Midterm Exam Flashcards
What are the 7 characteristics demonstrated by a Professional Nurse?
- Professional Behaviors
- Teaching and learning
- Competence
- Collaboration
- Advocacy
- Caring Interventions
- Ethics
What are examples of professional behaviors?
- looking/acting like a professional
- Acting autonomously
- Demonstrating commitment to nursing
- Appearance is a form of nonverbal communication
- strong work ethic is essential
What are examples of Teaching and Learning
- life-long learning
- Experience
- Expertise
- Collaboration
What are examples of accountability/competence?
- ability to perform the job correctly
- acknowledging strengths/weaknesses
- Professional org/Associations (Research
What are examples of collaboration?
- Working as a member of a team
- Respecting others’ opinions and points of view
Examples of Advocacy
- Guarding patients’ needs
- Key concern –> American nurses association (ANA)
What to know about Ethics?
- Adhere to the ANA Code of Ethics (NON-NEGOTIABLE) ***
- Assess ethical conflicts
- Demonstrate Integrity –> adhere to moral/ethical code
What is key to nursing professionalism when it comes to Caring Interventions?
Caring interventions of attitude and compassion!!
The Nurse as Caregiver
- In what ways does a caregiver assist the patient
- Physically
- Psychologically
- Spiritually
- Emotionally
- Culturally
The Nurse as Communicator
Identify issues, advocate, and collaborate
with other members of the profession
Aim:
* Link patients with resources in the
community to enhance their well-being
* Improve information exchange
* Reduce fragmentation and duplication of services
The Nurse as a Teacher
- Disease prevention and health promotion
- Mentor unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)
- Patient and family teaching
- Orientating new nurses
- Services
- Conferences
- Academics
The Nurse as Patient Advocate
- Primary obligation is to the patient.
- Representing the client’s needs/wishes
- Nurses are expected to advocate for patients when they are unable to speak for themselves.
- Nurses help patients and families make informed decisions.
- Empower our patients
The Nurse as Counselor
- Give guidance or seek professional help for clients needing support
- Help to identify support systems
- Assist patients in developing healthy behaviors and recognizing triggers/warnings for potentially destructive behaviors
The Nurse as Change Agent
- Assist patients in making modifications to their behavior
- Advocate for policy changes and procedures that impact patient care
The Nurse as Leader
- Influence others to accomplish goals
- Listen and learn before speaking and acting.
- Envision and invest in others’ greatness.
- Build community by developing strategic relationships.
The Nurse as Manager
- Managers advocate for the profession, subordinates, workplace, and patients.
- Delegate activities
- Evaluate performance
- Serve as mentors
The Nurse as Case Manager
- Work with other members of the healthcare team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and monitor outcomes
- Can be located in nursing units, insurance companies, etc.
The Nurse as Researcher
- Protect the rights of patients as human subjects.
- Find solutions to problems
- Improve the care of people in clinical settings.
- Have knowledge of the process and
language of research - Provide evidence-based nursing practice.
- Appraise research studies and apply them in
practice.
Professional Organizations
American Nurses Association(ANA)
* Advance the profession of nursing to improve health for all
* Code of Ethics
Sigma Theta Tau
* Helps fund nursing research grants
* International community of nurses dedicated to advancement of knowledge, teaching, learning and service through practice, education and research
National League for Nurses(NLN)
* Focused on building a strong and diverse nursing workforce
National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)
* Students enrolled in nursing education programs
* Goal of assisting nursing students to foster professional development
example of Expanded career roles for nurses
- Nurse Practitioner
- Clinical Nurse Specialist
- Nurse Anesthetist
- Nurse-Midwife
- Nurse Researcher
- Nurse Administrator
- Nurse Educator
- Nurse Entrepreneur
- Clinical Nurse Leader
EBP vs. Research
EBP: Analyze and translate research findings to improve practice (Question is used to conduct a literature review and seek answers
Research: Generating new knowledge about a phenomenon that can be generalized (Question is Tested)
- Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a __________-________ blend of research + evidence with ______ experience.
- Research: a formal systematic way of answering a _______ or approaching a problem
- Evidence: nursing knowledge based on expert ______ or information resulting from __________
problem-solving; nursing
question
opinion; research
What are the 4 steps of EBP?
- Developing a clinical question
- Retrieve the evidence
- review literature (<5 yrs) - Evaluate the Evidence
- Must be analyzed (validity, reliability, usefulness) - Apply The Evidence
What does PICOT stand for?
P: patient, population, or problem of interest
I: Intervention of Interest
C: Comparison of Interest
O: Outcome of Interest
T: Time
What are some barriers to EBP?
- Too few research studies
- Management not supportive of EBP
- Lack of resources
- Workplace culture resistant to change.
- Not enough time due to workload
- Patient preferences
- Lack of access to continuing education programs
What are the 3 components of EBP?
- The integration of best evidence from the most up-to-date research
- The nurse’s clinical expertise
- The patients’ preferences, values, and engagement in care decisions
What are the 2 models for EBP?
Iowa Model and Stetler Model
What does the stetler model provide
provides a framework to assist with the use of research evidence in practice for individual nurses or healthcare institutions
what are the sections of a research article?
Abstract, Introduction, Method, Discussion/Conclusion, Summary
What is a variable?
