By itself _____ is not considered a disease
Obesity
Reasons for obesity in poor countries
Impacts of population growth
Decreased physical activity
Over consumption of high energy foods
What does visceral fat do
Wraps around the internal organs
What does subcutaneous fat do
Lies under skin around belly thighs and rear
What fat is linked to metabolic disease
Visceral fat
What causes the inflammatory trigger in obesity
Excess high fat diet
Signs of an inflammatory response
Molecule from a microbe
Parasite
Foreign body
Injured tissue
What is good to the gut bacteria
Bacteroidetes
Bad to the gut microbes
Firmicutes
Diabetes is leading cause of
Kidney failure
Lower limb amputations
Cases of blindness among adults
Risk of developing type 2 diabetes is influenced by
Genetics
Obesity
Insulin and glucagon are
Hormones that regulate blood glucose and energy storage, produced by the pancreas
Elevated blood glucose levels can damage blood vessels and lead to
CVD
What is atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Dietary cholesterol comes from
Only animal products
High density lipoproteins at
Good
Connected with decreased risk of heart disease
Low density lipoproteins
Bad
Connected with increased risk of heart disease
What can occur as an effect of atherosclerosis
Heart attack
Are Premenopausal women less prone to heart disease than men
Yes
Oxidation is a chemical process cause by
Oxygen free radicals
What do free radicals do
Oxidize density lipoproteins
Two types of inflammation
Acute
Chronic
Why is inflammation characterized by
Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, some immobility
What are cytokines
Small molecules released by cells into the blood, activate inflammation
Cytokines storms do what to the body
Have potential to do harm to the body
70% of immune cells are in our
Digestive system
Anti inflammatory food component
Omega 3 fatty acids
Antioxidant nutrients
Vitamins E and C
Free radicals are produced in the body when
Oxygen is breathed
Foods are eaten
What are essential to many metabolic reactions in the body
Free radicals
Most frequent types of cancer in US
Lung, Breast, colon
Stomach cancer is frequent in
Japan
_____ cancer is prominent in US
Colon
Which bacterium causes stomach ulcers, increased risk of stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori,
Chemicals and radiation damage genes and make them more susceptible to
Cancer
Cancer develops in three stages
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
3 food groups that can form cancer causing chemicals
All meats
Poultry
Fish
When proteins are heated
Carcinogens appear
HCAs are forked when
Extreme heat causes chemical reaction between amino acids
Fat flares
PAH
Blackened skin
HCA
Beneficial bacteria
Probiotics
Lactobacillus found in
Small intestine
Ileum bifidobacteria
Found in large intestine
Fermented mil is best example of
Early probiotic
Lactic acidosis bacteria is used for
Preservation of food
Can vegetables be fermented
Yes
Biopreservation
Extension of shelf life and food safety
Fermentation
Process of growth of organisms in foods
Example of fermented, biopreserved product
Yogurt
Probiotics when consumed can confer
Health benefits to the host
Microorganisms can
Colonize the guy
Probiotic improves the
Intestinal microbial balance
Most commonly used probiotics
Lactobacillus spp
Bifidobacterium spp
Lactococcus spp
Probiotics can degrade toxins produced by
Pathogenic bacteria
What are prebiotics
Non digestible food ingredients that help grow good bacteria
Commonly known prebiotics
Oligofructose
Insulin
Galactic- olgosaccharides
What are symbiotic
Combo of both pre and pro biotics
What is gastroenteritis
Severe inflammation to the GI tract
What prevents travelers diarrhea
Probiotics
IDB
Irritable bowel Disease
Intestinal microbiota May contribute to
Obesity
Which bacteria does probiotics reduce in the stomach
H pylori bacteria
What are probiotics considered
Supplements
Probiotics should be taken under medical direction
Don’t take them like a multivitamin
Most common species found in probiotics
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
