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Biology Honors > MIDTERM EXAM > Flashcards

MIDTERM EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Overproduction

A

when a species produces more offspring than can survive in the environment

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2
Q

Variation

A

any difference between the individuals in a species or groups of organisms of any species

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3
Q

Competition

A

rivalry between or among living things for territory, resources, goods, mates, etc

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4
Q

Selection

A

preferential survival and reproduction or preferential elimination of individuals with certain genotypes

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical traits

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6
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

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6
Q

Fitness

A

The ability to fit in an environment

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7
Q

Genes

A

basic unit of heredity

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8
Q

Traits

A

a specific characteristic of an individual

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9
Q

Diversity

A

the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems

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10
Q

Mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

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11
Q

Adaptation

A

the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment

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11
Q

Advantage

A

Some traits make an organism more likely to survive and reproduce in its environment

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of genes

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells

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14
Q

Frequency

A

how often a specific variant of a gene (allele) appears within a population

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15
Q

Selective Pressure

A

an evolutionary force that causes a particular phenotype to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions

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16
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

the number of organisms that an ecosystem can sustainably support

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17
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring

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18
Q

Resources

A

a substance or object in the environment required by an organism

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19
Q

Generation

A

a successive stage in natural descent of organisms

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20
Q

Deletion

A

When a segment of DNA is lost, so there is a missing segment in the chromosome. These usually result in many genes missing from the chromosome.

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21
Q

Duplication

A

When a segment of DNA is repeated, creating a longer chromosome. These usually result in multiple copies of genes in the chromosome.

22
Q

Inversion

A

When a segment of DNA is flipped and then reattached to the same chromosome.

23
Q

Insertion

A

When a segment of DNA from one chromosome is added to another, unrelated chromosome.

23
Q

Translocation

A

When two segments from different chromosomes change positions.

24
Q

mRNA

A

a molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of Amino Acids into Proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

25
Q

tRNA

A

a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

25
Q

DNA

A

a molecule found within cells that carries the genetic information responsible for the development and functioning of an organism, essentially acting as the blueprint for life; it is structured as a double helix, with two strands twisted around each other, and the sequence of bases along the strands encodes genetic information like instructions for protein synthesis

26
Q

Transcription

A

the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

27
Q

Translation

A

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

28
Q

Protein

A

A molecule made up of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly

28
Q

Amino Acid

A

the fundamental molecule that serves as the building block for proteins

29
Q

Dystrophin

A

a large protein located beneath the muscle cell membrane

30
Q

DMD

A

a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact

31
Q

nucleus

A

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

31
Q

Ribosome

A

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

32
Q

adenine

A

a nitrogenous base, classified as a purine, that serves as one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA, pairs with thymine

33
Q

thymine

A

a pyrimidine nucleobase in the DNA molecule that complementary pairs with adenine

34
Q

uracil

A

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of RNA

35
Q

guanine

A

one of the four main nucleotide bases, pairs with cytosine

36
Q

cytosine

A

one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, which pairs with guanine to form a base pair

37
Q

nitrogenous base

A

a molecule that contains nitrogen and acts as a base, forming a key component of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, responsible for storing genetic information

38
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

39
Q

anti-codon

A

a three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence

40
Q

enzyme

A

speeds up chemical reactions within living organisms

41
Q

substrate

A

the surface on which an organism grows or is attached in biology

42
Q

product

A

the end result of a chemical reaction within a living organism

43
Q

active site

A

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

44
Q

optimal temperature

A

The temperature that works best for a procedure

45
Q

optimal pH

A

the pH value at which an enzyme can work best

46
Q

denatured

A

unfolding of a protein

47
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

a chemical reaction where two smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule by removing a water molecule from the combined structure

48
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction where a water molecule is used to break down a larger molecule into smaller components by breaking chemical bonds within the molecule

49
Q

Monomer

A

a small molecule that can chemically bond with other similar molecules to form a larger molecule called a polymer

50
Q

Polymer

A

any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers

51
Q
A

Biology Honors (2 decks)

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