Midterm Exam Flashcards
Making Macromolecules
Dehydration
Breaking Macromolecules
Hydrolysis
4 major organic macromolecules
Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
Lipid
Carbohydrates
Proteins
What macromolecules form the central Dogma?
Nucleic Acid and Proteins
RNA Function
- Forms proteins
- Is the messenger (transports information’s)
Polypeptide/Protein Function
- Provide structural support
Central Dogma
A theory that states that genetic information flows only in one direction
DNA —> RNA —> Protein
Replication
Process that ensures DNA will be present in new cells
Transcription
Process that recopies DNA into RNA in all cells.
Process uses RNA to help create a polypeptide/protein.
Translation
Two main forms of energy
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
Physiology
*Our body automatically responds.
Homeostasis
a self-regulating process, our body maintains stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
*Controls anything that goes in and out of our body
Two main ways organism grows
- Cell division
- Mitosis
Two main methods of Reproduction
- Asexual
- Sexual
Mutation
Is a change in the DNA sequences.
The miller Urey experiment
Demonstrated that Amino Acids can form without life.
An environmental barrier
Metal Sulfides
A Macromolecule Barrier
Liposomes
3 domains of life
- Bacteria
- Archaea; can survive in extreme environments
- Eukarya; have membrane-bound organelles.
Key events in evolution of Eukarya
- Phagocytosis (Engulphing things)
- Endosymbiosis
Keys to multicellularity can be seen in ____________ and _______.
Volvocine algae and embryonic development.
3 principles of microscopes
- Magnification
- Resolution
*dependent on the wavelength
*short wavelength = better resolution.
-Contrast
What part of the cell is surface area?
Plasma Membrane
What part of the cell is volume?
The inside of the cell; cytoplasm
3 major components of the cytoplasm
- cytosol
- organelles
- cytoskeleton
*all are involved in cellular metabolism.
Endomembrane system and semi-autonomous organelles in Bacteria/Archaea.
there is no endomembrane system or semi-autonomous organelles because there is no organelles present.
Eukaryotic cells are different due to _______________.
Compartmentalization.
internal surface area via membranous organelles.
2 types of membranous organelles
- Endomembrane:- performs most functions, and assists central dogma.
- Semi-autonomous:- Involved in energy functions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) functions
To produce macromolecules; especially proteins.
Cisternae
A holding place; a tank
Lumen
Is a space
Rough ER
Function to produce proteins for the rest of the cells.
Glycosylation
Attaching glucose to proteins or anything else
Smooth er
synthesize and modify lipids.
also regulates osmosis.
Golgi Complex
Acts as a post office; takes most things in and assorts them to its appropriate place.
*heavily involved in secretion
Vesicle
It’s the carrier and transporter.
- Made of phospholipids.
Exocytosis
Exists the cells.
- Secretory vesicle
Endocytosis
Comes into the cell.
- Endocytic Vesicle
Nucleoplasm
Cytoplasm in the nucleus
Nucleus function
Stores and protects genetic information.
Has a double membrane.
Nuclear Pore
Big channel from which RNA comes out
Nucleolus
Creates rRNA, and ribosomal complex.
Lysosome contains
Contain acid hydrolases, (enzymes; that break things apart using water). functioning in low ph
Lysosomes functions
Endocytosis and autophagy
large central vacuole
- surrounded by tonoplast membrane
- provide support to plants and store water, enzymes, etc.
Cytoskeleton function
Protein filaments help maintain cell shape, and structure and play a key role in cell division and chromosome segregation.
3 main components in Cytoskeleton.
- Microtubules
- Intermediate Filaments
- Microfilaments
Microtubules are also called…
Cell center or centrosome
Spindle Apparatus
involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides
Spindle Contains
- polar microtubules
- Astral Microtubules
- Kinetochore microtubules
Microtubule Function
Cell support and cell movement
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Flagella/cilia
Prokaryotic flagella/cilia are extracellular and Eukaryotic flagella/cilia are intracellular.
Intermediate Filaments
Composed of proteins like keratin.
Microfilaments
Composed of Actin chains
- are polar
Function:- Provide mechanical strength.
Cytoskeleton happens in _____________.
Cell division
2 main components of cytoskeleton in plants
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
Two types of Eukaryotic Chromatin
Euchromatins:- active DNA
Heterochromatin:- Inactive packed DNA
- Develop chromatin to store information
Two locations of protein creation and sorting.
Post-translational
- free proteins
Co-translational
- Packaged proteins
Bacteria/Archaea Reproduction
Binary Fission
What divides first?
Nucleus
2 types of nuclear division in Eukaryotes.
Meiosis and mitosis
What is cell division called in eukaryotes?
Cytokinesis
Extracellular Secretions
All cells produce secretions of macromolecules outside the cell.
Extracellular Secretions prokaryote cell wall.
Bacteria - mostly peptidoglycans
Archaea - polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides
Animal Cell Secretions and Junctions
- Anchoring Junctions
- Tight Junctions
- Gap Junctions
Plant Cell Secretions and Junctions
Cell wall made of cellulose
- All plants have a primary cell and some have a secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the primary wall.
Middle Lamella Function
Acts as a cement to fuse cell walls.
Composed of pectin.
Can be removed by pectinase enzyme.
Prokaryotic Flagellum is different because…
It is secretion and spins
Cellular Membrane
Phospholipids are composed of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Three structure that makes cell membrane:-
- Micelle (form spontaneously 1 layer)
- Liposome (form spontaneously 2 layers)
- Phospholipid Bilayer
Integral proteins
Runs along the cell membrane
Peripheral proteins
Are on the outside of the cell.
Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity
Length of the phospholipids fatty acids tail.
Saturation level of the tail.
- The longer it is there is less fluidity.
Temperature
- Higher temperature = more fluidity.
* organisms can regulate their membrane fluidity.
Steroids
Cellular membranes are largely __________.
Phospholipids
Why is cellular membranes mosaic?
They are mosaics because many proteins and carbohydrates are added to the bilayer, altering their structure and functions.
Dissolution
The process of forming a solution
Diffusion
Random movement of molecules.
Hypotonic
Low in energy
Hypertonic
High in energy
Isotonic
Equilibrium to something
Passive Transport - simple diffusion
- the solutes move with/down the existing solute gradient.
- The solutes are small, membranes does not interfere.
Passive Transport - Facilitated Diffusion
- Solutes do move with/down the existing gradient.
- but membranes do interferes.
- Solutes cannot move freely, it needs facilitation.
Special type of passive transport is called…
osmosis
Osmosis is _________________.
Passive Transport; there is no energy involved.
Osmosis occurs by:-
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
- They do require energy ; uses ATP
- They move against the gradient and building a gradient
Symport
moving in the same direction as the gradient of the driving ion.
Antiport
moving in the opposite form the gradient of the driving ion.
Bulk Transport
Used to import and export large particles/macromolecules.
2 types: Exocytosis and endocytosis
Cell signaling
- Reception; The cell receives signals
- Transduction; Signa causes changes within the cell.
- Cell Response; The cell responds to the signal.
