Midterm Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Australopithecines
A
The first hominids to make simple stone tools.
2
Q
Neanderthals
A
First to bury their dead. Originated in Germany. Replaced by Homo sapiens sapiens.
3
Q
Paleolithic Peoples
A
Rough equality existed between men and women. Invented tools and made use of fire.
4
Q
Neolithic Peoples
A
Agricultural revolution; more permanent settlements; Trade; Religious shrines; Invention of writing;
5
Q
What is a civilization?
A
A complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements such as
- an urban focus
- distinct religious structure
- new political and military structures
- a new social structure based on economic power
- the development of writing
- new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity
6
Q
Creators of the Mesopotamian Civilization
A
The Sumerians
7
Q
The Law of Hammurabi
A
“Eye for an eye”
8
Q
Most important to the development of Egyptian civilization
A
The Nile River.
9
Q
Egyptian art was…
A
Largely functional.
- Hieroglyphs
- Papyrus scrolls
- Wooden tablets
10
Q
The Bronze Age centered on…
A
The Neolithic peoples. Megaliths.
11
Q
Facts about the Hittites
A
- The first of the Indo-European peoples to make use of iron.
- Important in transmitting Mesopotamian culture, as they transformed it, to later Western civilizations in the Mediterranean area (such as the Hebrews).
12
Q
Facts about the Assyrian Empire
A
- Ashurbanipal was one of their strongest rulers
- Renowned for their siege warfare
- Ability to create climate of terror
- Relief sculpture most popular art produced by them
13
Q
Epic of Gilgamesh originates with…
A
- The Sumerians
2. Parallels Noah’s Ark
14
Q
The Code of Hammurabi originates with…
A
- Babylonian
2. Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth
15
Q
Funeral Oration by Pericles
A
Pericles gave voice to the ideal of democracy and the importance of the individual. It was the Greeks who created the intellectual foundations of our Western heritage.
16
Q
“Polis” means…
A
“City State”
17
Q
The Dark Ages of Greece include events such as…
A
- Iron came into use in the construction of weapons
- The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet
- At the end, the works of Homer appear
18
Q
The Archaic Age of Greece include events such as…
A
- The evolution of the polis as the central institution in Greek life.
- The Greek’s colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
19
Q
Characteristics of Spartan Civilization
A
- They discouraged studying philosophy, literature, or the arts.
- The art of war and ruling were the Spartan ideals.
20
Q
Greek Historians from Athens
A
- Pericles
- Herodotus
- Thucydides (greatest historian of the ancient world)
21
Q
Athenian Greek Dramatists
A
- Aeschylus (Oresteia)
- Sophocles (Oedipus the King, Antigone)
- Euripides (The Bacchae) He was a skeptic.
22
Q
Socrates
A
- Athenian philosopher
- The SOCRATIC METHOD employs a question-and-answer technique to lead pupils to see things for themselves using their own reason.
- Questioned authority
23
Q
Plato
A
- Disciple of Socrates
- Fascinated with the question, “what is reality?”
- Theory on “IDEAL FORMS” (higher world of eternal, unchanging ideas or forms that have always existed)
- Wrote THE REPUBLIC
- Established THE ACADEMY in Athens
24
Q
Aristotle
A
- Went to Plato’s school
- Tutor to Alexander the Great
- Rejected “IDEAL FORMS”
25
The Hellenistic Period
1. Ushered in by Alexander the Great
2. Refers to captured territories that incorporated their own technological advancements into society, while simultaneously adopting Greek ideals and priorities.
26
5 Centers in Hellenistic Greece
1. Alexandria
2. Jerusalem
3. Constantinople
4. Rome
5. Antioch
27
Epicureanism
1. gods do not play active role
2. happiness was the goal of life, the means to achieving it was the pursuit of pleasure
3. pleasure was not satisfying one's desire in an active, gluttonous fashion but rather freedom from emotional turmoil and freedom from worry
28
Stoicism
1. product of Zeno
2. happiness can only be found in supreme virtue
3. did not believe that you needed to separate from the world and politics
29
The Roman State
The Roman State was an aristocratic republic controlled by a relatively small group of privileged people.
30
The Patrician Class
Consisted of families who were descended from the original senators appointed during the times of the kings.