Something that varies and has different values that can be measured
What is a dependent variable
the variable being studied, determined as a result of the study
What is an Independent Variable
Causes or conditions that are manipulated or identified to determine the effects on the dependent variable
What are experimental quantitative research
- investigator plays an active role and has more control over the research situation
ex: experimental, quasi-experimental, pre-experimental
What are non-experimental quantitative research
- Investigator collects data without actively manipulating any variable
- researcher has LESS CONTROL
ex:
- survey studies
- correlational studies
- comparative studies
- methodological studies
What is a Quasi-experimental Research
randomization may not be possible, or may not be a control group/comparison group
- lack of control makes evidence provided less convincing
another name for probability sampling
random sampling
what is simple random sampling
each person has an equal and independent chance for selection
ex: drawing names from a hat
what is stratified random smapling
population is divided into subgroups (strata) and then randomly taken from each group
what is cluster random sampling
- large groups or clusters become the sampling units
- random sampling of units (clusters) that progress from large to small
what type of research seeks to answer difficult “why” questions and the goal is to understand the phenomenon as those participants who are immersed in the experience
qualitative research
what is the purpose of phenomenology
Answers questions of meaning; describes an experience
what does ethnography focus on?
Focuses on a cultural system and on social relationships
- to understand the way of life of individuals who are connected through group membership
another way of saying non probability
non random
with a nonprobability sampling, there is a more possibility for a _______ sample
Biased
Convenience Sampling
- Commonly used in Research
- cost-effective and quick
What is Quota Sampling
- Subjects who meet the inclusion criteria are recruited and consecutively enrolled until the “quota” is met and the sample size is reached
What is Purposive Sampling
- Handpicking of subjects
- Most common in qualitative research
used for highly unusual group (huntington disease)
What is validity
- The extent to which an
instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure. - Different types of validity (ie: face, content)
Remember ** A measure cannot be valid unless it is reliable**
What is reliability
how consistently the instrument measures the variable
What are the 4 phases of EBP Implementation
Phase 1: Creating Awareness
Phase 2: Building knowledge and commitment
Phase 3: Promoting Action and Adoption
Phase 4: Pursuing Integration and Sustainability
Phase 1: Creating Awareness
- Create interest among clinicians
and stakeholders - Involve senior executives early in
the EBP process. - Highlight the positive
characteristics of your EBP change - Integrate a journal club into the
implementation process - Create slogans and logos to get
attention!
Phase 2: Building knowledge and commitment
- Host educational sessions
– Unit inservices
– Readings
– Online learning modules
– Simulation trainings
- Train change agents
- Building knowledge and commitment provides an essential foundation for promoting action and adoption of the EBP change
What are ethics
a system of moral principles and nursing beliefs and values
What is morality?
private, personal standards of what is right and wrong in conduct, character, and attitude
What is Altruism
the concern for the welfare and well-being of others
What is human dignity?
refers to the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations.
What is social justice?
refers to the upholding of justice, or what is fair, on a social scale
- nurse treats all patients equally without regard to economic status, age, gender, etc.
What is the code of ethics?
it is both a general guide for a profession’s membership and a social contract with the public that the profession serves
What is beneficence
it requires that nurses take action to promote good bc their basic obligation is to help others
What is nonmaleficence
requires that nurses do no harm and instead safeguard their parents
What is veracity
individuals who always tell the truth
What is Inquiry
Search for knowledge or facts to gain clarification/find solutions to problems
what does it mean to have a spirit of inquiry?
nurse’s way of trying to provide high-quality, safe patient care
The search for the best evidence starts with what?
a spirit of inquiry
what is rigor
the attempts by the researcher to produce high-quality research by actions that will improve the standard of the study
- looks at the reliability + validity + bias
what 4 things improve rigor
- thorough lit review
- clear research design
- method of data collection
- appropriate statistical tests
What does the statistical significance and the P value determine?
It determines if the results are by chance or from your intervention
a low p value is better or worse?
better
what is generalizability
can the findings be applied to other groups and settings outside of this one
- can you generalize your findings to other groups of people
What is abstract
the “snapshot” summary of the key points of the article
- persuades the reader to continue reading
What should the method section include?
- the setting
- the sample
- methods of measuring
- instruments to collect data
Other names for the results section
- Statistical analyses
- Data analysis
Dissemination of research findings includes
- publication
- poster
- conferences
- consultations
- training programs
what to include in a written report?
- results or findings of the data analysis
- discussion of the reported findings
- conclusions drawn by the researcher
- implications of the data collection
what association makes the code of ethics for nurses
American Nurses Association
Provisions 1-3 talk about what?
Nurses and Patients
Provisions 4-6 talk about what?
Boundaries of Duty/Loyalty
Provisions 7-9 talk about what
Beyond individual patient encounters
The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person
Provision 1
The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population
Provision 2
The nurse promotes, advocates for and protected the rights, health and safety of the patient
Provision 3
The nurse has authority, accountablity and responsibility for nursing practice; makes decisions; and takes action consistent with the obligation to promote health
provision 4
The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to promote health and safety, preserve wholeness of character and integrity, maintain competence, and continue personal and professional growth
Provision 5
The nurse, through individual and collective effort, establishes, maintains, and improves the ethical environment of the work setting and conditions of employment that are conducive to safe, quality healthcare
Provision 6
The nurse in all roles and settings advances the profession through research and professional scholarly inquiry
FOCUSES ON RESEARCH IN NURSING
Provision 7
The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public to protect human rights, promote health diplomacy, and reduce health disparities
(talks about healthcare being as a universal right)
Provision 8
The profession of nursing, collectively through its professional organizations, must articulate nursing values, maintain the integrity of the profession, and integrate principles of social justice into nursing and health policy
Provision 9
