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Western Civ. 1 > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Australopithecines

A

The first hominids to make simple stone tools.

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2
Q

Neanderthals

A

First to bury their dead. Originated in Germany. Replaced by Homo sapiens sapiens.

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3
Q

Paleolithic Peoples

A

Rough equality existed between men and women. Invented tools and made use of fire.

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4
Q

Neolithic Peoples

A

Agricultural revolution; more permanent settlements; Trade; Religious shrines; Invention of writing;

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5
Q

What is a civilization?

A

A complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements such as

  1. an urban focus
  2. distinct religious structure
  3. new political and military structures
  4. a new social structure based on economic power
  5. the development of writing
  6. new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity
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6
Q

Creators of the Mesopotamian Civilization

A

The Sumerians

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7
Q

The Law of Hammurabi

A

“Eye for an eye”

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8
Q

Most important to the development of Egyptian civilization

A

The Nile River.

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9
Q

Egyptian art was…

A

Largely functional.

  1. Hieroglyphs
  2. Papyrus scrolls
  3. Wooden tablets
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10
Q

The Bronze Age centered on…

A

The Neolithic peoples. Megaliths.

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11
Q

Facts about the Hittites

A
  1. The first of the Indo-European peoples to make use of iron.
  2. Important in transmitting Mesopotamian culture, as they transformed it, to later Western civilizations in the Mediterranean area (such as the Hebrews).
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12
Q

Facts about the Assyrian Empire

A
  1. Ashurbanipal was one of their strongest rulers
  2. Renowned for their siege warfare
  3. Ability to create climate of terror
  4. Relief sculpture most popular art produced by them
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13
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh originates with…

A
  1. The Sumerians

2. Parallels Noah’s Ark

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14
Q

The Code of Hammurabi originates with…

A
  1. Babylonian

2. Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth

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15
Q

Funeral Oration by Pericles

A

Pericles gave voice to the ideal of democracy and the importance of the individual. It was the Greeks who created the intellectual foundations of our Western heritage.

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16
Q

“Polis” means…

A

“City State”

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17
Q

The Dark Ages of Greece include events such as…

A
  1. Iron came into use in the construction of weapons
  2. The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet
  3. At the end, the works of Homer appear
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18
Q

The Archaic Age of Greece include events such as…

A
  1. The evolution of the polis as the central institution in Greek life.
  2. The Greek’s colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
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19
Q

Characteristics of Spartan Civilization

A
  1. They discouraged studying philosophy, literature, or the arts.
  2. The art of war and ruling were the Spartan ideals.
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20
Q

Greek Historians from Athens

A
  1. Pericles
  2. Herodotus
  3. Thucydides (greatest historian of the ancient world)
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21
Q

Athenian Greek Dramatists

A
  1. Aeschylus (Oresteia)
  2. Sophocles (Oedipus the King, Antigone)
  3. Euripides (The Bacchae) He was a skeptic.
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22
Q

Socrates

A
  1. Athenian philosopher
  2. The SOCRATIC METHOD employs a question-and-answer technique to lead pupils to see things for themselves using their own reason.
  3. Questioned authority
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23
Q

Plato

A
  1. Disciple of Socrates
  2. Fascinated with the question, “what is reality?”
  3. Theory on “IDEAL FORMS” (higher world of eternal, unchanging ideas or forms that have always existed)
  4. Wrote THE REPUBLIC
  5. Established THE ACADEMY in Athens
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24
Q

Aristotle

A
  1. Went to Plato’s school
  2. Tutor to Alexander the Great
  3. Rejected “IDEAL FORMS”
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25
Q

The Hellenistic Period

A
  1. Ushered in by Alexander the Great
  2. Refers to captured territories that incorporated their own technological advancements into society, while simultaneously adopting Greek ideals and priorities.
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26
Q

5 Centers in Hellenistic Greece

A
  1. Alexandria
  2. Jerusalem
  3. Constantinople
  4. Rome
  5. Antioch
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27
Q

Epicureanism

A
  1. gods do not play active role
  2. happiness was the goal of life, the means to achieving it was the pursuit of pleasure
  3. pleasure was not satisfying one’s desire in an active, gluttonous fashion but rather freedom from emotional turmoil and freedom from worry
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28
Q

Stoicism

A
  1. product of Zeno
  2. happiness can only be found in supreme virtue
  3. did not believe that you needed to separate from the world and politics
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29
Q

The Roman State

A

The Roman State was an aristocratic republic controlled by a relatively small group of privileged people.

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30
Q

The Patrician Class

A

Consisted of families who were descended from the original senators appointed during the times of the kings.

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31
Q

The Plebian Class

A

Constituted the considerably larger group of independent, underprivileged, poorer, and vulnerable men as well as non-patrician large landowners, less wealthy landowners, craftsmen, merchants, and small farmers.