31
The Plebian Class
Constituted the considerably larger group of independent, underprivileged, poorer, and vulnerable men as well as non-patrician large landowners, less wealthy landowners, craftsmen, merchants, and small farmers.
32
The Romans were conservative people...
Very concerned about maintaining customs and traditions.
33
The Equestrian Order
A rising group of wealthy citizens who wanted a share in the political power held by the ruling aristocracy.
34
Caesar
Caesars originated in Rome?
35
Imperator vs. Princeps
Princeps=Augustus, military commander
| Imperator=Emperor
36
Primary Source
Eye witness
37
Secondary Source
Jury (not the same as "secondhand" knowledge)
38
The Pentateuch
The Law of Moses
39
Henotheism
The idea that Yahweh is one of many
40
Palace of Knossus
1. On Crete
2. King Minos & labrynth w/ minotaur
3. Discovered by Sir Arthur Evans
41
Oracle at Delphi
1. Predicting the future
2. Great Temple of Apollo on mountain
3. Magical vapors
42
Theater of Epidaurus
1. Largest surviving
2. Near medicine cult
3. music and theater used in medical therapy
43
Colossus of Rhodes
1. Statue of sun god, Helios
| 2. Made of Bronze
44
Birth of Olympics
1. Every 4 years, warring states would compete
| 2. Reward= honor in the name of Zeus
45
Atlantis
1. Written by Plato
46
Parthenon
1. Pericles commissioned the building.
47
Foundation Myths--Rome
1. Livy records it as being founded by the survivor of the sibling rivalry between Romulus and Remus (who was fathered by Mars).
48
"Unity is better than disunity."
Roman Sentate
49
Principles of Roman Government
1. Republican Constitution-- "Roman Way"
2. Government could adapt
3. No king
4. Short terms (1 year)
5. Each office has 2 people
6. Government should move slowly (bureaucracy)
50
Brutus
Sets up Roman Republic
51
Caesar Augustus
First emperor, Livy works for him.
52
Julius Caesar
Killed at age 44?
53
Heresies
1. Donatism
| 2. Arianism
54
3 Heirs of the Roman Empire
1. Latin West
2. Byzantine Empire
3. Islamic Empire
55
Latin West Facts...
1. Speaks Latin
2. Roman Catholic
3. North Alps region
4. Germanic ethnicities
56
Byzantine Empire Facts...
1. Speaks Greek
2. Orthodox Christian
3. Asia Minor/Greece regions
4. Roman ethnicity
57
Islamic Empire Facts...
1. Speaks Arabic
2. Islam
3. North Africa region
4. Eastern ethnicity
58
Rome sacked when?
410 AD by barbarians (Franks)
59
Characteristics of Germanic Cultures
1. Male dominated, warrior society
2. No system of primogeniture
3. Loyalty to king (tribal leader) and honor in battle
4. Disputes settled in feuds
60
3 Institutional Pillars (Early Europe)
1. Papacy
2. Monasticism
3. Kingdom of the Franks
61
Code of Hammurabi
A law code created by Hammurabi (Amorite/ Old Babylonian king).
1. 282 laws
2. portrays Hammurabi as the source of justice to the people.
3. "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."
62
Epic of Gilgamesh
A Mesopotamian myth.
| 1. Similar to the story of Noah and his ark
63
Monotheism
The belief that there is only one God.
64
David
Originally one of Saul's lieutenant who became king of Israel.
65
Herodotus
An ancient Greek historian.
1. traveled to Egypt and recorded the mummification process
2. Author of the first real history in Western Civilization (The Persian Wars)
3. Struggle between freedom and despotism
66
Pericles
An Athenian aristocrat.
1. Under Pericles, Athens severed its ties with Sparta and propagated democracy
2. Funeral Oration of Pericles
67
Sparta
1. Emphasized military
| 2. Did not emphasize democracy
68
Athens
1. Emphasized philosophy, literature, and the arts
| 2. Emphasized democracy
69
Peloponnisian War
1. Recorded by Greek historian Thucydides
2. Sparta vs. Athens
3. Lasted 431-404 BC
4. Sparta won
70
Helots
Laconians, captured by Spartans, who were bound to the land and forced to work on farms and as household servants for the Spartans. Perioikoi were the free Laconians.
