Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 120 > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Making Macromolecules

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Breaking Macromolecules

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 major organic macromolecules

A

Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
Lipid
Carbohydrates
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What macromolecules form the central Dogma?

A

Nucleic Acid and Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RNA Function

A
  • Forms proteins
  • Is the messenger (transports information’s)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Polypeptide/Protein Function

A
  • Provide structural support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Central Dogma

A

A theory that states that genetic information flows only in one direction
DNA —> RNA —> Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Replication

A

Process that ensures DNA will be present in new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transcription

A

Process that recopies DNA into RNA in all cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Process uses RNA to help create a polypeptide/protein.

A

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two main forms of energy

A
  1. Kinetic energy
  2. Potential energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Physiology

A

*Our body automatically responds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Homeostasis

A

a self-regulating process, our body maintains stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.

*Controls anything that goes in and out of our body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two main ways organism grows

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two main methods of Reproduction

A
  1. Asexual
  2. Sexual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mutation

A

Is a change in the DNA sequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The miller Urey experiment

A

Demonstrated that Amino Acids can form without life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

An environmental barrier

A

Metal Sulfides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A Macromolecule Barrier

A

Liposomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 domains of life

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea; can survive in extreme environments
  3. Eukarya; have membrane-bound organelles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Key events in evolution of Eukarya

A
  1. Phagocytosis (Engulphing things)
  2. Endosymbiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Keys to multicellularity can be seen in ____________ and _______.

A

Volvocine algae and embryonic development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 principles of microscopes

A
  • Magnification
  • Resolution
    *dependent on the wavelength
    *short wavelength = better resolution.
    -Contrast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What part of the cell is surface area?

A

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What part of the cell is volume?

A

The inside of the cell; cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 major components of the cytoplasm

A
  1. cytosol
  2. organelles
  3. cytoskeleton
    *all are involved in cellular metabolism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endomembrane system and semi-autonomous organelles in Bacteria/Archaea.

A

there is no endomembrane system or semi-autonomous organelles because there is no organelles present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Eukaryotic cells are different due to _______________.

A

Compartmentalization.
internal surface area via membranous organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

2 types of membranous organelles

A
  1. Endomembrane:- performs most functions, and assists central dogma.
  2. Semi-autonomous:- Involved in energy functions.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) functions

A

To produce macromolecules; especially proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cisternae

A

A holding place; a tank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lumen

A

Is a space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rough ER

A

Function to produce proteins for the rest of the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glycosylation

A

Attaching glucose to proteins or anything else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Smooth er

A

synthesize and modify lipids.
also regulates osmosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Acts as a post office; takes most things in and assorts them to its appropriate place.

*heavily involved in secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vesicle

A

It’s the carrier and transporter.
- Made of phospholipids.

38
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exists the cells.
- Secretory vesicle

39
Q

Endocytosis

A

Comes into the cell.
- Endocytic Vesicle

40
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Cytoplasm in the nucleus

41
Q

Nucleus function

A

Stores and protects genetic information.

Has a double membrane.

42
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

Big channel from which RNA comes out

43
Q

Nucleolus

A

Creates rRNA, and ribosomal complex.

44
Q

Lysosome contains

A

Contain acid hydrolases, (enzymes; that break things apart using water). functioning in low ph

45
Q

Lysosomes functions

A

Endocytosis and autophagy

46
Q

large central vacuole

A
  • surrounded by tonoplast membrane
  • provide support to plants and store water, enzymes, etc.
47
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

Protein filaments help maintain cell shape, and structure and play a key role in cell division and chromosome segregation.

48
Q

3 main components in Cytoskeleton.

A
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microfilaments
49
Q

Microtubules are also called…

A

Cell center or centrosome

50
Q

Spindle Apparatus

A

involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides

51
Q

Spindle Contains

A
  • polar microtubules
  • Astral Microtubules
  • Kinetochore microtubules
52
Q

Microtubule Function

A

Cell support and cell movement

53
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Flagella/cilia

A

Prokaryotic flagella/cilia are extracellular and Eukaryotic flagella/cilia are intracellular.