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32
Q

The Romans were conservative people…

A

Very concerned about maintaining customs and traditions.

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33
Q

The Equestrian Order

A

A rising group of wealthy citizens who wanted a share in the political power held by the ruling aristocracy.

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34
Q

Caesar

A

Caesars originated in Rome?

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35
Q

Imperator vs. Princeps

A

Princeps=Augustus, military commander

Imperator=Emperor

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36
Q

Primary Source

A

Eye witness

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37
Q

Secondary Source

A

Jury (not the same as “secondhand” knowledge)

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38
Q

The Pentateuch

A

The Law of Moses

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39
Q

Henotheism

A

The idea that Yahweh is one of many

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40
Q

Palace of Knossus

A
  1. On Crete
  2. King Minos & labrynth w/ minotaur
  3. Discovered by Sir Arthur Evans
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41
Q

Oracle at Delphi

A
  1. Predicting the future
  2. Great Temple of Apollo on mountain
  3. Magical vapors
42
Q

Theater of Epidaurus

A
  1. Largest surviving
  2. Near medicine cult
  3. music and theater used in medical therapy
43
Q

Colossus of Rhodes

A
  1. Statue of sun god, Helios

2. Made of Bronze

44
Q

Birth of Olympics

A
  1. Every 4 years, warring states would compete

2. Reward= honor in the name of Zeus

45
Q

Atlantis

A
  1. Written by Plato
46
Q

Parthenon

A
  1. Pericles commissioned the building.
47
Q

Foundation Myths–Rome

A
  1. Livy records it as being founded by the survivor of the sibling rivalry between Romulus and Remus (who was fathered by Mars).
48
Q

“Unity is better than disunity.”

A

Roman Sentate

49
Q

Principles of Roman Government

A
  1. Republican Constitution– “Roman Way”
  2. Government could adapt
  3. No king
  4. Short terms (1 year)
  5. Each office has 2 people
  6. Government should move slowly (bureaucracy)
50
Q

Brutus

A

Sets up Roman Republic

51
Q

Caesar Augustus

A

First emperor, Livy works for him.

52
Q

Julius Caesar

A

Killed at age 44?

53
Q

Heresies

A
  1. Donatism

2. Arianism

54
Q

3 Heirs of the Roman Empire

A
  1. Latin West
  2. Byzantine Empire
  3. Islamic Empire
55
Q

Latin West Facts…

A
  1. Speaks Latin
  2. Roman Catholic
  3. North Alps region
  4. Germanic ethnicities
56
Q

Byzantine Empire Facts…

A
  1. Speaks Greek
  2. Orthodox Christian
  3. Asia Minor/Greece regions
  4. Roman ethnicity
57
Q

Islamic Empire Facts…

A
  1. Speaks Arabic
  2. Islam
  3. North Africa region
  4. Eastern ethnicity
58
Q

Rome sacked when?

A

410 AD by barbarians (Franks)

59
Q

Characteristics of Germanic Cultures

A
  1. Male dominated, warrior society
  2. No system of primogeniture
  3. Loyalty to king (tribal leader) and honor in battle
  4. Disputes settled in feuds
60
Q

3 Institutional Pillars (Early Europe)

A
  1. Papacy
  2. Monasticism
  3. Kingdom of the Franks
61
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

A law code created by Hammurabi (Amorite/ Old Babylonian king).

  1. 282 laws
  2. portrays Hammurabi as the source of justice to the people.
  3. “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”
62
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh

A

A Mesopotamian myth.

1. Similar to the story of Noah and his ark

63
Q

Monotheism

A

The belief that there is only one God.

64
Q

David

A

Originally one of Saul’s lieutenant who became king of Israel.

65
Q

Herodotus

A

An ancient Greek historian.

  1. traveled to Egypt and recorded the mummification process
  2. Author of the first real history in Western Civilization (The Persian Wars)
  3. Struggle between freedom and despotism
66
Q

Pericles

A

An Athenian aristocrat.

  1. Under Pericles, Athens severed its ties with Sparta and propagated democracy
  2. Funeral Oration of Pericles
67
Q

Sparta

A
  1. Emphasized military

2. Did not emphasize democracy

68
Q

Athens

A
  1. Emphasized philosophy, literature, and the arts

2. Emphasized democracy

69
Q

Peloponnisian War

A
  1. Recorded by Greek historian Thucydides
  2. Sparta vs. Athens
  3. Lasted 431-404 BC
  4. Sparta won
70
Q

Helots

A

Laconians, captured by Spartans, who were bound to the land and forced to work on farms and as household servants for the Spartans. Perioikoi were the free Laconians.

71
Q

Minoan Crete

A
  1. A Bronze Age civilization
  2. The palace at Knossus
  3. Ended either as a result of volcanic eruption, or from pillaging by the mainland Greeks (Mycenaeans).
72
Q

Mycenaeans

A
  1. The first Greek State

2. Homer writes about the Mycenaean Greeks in his epic about Agamemnon

73
Q

Hellenistic

A

Used to designate the world order in which blends the achievements of the eastern world with the cultural outlook and attitudes of the Greeks.

74
Q

Alexander the Great

A
  1. Macedonian king
  2. Invaded Persia
  3. Died at age 32
  4. Took the traditional title of “Pharaoh” over Egypt
75
Q

Alexandria

A
  1. A city in Egypt that was founded by Alexander the Great

2. Greek administrative capital of Egypt

76
Q

The Iliad

A
  1. Epic poem of early Greece

2. Depicts the Trojan war and centers on Achilles and how the “wrath of Achilles” led to disaster

77
Q

The Odyssey

A
  1. An epic romance
  2. About Odysseus returning to his wife
  3. “virtue is a better policy than vice”
78
Q

Chief executive officers of the Roman Republic

A
  1. Consuls- lead armies and govern

2. Praetors- execute justice

79
Q

Etruscan

A
  1. From Tuscany, Italy
  2. Influenced early Rome
  3. Used Greek alphabet, but spoke different language
  4. Paved the first roads
80
Q

Paterfamilias

A

Dominant male within the Roman social structure of the family.

81
Q

Roman Senate

A
  1. Consisted of 300 men, drawn primarily from the aristocracy
82
Q

Hannibal

A

The greatest of the Carthaginian generals (founded by the Phoenicians from Tyre, which is in North Africa).

83
Q

Cicero

A

First century B.C.E. politician and writer.

  1. Transmitted the Classical intellectual heritage to the Western world.
  2. Wrote On the Laws and On the Republic
  3. Believed an orator was a statesman
84
Q

The Twelve Tables

A

The first codification of Roman Law.

1. Dealt with litigation procedures, debt, family relations, property, and other matters of public and sacred law.

85
Q

Ovid

A

The last of the great poets of the Golden Age (Rome).

1. Wrote the Art of Love (a guidebook for the seduction of women)

86
Q

Livy

A

One of the chief ancient sources for the history of the early Roman Republic.
1. Used stories to teach Romans moral values and virtues that had made Rome great (tenacity, duty, courage, discipline).

87
Q

Virgil’s Aeneid

A

The most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age.

  1. An epic poem clearly meant to rival the work of Homer.
  2. Virgil’s overall purpose purpose was to show that Aeneas had fulfilled his mission to establish the Romans in Italy and thereby start Rome on its divine mission to rule the world.
88
Q

Diocletian

A
  1. The person behind the last greatest persecution of the Christian church (during that period).
  2. Divided the Roman Empire into four administrative units.
    • Prefecture of Gaul
    • Prefecture of Italy
    • Prefecture of Illyricum
    • Prefecture of the East
  3. Used control and coercion
89
Q

Colosseum

A

A large amphitheater constructed under the emperor Vespasian and his son Titus. It held many gladiatorial games.

90
Q

Pax Romana

A

(“Roman Peace”) the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. Established by Augustus.

91
Q

Julius Caesar

A
  1. Was the first dictator of the Roman Empire
  2. Was originally a spokesman for the populares (ambitious aristocrats who used the people’s assemblies as instruments to break the domination of the optimates) from the beginning of his political career and had a military command in Spain
  3. Conqueror of Gaul and member of the First Triumvirate
92
Q

Octavian

A
  1. Caesar’s heir and grandnephew
  2. Was the first to be supreme over the Roman world
  3. Took the East when Caesar first died, later killing Antony and taking over the West as well
93
Q

The Battle of Actium

A
  1. Took place in Greece when Octavian defeated Antony
94
Q

Constantine

A
  1. First Christian Emperor of Rome

2. Developed the city of Constantinople for defensive reasons

95
Q

Arianism

A
  1. Arose among followers of Arius, a priest from Alexandria in Egypt.
  2. The belief that Jesus had been human and thus not truly God.
96
Q

Heresy

A

A teaching different from the official “catholic” (universal) beliefs of the church.

97
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

The first ecumenical council of the church established by Constantine as a result of Arianism. (First held in 325)

98
Q

Tertullian

A

A Christian writer from Carthage.
“What has Jerusalem to do with Athens, the Church with the Academy, the Christian with the heretic? . . . After Jesus Christ we have no need of speculation, after the Gospel no need of research.”

99
Q

Visigoths

A

A Germanic kingdom in Spain.

  1. Favored coexistence with Romans
  2. Warrior caste dominating larger native population
  3. Maintained much of the structure of Roman government
  4. Allowed intermarriage between peoples
  5. No established procedure for choosing new rulers
100
Q

Date when Rome fell…

A

476

Western Civ. 1 (2 decks)

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