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Western Civilization's to the 1800's > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps to the Sacramental Ladder?

A
  1. ) Go to Catholic representative early in life and have sacrament of baptism
  2. ) When you reach puberty, you are told what to believe by the RCC and must confess them to the church – Sacrament of Confirmation
  3. ) When you disobey/sin, you must go and apologize – Sacrament of Penance
  4. ) Holy Eucharist/Miracle of Tran substation, go to Cathedral on Sunday and priest/bishop turn wine into blood of Jesus and bread into the flesh and then he eats it for all to watch
  5. ) You must either wed the opposite sex for life – Sacrament of Matrimony OR become a priest, munk, nun – Holy Orders
  6. ) Extreme Unction – Last Rights, before you die you must confess one last time
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2
Q

What was the source of Catholic control & power?

A

Sacramental Ladder

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3
Q

Characteristics of the Modern Ages?

A
  1. ) Appeal of $, commerce
  2. ) Live in their own nation – No longer Christendom (Kingdom of Christians)
  3. ) Secular Humanism – things here and now
  4. ) Personal Religion
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4
Q

1347- Boat from Russia bringing goods docked in sicily and while unloading cargo off ran rats carrying the Bubonic Plague (Black Death). This began a pandemic, between 1347-1350 1 out of every 3 Europeans died. What was the religious outcome?

A

This ended much belief in god, and led to Devil Worship and the Dance of Death, in which they massacred Jews

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5
Q

What are Flagellands?

A

people who believed punishment (the Black Death) was because people hadn’t given full penace and took punishment for others

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6
Q

1300- King Philippe of France wants more $, wants priests to pay taxes, and he appeals to Pope Boniface VIII in Rome, the pope denies request, and the Pope and King face off. What was the outcome?

A

Pope issues Unam Sanctum declaring every creature in the universe is under the control of the pope.

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7
Q

What are the pope’s powers under Unam Sanctum?

A
  1. ) Threatens excommunication – no sacraments = hell for Philippe
  2. ) Interdict – No Sacraments = hell for all of France
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8
Q

King Philippe I of France

A

wants more $, wants priests to pay taxes

sends soldiers to beat up the pope, they beat until near death, the pope soon dies

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9
Q

What makes Unam Sanctum become irrelevant?

A

The pope then moves from Rome to France.

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10
Q

What cause there to be multiple popes?

A

The pope begins to work for the king in France. Then sixty years later a new pope is elected and returns to Rome, The College of Cardinals is then torn between France and Rome (some wanted to stay because of how much money was being made in France). This yielded TWO POPES, after a while they disregard those two popes and decide to elect a new pope, THREE POPES. The College of Cardinals then paid assassins to kill two of them. This leads to RCC becoming a mockery and is “terminated”

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11
Q

What causes Venice to become rich and extravagant?

A

Venice begins to sell pepper and Europeans begin to snort powders (spices)

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12
Q

What is the deal between the RCC and the Hanseatic League?

A

The Hanseatic League made a deal with the RCC – Fish only on Fridays – Hanseatic League becomes rich from heavy sales of fish and RCC receives taxes

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13
Q

This covered the Covered Entire European Continent in the 1400’s?

A

Roman Empire

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14
Q

Christian Empire lasting form 962-1806?

A

Holy Roman Empire

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15
Q

What is Secular Humanism?

A

Earth is more important/talked about than heaven

  • Fame > immortality of the soul
  • Sensuality > Aestheticism
  • Worldly/Financial Success > Moral Righteousness
  • Individual Freedom > Authority
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16
Q

What was unaccepted when dealing with personal religion?

A
  1. ) Criticism - Accepted
  2. ) Mysticism – Accepted
  3. ) Heresy – Unaccepted, Condemned (attack on the sacramental ladder)
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17
Q

Who was Martin Luther? What did he do/contribute?

A

German, catholic monk, didn’t marry because he is absolutely obsessed with religion even as a young boy; particularly with the aspect of self-loathing (you hate yourself because you are convinced you could never be good enough). Gives penance every moment of his entire life until he read Romans 1:13 – “the just man shall live by faith”. Believes that day that he was GIVEN faith, and was born again a new man. This begins the REFORMATION.

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18
Q

What was the Reformation?

A

Belief that you are GIVEN faith, and born again a new man. The pope cannot end guilt, the only thing that can end guilt is when god gives you faith and you are transformed.