54
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Composed of proteins like keratin.

55
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of Actin chains
- are polar

Function:- Provide mechanical strength.

56
Q

Cytoskeleton happens in _____________.

A

Cell division

57
Q

2 main components of cytoskeleton in plants

A
  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
58
Q

Two types of Eukaryotic Chromatin

A

Euchromatins:- active DNA
Heterochromatin:- Inactive packed DNA

  • Develop chromatin to store information
59
Q

Two locations of protein creation and sorting.

A

Post-translational
- free proteins

Co-translational
- Packaged proteins

60
Q

Bacteria/Archaea Reproduction

A

Binary Fission

61
Q

What divides first?

A

Nucleus

62
Q

2 types of nuclear division in Eukaryotes.

A

Meiosis and mitosis

63
Q

What is cell division called in eukaryotes?

A

Cytokinesis

64
Q

Extracellular Secretions

A

All cells produce secretions of macromolecules outside the cell.

65
Q

Extracellular Secretions prokaryote cell wall.

A

Bacteria - mostly peptidoglycans

Archaea - polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides

66
Q

Animal Cell Secretions and Junctions

A
  • Anchoring Junctions
  • Tight Junctions
  • Gap Junctions
67
Q

Plant Cell Secretions and Junctions

A

Cell wall made of cellulose
- All plants have a primary cell and some have a secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the primary wall.

68
Q

Middle Lamella Function

A

Acts as a cement to fuse cell walls.

Composed of pectin.

Can be removed by pectinase enzyme.

69
Q

Prokaryotic Flagellum is different because…

A

It is secretion and spins

70
Q

Cellular Membrane

A

Phospholipids are composed of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

71
Q

Three structure that makes cell membrane:-

A
  1. Micelle (form spontaneously 1 layer)
  2. Liposome (form spontaneously 2 layers)
  3. Phospholipid Bilayer
72
Q

Integral proteins

A

Runs along the cell membrane

73
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Are on the outside of the cell.

74
Q

Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity

A

Length of the phospholipids fatty acids tail.

Saturation level of the tail.
- The longer it is there is less fluidity.

Temperature
- Higher temperature = more fluidity.
* organisms can regulate their membrane fluidity.

Steroids

75
Q

Cellular membranes are largely __________.

A

Phospholipids

76
Q

Why is cellular membranes mosaic?

A

They are mosaics because many proteins and carbohydrates are added to the bilayer, altering their structure and functions.

77
Q

Dissolution

A

The process of forming a solution

78
Q

Diffusion

A

Random movement of molecules.

79
Q

Hypotonic

A

Low in energy

80
Q

Hypertonic

A

High in energy

81
Q

Isotonic

A

Equilibrium to something

82
Q

Passive Transport - simple diffusion

A
  • the solutes move with/down the existing solute gradient.
  • The solutes are small, membranes does not interfere.
83
Q

Passive Transport - Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • Solutes do move with/down the existing gradient.
  • but membranes do interferes.
  • Solutes cannot move freely, it needs facilitation.
84
Q

Special type of passive transport is called…

A

osmosis

85
Q

Osmosis is _________________.

A

Passive Transport; there is no energy involved.

86
Q

Osmosis occurs by:-

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
87
Q

Active Transport

A
  • They do require energy ; uses ATP
  • They move against the gradient and building a gradient
88
Q

Symport

A

moving in the same direction as the gradient of the driving ion.

89
Q

Antiport

A

moving in the opposite form the gradient of the driving ion.

90
Q

Bulk Transport

A

Used to import and export large particles/macromolecules.

2 types: Exocytosis and endocytosis

91
Q

Cell signaling

A
  1. Reception; The cell receives signals
  2. Transduction; Signa causes changes within the cell.
  3. Cell Response; The cell responds to the signal.
92
Q
A

Biology 120 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions