Final Exam

Question 1

When was the Edict of Milan issued?

Answer 1

Under Constantine, it was established that Christianity would be tolerated. Under Theodosius ‘The Great’ it was made the official religion of the Roman Empire.

Question 2

What is heresy?

Answer 2

A different teaching different from the ‘official’ doctrine of the Catholic.

Question 3

Arianism

Answer 3

Arose among the followers of Arius, a priest from Alexandria in Egypt. Arius believed that Jesus had been human and thus not truly God.

Question 4

The Benedictine Rule

Answer 4

Founded by Saint Benedict of Nursia. Benedict’s rule favored an ideal of moderation. At the same time, moderation did not preclude a dsciplined existence based on the ideals of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Each Benedictine monastery was strictly ruled by an abbot, or “father of the monastery, who held complete authority over the monks. Nuns.

Question 5

Irish Monasticism

Answer 5

Characterized by a great love of learning. Their emphasis on asceticism led many Irish monks to go into voluntary exile. Irish monks became fervid missionaries. Saint Columba left Ireland in 565 as a “pilgrim for Christ” and founded an influential monastic community off the coast of Scotland on the island of Iona.

Question 6

Saint Boniface

Answer 6

By by 740, Saint Boniface, the “Apostle to the Germans” had become the most famous churchman in Europe.

Question 7

Pope Gregory

Answer 7

Pope Gregory’s conversion techniques emphasized persuasion rather than force . . . he was willing to assimilate old pagan practices in order to coax the pagans into the new faith.

Question 8

Women and Monasticism

Answer 8

Nuns under the rule of an abbess. St. Hilda. A nun named Leoba established the first convent in Germany at Bischofsheim. In Rome, a woman named Marcella supported a group of aristocratic women in their studies of celibacy.

Question 9

Tertullian

Answer 9

“A Christian writer from Carthage, who had proclaimed, “What has Jerusalem to do with Athens, the Church with the Academy, the Christian with the heretic? After Jesus Christ we have no need of speculation, after the Gospel no need of research.”

Question 10

Augustine

Answer 10

Born in North Africa, reared by his mother, an ardent Christian.He became bishop of Hippo from 396 until his death in 430. Author of The City of God. He theorized on the ideal relations between two kinds of societies existing throughout time–the City of God and the City of the World. He posited that secular government and authority were necessary for the pursuit of the true Christian life on earth; in doing so, he provided justification for secular political authority that would play an important role in medieval thought.

Question 11

Justinian

Answer 11

Originally emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire–He eventually reconstituted his empire to include Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria. Justinian’s most important contribution was his codification of the Roman law

Question 12

During the Hundred Year’s war, ______________________ liberated Orleans and
the Loire Valley from English control.

Answer 12

Joan of Arc

Question 13

With the publication of his On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,
_______________ was the first person to introduce the idea of heliocentric solar
system.

Answer 13

Copernacus

Question 14

The doctrine of predestination was conceived and especially promoted by the
Geneva reformer, _______________.

Answer 14

John Calvin

Question 15

The Norman conquest of England was lead by _______________ who later was
crowned king in 1066.

Answer 15

William II

Question 16

Magna Carta

Answer 16

limited the power of the English king

Question 17

The most important religious order in the Catholic Reformation

Answer 17

Jesuits

Question 18

Manorialism

Answer 18

A manor was simply an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants. Although a large class of free peasants continued to exist, increasing numbers of free peasants became serfs–peasants bound to the land and required to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s jurisdiction. Labor services consisted of working the lord’s demesne, the land retained by the lord, which might encompass 1/3 to 1/2 of the cultivated lands scattered throughout the manor. The rest would be used by the peasants for themselves.

Question 19

Vassalage

Answer 19

The practice of vassalage was derived from Germanic society, in which warriors swore an oath of loyalty to their leader. They fought for their chief, and he in turn took care of their needs. With the breakdown of governments, powerful nobles took control of large areas of land. Needing men to fight for them, they began to give grants of land to vassals who in return would fight for their lord.

Question 20

Subifeudation

Answer 20

Fief-holding also became increasingly complicated with the development of subinfeudation. The vassals of a king, who were themselves great lords, might also have vassals who would owe them military services in return for a grant of land from their estates. The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to perform military service, usually about forty days a year.

Question 21

Three-field system

Answer 21

The shift from a two-field system to a three-field system of crop rotation also contributed to the increase in agricultural production. Now estates were divided into three parts. One field was planted in the fall with winter grains, while spring grains and vegetables were planted in the second field. The third was allowed to lie fallow.

Question 22

Aristocracy

Answer 22

lords who were kings, dukes, counts, barons, and viscounts (and even bishops and arch bishops) who held extensive lands considerable political power. They formed an aristocracy or nobility that held real political, economic, and social power.

Question 23

Universities

Answer 23

A product of the High Middle Ages.

guilds (trades?)

Question 24

Scholasticism

Answer 24

The philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools is known as scholasticism.

Question 25

Chanson de geste

Answer 25

Another type of vernacular literature or heroic epic.

Question 26

Battle of Hastings

Answer 26

William of Normandy landed on the southeastern coast of England and soundly defeated King Harold and his Anglo-Saxon foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings. William was crowned king of England at Christmastime in London and began the process of combining Anglo-Saxon and Norman institutions. Intermarriage blended the two cultures.William of Normandy created a strong, centralized monarchy.

Question 27

Henry II

Answer 27

The founder of the Plantagenet dynasty. Increased the number of criminal cases tried in the king’s court and also devised ways of taking property cases from local courts to the royal courts. Common Law replaced local law codes. Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury killed.

Question 28

King John and the Magna Carta

Answer 28

Found novel ways to levy taxes. Lost territory to French king, Philip Augustus. John was forced to assent to Magna Carta, the “great charter” of feudal liberties. Limited government practices.

Question 29

Edward I and the Emergence of Parliament

Answer 29

Two knights from every country and two burgesses from every town as well as the barons and ecclesiastical lords. The Parliaments of Edward I granted taxes, discussed politics, passed laws, and handled judicial business.

Question 30

Carolingian Empire

Answer 30

Three Major Sections:

1. The west Frankish lands (later ruled by France)

Question 31

The Reconquista

Answer 31

The Reconquista, as the Spaniards called it, became over a period of time a sacred mission to many of the Christian rulers and inhabitants of the peninsula.

Question 32

The Development of Russia

Answer 32

Kievan society was dominated by a noble class of land-owners known as the boyars. The fundamental civilizing and unifying force of early Russia was the Christian church. The Russian church imitated the liturgy and