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19
Q

What was German Particularism?

A

Wanted to create one big Germany rather than individual areas such as Spain, France, etc.

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20
Q

Who leads the opposition on German Particularism?

A

Martin Luther says you DO NOT want German Particularism to each country, do not let them turn you into a doormat, you want to preserve your independence.

Luther says Religion is very personal, no church can teach you religion, and it comes from your personal confrontation with God. Take the same view with the independence of your country, don’t let them destroy you. Countries say by sticking with Luther they can fight off the Church, the power of Germany, and maintain their independence.

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21
Q

Luther’s View on the Sacramental Ladder?

A
  • Sacrament of Baptism - When you baptize your child god will open the doorway and transform them
  • Sacrament of Confirmation – FRAUD
  • Sacrament of Penance – FRAUD
  • Sacrament of Matrimony/Holy Orders – FRAUD, you can marry whoever you want
  • Last Rights- FRAUD
  • Holy Eucharist - When you go to church and take the bread, it’s still bread, but YOU eat it in memory of the lord. Same goes for the wine. When you do this, with the spirit that you’ve been transformed you will feel as if you had been transformed
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22
Q

What was the 95 theses?

A

1517 – 95 theses, beginning of the reformation (Luther’s full blown attack on the RCC)

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23
Q

what was Golden Bull?

A

created on how you ELECT the holy roman emperor
•Seven Electors who elect Holy Roman Emperor
•Every election from 1356 they try to pick a pathetic/weak emperor, typically chose those who were dying, had down syndrome, etc (was powerless)

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24
Q

Who were the Von Hapsburgs?

A

Incredibly powerful German family living in Austria

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25
Q

Who is Charles Von Hapsburg? What does he do?

A

He is the richest man in Europe, most powerful man on earth, and is elected Holy Roman Emperor and says he will crush the Lutheran movement.

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26
Q

What does Luther say in his book “address to the German Princes”?

A

Book says Charles Von Hapsburg election is an extremely important event because it is an attack on #1 Individual conscience, #2 individual particular independence of each country

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27
Q

What is Lutheranism?

A

Political and Religious movement

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28
Q

What is the “Diet of Speyer” ?

A

Charles Van Hapsburg tries to forbid any religion outside of the RCC

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29
Q

What was the Schmalcadic League, and who formed it?

A

a political and religious alliance of protesting princes (protestant) who oppose Charles V Von Hapsburg and support Lutheranism.

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30
Q

1555- Truths between Holy Roman Empire and Schmalcadic League stated what?

A

The religion of the prince is the religion of the land

The truce causes lots of migration into areas where the prince shared religious views

Only applied to the Lutheran and Catholic religions

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31
Q

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

A

Who was transformed but says none of the sacraments are essential, because once you’ve had your transformation you will act as a good person.

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32
Q

What was the Kingdom of Saints?

A

Group of saints that go to Munster, form a community of purity that later becomes a complete orgy of sex.

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33
Q

Who was Jan Bockelson?

A 
kingdom of saints member – Was transformed a second time, ran naked through streets nonstop for 3 days and then went into a 4 day trance. Returns to tell people what the lord has told him 
#1 we should not have individual property, what you own belongs to all, we are all one (this includes women and items)
34
Q

Who was John Calvin and what did he start?

A

Man who says every human being is a zit, filth, rubbish because of Adam and what he did in the Garden of Eden. Then there is God who is absolutely good and out of his mercy he will select a few people to come sit with him in heaven (“The Elect”)

He begins the Calvinism movement

35
Q

What was Calvinism?

A

New form of religion, “The Elect” were chosen before the beginning of time, nothing you do on earth matters.

Spreads to Holland, then later France the prince of Holland is Charles V Van Hapsburg

“The elect” must voluntary live in their own community in Geneva, Germany under the laws of the Old Testament.

36
Q

What did John Knox do?

A

divides Scotland into units (county) called Presbytery.

Churches are now responsible for enforcing Calvinism – this becomes known as Presbyterianism.

37
Q

What were the names of King Henry VII Tudor’s two sons?

A

Arthur - sick & dying 14 year old boy, heir to throne of England

Henry (VIII) - the image of physical perfection of the whole world, will receive the throne after Arthur’s death.

38
Q

Who was King Arthur Tudor? Who did he marry, and what was the controversy?

