MIDTERM EXAM Flashcards by lorriane m

VLSM

Variable Length Subnet Mask

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is a technique used in IP network design to create subnets with different subnet masks.

VLSM

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CIDR

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

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It uses super netting, and has a bunch of contiguous classful network that is addressed as a single network

CIDR

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A comman used to open a rip route

router rip

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It has a classful distance vector routing protocol.
It does not support VLSM
it does not support discontinued subnet mask;
Routing Updates has broadcast
It does not support CIDR

RIPv1

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Classless distance vector protocol
Has the enhancements of RIPv1 features.
Next hop is included in updates.
Route updates are multicast. - - Use of authenticationis an option.
It has Two Extensions.

RIPv2

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The 2 Extensions of RIPv2

1st: Subnet Mask Field
2nd: Next Hop Address

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Similarities of RIPv1 and RIPv2

Use timers, preventing loops.
Use of Split Horizon with poison reverse.
Uses trigger updates. Max HOP count 15.

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It uses a virtual interface and doesn’t need configuration. Serves as exit interface for static routes.

Null Interface

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Null Interface Supernet Static route

ip route (ip add) (snm) (Null0)

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In RIPv1 verifying/testing connectivity

To show a brief routing table of interface

show ip int brief

sh ip int br

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In Ripv1 verifying/testing connectivity

Comman to send packets. To check if a remote host can be reached and measures the round-trip time for packets sent from the device to a destination device

ping

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In RIPv1 verifying/testing connectivity

comman to identify the path used by a packet to reach its target

traceroute

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In RIPv1 verifying/testing connectivity

Comman used to examine contents of route updates; to display information on Routing Information Protocol (RIP) routing transactions

debug ip rip

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The common commands used in RIPv1

show ip int brief
ping
traceroute
debug ip rip

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A comman used to enable RIPv2

version 2

Used after command ‘router rip’

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RIPv2

A comman to verify ripv2 config: is used when a dynamic routing protocol is being run on the device.

show ip protocols

sh ip pro

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Comman to disable auto-sum; and is used to advertise and carry subnet routes in BGP; an explicit network command.

no auto-summary

no auto-sum

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RIPv2

Used to examine contents of route updates; to display information on Routing Information Protocol (RIP) routing transactions.

debug ip rip

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RIPv2

Coomands to to verify that supernets are able to send/receive updates

show ip route
debug ip rip

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Common Commands used in RIPv2

version 2
sh ip protocols
no auto-summary
debug ip rip

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RIP

Routing Information Protocol v1/2

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EIGRP

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

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OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

IS-IS

Intermediate System - Intermediate System

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

Types of routing protocol that can use authentication

* RIPv2 * EIGRP * Routing Protocol * OSPF * IS-IS * BGP

Level 1 has:

- classful network - the ultimate route that has exit interface and ip address

Inside Level 1 is the:

**parent route** that is not the ultimate route because it has child routes

Level 2 has:

**Child Route** * it is considered as ultimate route * contains next hop address and exit interface

5 Steps for Subnetting

1. Identify Subnet Mask and note Default Subnet Mask 2. Convert Default Subnet Mask into Binary 3. Get Number of Host(Given). Find Subnet Generator(SG). Determine Octet Position. 4. Generate New Subnet 5. Use SG to generate the subnet range(Subnets) in appropriate octet position.

Class A

``` network:8 bit|host:24 bit Deafult SNM:255.0.0.0 ```

Class B

``` network:16 bit|host:16 bit Deafult SNM:255.255.0.0 ```

Class C

``` network:24 bit|host:8 bit Deafult SNM:255.255.255.0 ```

# Translate: 255.255.255.0 BIT Translation

`256|128|64|32|16|8|4|2|1` | Translaion: 1111111.11111111.1111111.0

# 1111111.11111111.1111111.0 <30 Hosts> How to Identify SG? + new Subnet Mask

Convert Number of host required into binary and count how many bits is used. Count the bits of Host, from right to left, andd 1s after the bits of the host. Where the first 1 from right to left, is the SG. ## Footnote Host 30 = 11110 = 5bits 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 SG = 32

# 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 SG = 32 How to Identify Octet Position?

Identify the Octet position from where the SG is found. | SG is found in Octet 4

# 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 How to Generate New Subnet Mask

Translate Binary into Decimals | 255.255.255.224

Roots of EIGRP: IGRP

Developed in 1985 to overcome RIPv1’s limited hop count

Metrics used by IGRP

* Bandwidth (used by default) * Delay (used by default) * Reliability * Load

EIGRP Message Format

* Data link frame header * IP packet header * EIGRP packet header * Type/Length/Field

# What is PDM? EIGRP uses PDM to route several different protocols i.e. IP, IPX & AppleTalk

Protocol Dependent Modules

Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive EIGRP packets

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)

EIGRP’s 5 Packet Types

* Hello packets * Update packets * Query packets * Reply packets * Acknowledgement packets

Used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors

Hello packets

Used to propagate routing information

Update packets

- Used by DUAL for searching for networks - Can use Unicast or Multicast

Query packets

Can use Unicast only

Reply packets

Used to acknowledge receipt of update, query & reply packets

Acknowledgement packets

has the purpose to discover & establish adjacencies with neighbor routers

Hello Protocol

Characteristics of hello protocol

-- Time interval for sending hello packet * Most networks it is every 5 seconds * Multipoint non broadcast multi-access networks - Unicast every 60 seconds --Holdtime * Default holdtime - 3 times hello interval

EIGRP only sends update when there is a ____

change in route status

A ____ includes only the route information that has changed – the whole routing table is NOT sent

Partial update

When a route changes, only those devices that are impacted will be notified of the change

Bounded updates

# TRUE or FALSE EIGRP’s use of partial bounded updates minimizes use of bandwidth

True

# What is DUAL? DUAL is EIGRP’s primary method for preventing routing loops

Diffusing Update Algorithm

# What is AD? AD, is defined as the trustworthiness of the source route

Administrative Distance

EIGRP default administrative distances

* Summary routes = 5 * Internal routes = 90 * Imported routes = 170

This is a collection of networks under the control of a single authority

Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs

# TRUE or FALSE EIGRP autonomous system number actually functions as a process ID

True

Command used to create a router eigrp

``` Router(config)#router eigrp ? ``` | where '?' must be a number. e.g. router eigrp 1

Commands to: - Enables interfaces to transmit & receive EIGRP updates - Include network or subnet in EIGRP updates

#network network-address | e.g. #network 172.16.0.0

This command is used when you want to configure EIGRP to advertise specific subnets

The** network Command** with a **Wildcard Mask** e.g. Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask] network 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3

Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has established adjacencies with neighbors is

show ip eigrp neighbors

# EIGRP command is also used to verify that EIGRP is enabled

show ip protocols & show ip route (Denoted as "D")

# EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values EIGRP uses the following values in its composite metric

* Bandwidth * delay * reliability * load

# EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values The composite metric used by EIGRP

Formula used has values K1 K5 (Auotomatically) K1 & K3 = 1 (Auotomatically) all other K values = 0

# EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values Default Composite Formula

metric = [k1 * bandwidth]+[k3 * delay]

# EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values Complete Composite Formula | Not used if K Metric is 0.

metric = [k1 * bandwidth + (K2 * bandwidth/(256-load) + K3 * delay] * K5/reliability + K4)]

Bandwidth = 1

Load = 0

Delay = 1

Reliability = 0

# EIGRP Metric Calculation Verify K Values

sh ip protocols

# EIGRP Metric Calculation Command to view metrics

show interfaces