71
Minoan Crete
1. A Bronze Age civilization
2. The palace at Knossus
3. Ended either as a result of volcanic eruption, or from pillaging by the mainland Greeks (Mycenaeans).
72
Mycenaeans
1. The first Greek State
| 2. Homer writes about the Mycenaean Greeks in his epic about Agamemnon
73
Hellenistic
Used to designate the world order in which blends the achievements of the eastern world with the cultural outlook and attitudes of the Greeks.
74
Alexander the Great
1. Macedonian king
2. Invaded Persia
3. Died at age 32
4. Took the traditional title of "Pharaoh" over Egypt
75
Alexandria
1. A city in Egypt that was founded by Alexander the Great
| 2. Greek administrative capital of Egypt
76
The Iliad
1. Epic poem of early Greece
| 2. Depicts the Trojan war and centers on Achilles and how the "wrath of Achilles" led to disaster
77
The Odyssey
1. An epic romance
2. About Odysseus returning to his wife
3. "virtue is a better policy than vice"
78
Chief executive officers of the Roman Republic
1. Consuls- lead armies and govern
| 2. Praetors- execute justice
79
Etruscan
1. From Tuscany, Italy
2. Influenced early Rome
3. Used Greek alphabet, but spoke different language
4. Paved the first roads
80
Paterfamilias
Dominant male within the Roman social structure of the family.
81
Roman Senate
1. Consisted of 300 men, drawn primarily from the aristocracy
82
Hannibal
The greatest of the Carthaginian generals (founded by the Phoenicians from Tyre, which is in North Africa).
83
Cicero
First century B.C.E. politician and writer.
1. Transmitted the Classical intellectual heritage to the Western world.
2. Wrote On the Laws and On the Republic
3. Believed an orator was a statesman
84
The Twelve Tables
The first codification of Roman Law.
| 1. Dealt with litigation procedures, debt, family relations, property, and other matters of public and sacred law.
85
Ovid
The last of the great poets of the Golden Age (Rome).
| 1. Wrote the Art of Love (a guidebook for the seduction of women)
86
Livy
One of the chief ancient sources for the history of the early Roman Republic.
1. Used stories to teach Romans moral values and virtues that had made Rome great (tenacity, duty, courage, discipline).
87
Virgil's Aeneid
The most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age.
1. An epic poem clearly meant to rival the work of Homer.
2. Virgil's overall purpose purpose was to show that Aeneas had fulfilled his mission to establish the Romans in Italy and thereby start Rome on its divine mission to rule the world.
88
Diocletian
1. The person behind the last greatest persecution of the Christian church (during that period).
2. Divided the Roman Empire into four administrative units.
- Prefecture of Gaul
- Prefecture of Italy
- Prefecture of Illyricum
- Prefecture of the East
3. Used control and coercion
89
Colosseum
A large amphitheater constructed under the emperor Vespasian and his son Titus. It held many gladiatorial games.
90
Pax Romana
("Roman Peace") the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. Established by Augustus.
91
Julius Caesar
1. Was the first dictator of the Roman Empire
2. Was originally a spokesman for the populares (ambitious aristocrats who used the people's assemblies as instruments to break the domination of the optimates) from the beginning of his political career and had a military command in Spain
3. Conqueror of Gaul and member of the First Triumvirate
92
Octavian
1. Caesar's heir and grandnephew
2. Was the first to be supreme over the Roman world
3. Took the East when Caesar first died, later killing Antony and taking over the West as well
93
The Battle of Actium
1. Took place in Greece when Octavian defeated Antony
94
Constantine
1. First Christian Emperor of Rome
| 2. Developed the city of Constantinople for defensive reasons
95
Arianism
1. Arose among followers of Arius, a priest from Alexandria in Egypt.
2. The belief that Jesus had been human and thus not truly God.
96
Heresy
A teaching different from the official "catholic" (universal) beliefs of the church.
97
Council of Nicaea
The first ecumenical council of the church established by Constantine as a result of Arianism. (First held in 325)
98
Tertullian
A Christian writer from Carthage.
"What has Jerusalem to do with Athens, the Church with the Academy, the Christian with the heretic? . . . After Jesus Christ we have no need of speculation, after the Gospel no need of research."
99
Visigoths
A Germanic kingdom in Spain.
1. Favored coexistence with Romans
2. Warrior caste dominating larger native population
3. Maintained much of the structure of Roman government
4. Allowed intermarriage between peoples
5. No established procedure for choosing new rulers
100
Date when Rome fell...
476