A

sick & dying 14 year old boy, heir to throne of England
Father sets up marriage with 15 year old Catherine of Aragon (one of the most powerful women in the world)

Her Nephew is Charles V Van Hapsburg

In Jewish law sexual intercourse = marriage, whether or not they “do it” becomes a major issue, assume they did

Arthur then dies leaving Henry the King

39
Q

Who was King Henry VIII Tudor? Who did he marry? What happened to his first marriage and why? Did he have any children?

A

“the image of physical perfection of the whole world”
7 years after Arthur’s death Henry marries his former wife Catherine of Aragon

Catherine has 3 still-born children (dead) and 1 girl named Mary Tudor, Henry fears her becoming the heir to the throne

Henry finds a woman named Anne Bolyn who promises she can produce a male baby, he wants Anne & not Catherine

Henry is a devout catholic, and decides he wants an annulment (make it as if the marriage never happened)

Nephew Charles V Van Hapsburg threatens Henry of what he will do if he annuls his marriage from aunt Catherine

40
Q

**Parliament passes 3 requests for King Henry VIII which allow his divorce, what were they?

A
  1. Act of restraint & Appeals – all moral and religious decisions are made final by the king of England, no longer the pope (immediately annuls marriage from Catherine and marries Anne Bolyn – she soon gives birth to Elizabeth Tudor)
  2. Act of Succession – publicly secure that second marriage was absolutely perfect
  3. Act of Supremacy – the King of England is the head of the church in England, Henry VIII is the head of the church (which is catholic – 7 sacraments) in England, he is the pope of the catholic church in England
41
Q

What was The Reformation in the British Isles?

A

Starts in Scotland, heads south to England

Edward takes the throne after King Henry’s death, but he is a deathly ill boy only living for 6 years after taking the throne

Under Edward’s rule of England his advisors take a giant step in the direction of Protestant religion
• Take away the land, the wealth, and the power of the Catholic Church
• Sacraments are becoming diminished, less important

42
Q

Who was King Edward VI Tudor? What did he do while in power?

A

Edward takes the throne after King Henry’s death, but he is a deathly ill boy only living for 6 years after taking the throne

Under Edward’s rule of England his advisors take a giant step in the direction of Protestant religion called “The Reformation of the British Isles”.

43
Q

Who takes the throne after King Edward’s death?

A

After Edward dies it is decided Mary, the oldest child, is declared queen

44
Q

Who is Mary Tudor? What did she do while in power?

A
  • Her first act is to get the marriage between King Henry and Anne Bolyn annulled, making Elizabeth a bastard and Mary legitament
  • Takes giant steps to make sure everyone knows England is once again a Catholic country, and once again makes pope head of the church in England, basically undid all the her father (King Henry) had done while in power.
  • Mary will marry Phillip II Von Hapsburg
  • 300 men, women, and protestant children were burned alive and Mary Tudor is name “Bloody Mary” and that is how she is forever remembered
  • Mary died after 5 years on the throne
45
Q

Who was Elizabeth Tudor? What did she do while in power?

A

After Mary’s death, Elizabeth takes the throne and is now Queen of England.

46
Q

What Was the The Catholic Offensive or The Catholic Counter-Reformation?

A

Great War in Europe

Phillip II = Catholic VS. Elizabeth = Protestants

47
Q

Who was Pope Paul III?

A

The first significant pope, admits to the church being corrupt, he then:

  1. fires huge numbers of catholic officials across Europe (“cleans house”)
  2. Begins to fire members of the College of Cardinals, and brings in a whole new batch of cardinals
  3. Forms Council of Trent in 1545 and continues on until 1563 – 18 years
48
Q

What were the outcomes of the Council of Trent?

A
  1. Re-Instate the beauty, mystery, and necessity of sacramental theology
  2. Church speaks based on 2 principles: the bible and tradition
  3. Men and women are forever free, god does not pre-destine anyone, you choose your destiny
  4. Faith and good works are what impresses god
49
Q

Who was Ignatius Loyola?

A

Spanish Priest that writes a book called “Spiritual Exercises”, it says when a person truly finds god you submit to the will of the church (you give up yourself to serve the church, by serving the church you serve god)

50
Q

Who creates an organization called “The Society of Jesus”? What are they called today?

A

Ignatius Loyola

now known as Jesuits, change the world by spreading Catholicism everywhere

51
Q

What was the outcome of the Jesuit religion? Who was a key Jesuit?

A
  • Francis Xavier – brings catholic church to Japan, China, Vietnam, and even Asia all on his own
  • Others spread Catholicism to Latin America, and to this day Latin America is Catholic because of the Jesuits
52
Q

Who was Philip II? Who was his father, and what did he receive at birth?

A

Son of Charles V Van Hapsburg, was supposedly the greatest man since Jesus Christ, he raised without contact to other children and was raised by Jesuits with a mission to make the entire world Catholic
Upon being born Philip II Van Hapsburg was given:
• Spain
• Netherlands
• Naples
• Entire New World

53
Q

Who was Ferdinand Hapsburg? What did he receive at birth?

A

Ferdinand Hapsburg receives:
• Austria
• Crown to the Holy Roman Empire

54
Q

Who was Francis Drake?

A

A man who teamed up with Queen Elizabeth to take over King Phillip II’s ships and steal all their weaponry

55
Q

What are Elizabeth’s interest in the great war between her and Phillip II?

A
  • Elizabeth is doing this for monetary reasons, not religious
  • Elizabeth is not concerned with religious matters like the rest of the world
56
Q

Elizabeth writes the 39 articles declaring what people must believe in England, what were the outcomes? What this new religion accepted or opposed in England?

A
  1. Head of Church of England is the Queen/King who is in power
  2. Church of England believes in the 7 sacraments but doesn’t merely accept them (it doesn’t matter what you believe, as long as you accept rule #1)
    • Jesuits do not accept #2 and she threatens Jesuits if they do not leave England they will be murdered
    • Puritans claim church is still too catholic, but they are too small to be effective
    • The majority of England accepted the new religion that Elizabeth had created
    • Elizabeth pledges she will never marry because nobody shares her view that religion did not matter
57
Q

Who were the Protestant champions of The Netherlands and France who faced off with Phillip II?

A
  • Protestant Champion of Netherlands – Leader of Calvinists is William of Orange VS Philip II representing Catholics
  • Protestants Champion of France – Huegenots – Henri Bourbon VS Catholic Leaders Guise family
58
Q

What was the Spanish Armada (or Armada Catholica)?

A

When Philip sets off to invade England in 1588, he assembles a fleet of 130 ships (largest fleet in history)

59
Q

What sparks King Phillip setting off to invade England?

A
  • As queen Elizabeth gets older and she realizes that she needs a new heir to the throne her only living heir is Mary Queen of Scots (who is a Catholic), because she never married and had children
  • Philip devises master plan to kill Elizabeth and make Mary queen, he frames Mary and the advisors of Elizabeth execute her (be-headed in 1587)
60
Q

What stopped the Spanish Armada?

A
  • In the north of Scotland the Spanish Armada loses 75 ships due to rocks and horrible weather/ocean conditions
  • Rumors spread that “The Protestant Wind” (God) destroyed the Spanish Armada, fires up every protestant in Europe
61
Q

Why does the Spanish Armada’s attack fail?

A

Philip’s stubbornness on his plan
• Philip wants to form invincible half crescent, ordered not to separate
• English set ships on fire and sail them straight into the Spanish Armada, forcing them to separate (entire time they are drifting north)
• Within a week they are too far north to attack England, they decide to circle the British Isles and attack again within a week

62
Q

Who is hired by Elizabeth to stop the Spanish Armada? what are their “secret weapons”?

A

Drake & Hawkins are hired to form a plan to stop English Invasion
•Secret Weapons –
1.) Familiarity with currents and England’s coastline conditions (English channel flows north, Spanish are unaware of this)
2.) Philip’s stubbornness on his plan

63
Q

Who was Henri Bourbon?

A

King of France (Henri IV), after winning for protestants in French civil war, he converts and becomes a catholic

  • Issues the edict of Nauntes – will be religious toleration in France, it is a catholic country but there will be toleration of “all” (protestants & Catholics) religions in France
  • Converts thinking it will bring religious peace to the country of France
64
Q

What was the edict of Nauntes? Who issues it?

A

There will be religious toleration in France, it is a catholic country but there will be toleration of “all” (protestants & Catholics) religions in France

Issued by Henri Bourbon

65
Q

Philip III reigns after Philip II dies, what does he do?

A

In 1609 he makes a truce for 12 years until 1621

• Divided Belgium/Flanders (catholic) in the south and Holland/Dutch (protestant) in the north

66
Q

Who was in the Civil War in France? Who won, what was their religion?

A

Bourbon (protestants) VS Guise (catholic), the protestants win

67
Q

What was the greatest war of all time, and what was it’s outcome?

A

The Thirty Years War, ends religion as a major force in Europe

68
Q

What are the two branches of Charles V Von Hapsburgs family?

A
  1. Spanish – Philip I, II, III, IV (Catholic)

2. Austrian – HRE’s – Ferdinand I, II (Catholic)

69
Q

What causes revolt by the protestants?

A

Philip IV and Ferdinand II want all of Europe to be made Catholic as Charles V envisioned, revert to ruling of 1555 that religion of king is the religion of the land.

70
Q

Who was Frederick of Palatinate?

A

protestant who is elected as new king of Bohemia in 1618, HRE Ferdinand II says that cannot have a protestant as king

71
Q

Why does HRE Ferdinand II declares war on Bohemia?

A

Frederick of Palatinate (protestant) is elected as new king of Bohemia in 1618, HRE Ferdinand II says that cannot have a protestant as king

72
Q

Who was General Wallenstein?

A

head of imperial army (army of the HRE)

73
Q

What was the Battle of White Mountain?

A

first war of the thirty year war, Wallenstein annihilates Bohemian army and essentially removes Bohemia from all of history, by 1621 Bohemia is no longer a nation

74
Q

What is the outcome when HRE Frederick II gives nephew Philip IV of Spain the country of Palatinate?

A

Spanish army then goes from Spain to Naples to Switzerland (after taking it in the Valtelina)  Palatinate, in order to stage for attack of Holland when truce ends in 1621.

75
Q

Who intervenes after Spanish attack on Holland after truce ends in 1621?

A

1st to declare war on HRE was Denmark in 1624
• Barenberger in 1625 Danish army is annihilated in 1625, basically destroys the nation of Denmark
• Nobody can stop Spanish (Hapsburg) army

  • King Gustavus Aldolphus of Sweden next declares war on HRE/Austria
  • After incredible devestation in 1635 efforts are put forth by HRE and Sweden to end the war, they agree to end the war on the basis the religion of the prince is the religion of the land
  • Cardinal Richelieu (catholic official) is key advisor to King of France and essentially runs France after Bourbon’s death, he takes France into the war on the side of the Protestants, declares war on HRE and Spain
  • Enters as protestant to make France the greatest country on Earth, France begins attacking Spanish all across Europe
76
Q

What is the outcome of battle of Rocroi?

A

Spanish army is destroyed and never restores a great military ever again

77
Q

1643-1648 – meet in Westphalia to negotiate an end to the Thirty years war, what did they agree to?

A
  1. No foreign troops can enter into the nation of Switzerland (it is neutral)
  2. Holland is given its independence
78
Q

What was the true outcome of the Thirty Years War?

A

When Thirty Years war was over nothing has virtually changed but, people realized with how much little wisdom the world is actually governed, but the biggest loser is religion. There is a universal agreement in Europe is that this massacre was brought upon by religion and religion is taken over by science

79
Q

What is The Scientific Revolution ?

A

After the Thirty Years war is over revelation is replaced by observation
• Faith & Revelation, values that are no longer important
• Reason & observation, become the main focus of most people

80
Q

What were the Scientific Revolution contributions of Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Newton, and Hobbes?

A
  • Kepler – 1619 - determines an equation to relate mass of a planet and distance to the sun
  • Galileo – develops scientific method
  • Descartes – invented calculus
  • Isaac Newton – discovers there is an invisible force – GRAVITY, velocity, acceleration, and can calculate how gravity works (observation)

Thomas Hobbes - decided that if we can calculate and explore anything, than we can also discover why/how society works
• Hobbes invents political science – observes all human beings are evil & cruel  if you are free you will do terrible things
• Hobbes writes Leviathan – gives a government of few the power to restrain everybody

81
Q

How does King Gustavus Aldolphus defeat powerful Spanish Army?

A

meets at battle of Breitenfield in 1631, Swedish re-organize soldiers to allow cannon use at the beginning of the battle and Wallenstein’s Spanish troops are destroyed

82
Q

What is the Spanish army’s “lucky break” while at war with Sweden?

A

At battle of Lutzen both armies are organized the same, the Swedish army wins, but King Gustavus Aldophus is shot.

Western Civilization's to the 1800's (2 decks)

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