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Western Civilization's to the 1800's > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Frederick William – The Great Elector, where was he from, what did he do?

A

Key figure in Brandenburg in 1640 after father’s death, Utilizes weapon power

Eliminates everything and starts anew with himself alone, 1 man, Frederick William begins to slowly form the Great Brandenburg Army needed Money

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2
Q

How did King Frederick get people to come to Brandenburg?

A

Tells everyone to come to Brandenburg under 2 conditions: be loyal/pay taxes and 600,000 Catholics, protestants, and Jews come to Brandenburg

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3
Q

Describe how the Great Brandenburg army was formed.

A

Frederick William specifically trains every single member of his great army, he writes the manual of how to do everything in his army

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4
Q

What was the Recess of 1653

A

most famous law in Brandenburg history, Taxes are going to be collected from everyone in Brandenburg, flat tax, collected by his great army

Frederick William collects money off of taxes in order to form his Great Brandenburg Army

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5
Q

Describe how King Frederick lived.

A

Frederick lives in a small house in Berlin because every penny he receives goes to the Generallcreislcommisariat – general war commission – Brandenburg high command

The only institution that matters is the Great Brandenburg Army

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6
Q

How did it become known how powerful the Brandenburg army truly was?

A

In Fehrbellin in 1672 the Swedish army attacks Brandenburg (Swedish army is twice the size of Brandenburg army) Brandenburg army annihilates the Swedish army, it is known the Brandenburg army is unbelievably good across the world

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7
Q

What finally destroys the great Brandenburg army?

A

Son of Frederick William named Frederick is the only one who can destroy the Great Brandenburg Army 

After his father dies he bribes every single monarch in Russia so that he can be called King Frederick of Prussia, Brandenburg essentially goes bankrupt, can’t afford to pay army and it diminishes to 1,500

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8
Q

What happens after King Frederick II dies?

A

King Frederick William I takes over, rebuilds army up to 40,000 and eventually builds up to 80,000 (3rd largest army in the world)

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9
Q

Describe both a monarchy & landed aristocracy

A

Monarchy (hereditary) – Next relative in line becomes king

Landed Aristocracy (hereditary) – have land and everyone that lives on their land work for the aristocrat who owns the land (serfs & peasants)

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10
Q

Henri IV – wants to be an absolute king in France, he does so by buying loyalty with “paulette”, what is paulette?

A

Paulette – fees or taxes to Henri IV from aristocrats that gives their children high paying jobs in the kingdom main goal of this is Loyalty to King Henri and France 

France becomes massively indebted

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11
Q

Louis XIV, also known as the Sun King, why is he known as the greatest king in French history?

A

He changes policy and builds greatest palace in the history of the world, The Palace of Versailles.

King Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nauntes and makes France entirely catholic, causing many protestants to leave France

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12
Q

Who were King Louis XIV advisors? What are their goals?

A

Colbert
wants to make France the most economically prosperous country in all the world
1. French Fashion Gives large amounts of money to the textile industry, and France becomes the textile industry of the world
2. French Wine Gives massive amounts of money to certain agriculturists, they plant grapes, and he creates the great wine industry

Louvois
wants to make France the greatest military country in all of Europe
1. Money is poured into military to make it the most powerful in the world

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13
Q

What led to the war of Spanish Succession?

A

When Charles II is in a coma and since it is suspected he will die a treaty is signed by all countries of Europe besides France to divide up the great Spanish Empire, but then Charles II comes out of his coma and gives the entire Spanish empire to Philip V Bourbon, the grandson of King Louis XIV of France and then he dies

The treaty is dismissed, France now has power over the entire Spanish empire and Europe is bound to break out in all-out war, every single country declares war on France

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14
Q

What was the battle of Blenheim? Describes its significance.

A

French army attacks capital of Austria (Vienna), England sends an army across European continent to form an ally with Austria to stop France, English & Austria combined defeat the great French army

Though France was defeated, everyone realized how powerful France truly was because they held off the entire world for 13 years

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15
Q

Peter Romanov - Czar of all the Russian’s, what changes did he make in Russia?

A

Decides Russia “sucks the big one” and is incredibly behind the rest of the world in means of technology and innovation

Westernizes Russia, less Russian  No more beards, women learn to dance & gossip, etc.

Nobody opposes him as Czar  Skins his own son alive, bans his wife to become a nun

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16
Q

Charles XII - King of Sweden, what did he do?

A

Becomes king at 18 years in 1700 and decides he wants to try and conquer the world

Attacks Denmark, Poland, and Russia

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17
Q

Describe the Battle of Narva

A

Peter Romanov raises Russian army of 80,000 and Charles XII of Sweden has an army of 20,000, battle in a swamp and the huge Russian army is defeated by the Swedes

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18
Q

Describe events leading up to the Battle of Poltava, as well as the actual battle.

A

Peter sends a Russian army of 15,000 into Poland as a “hook” to seek out Charles XII and the Swedish army, Swedes attack and Russian army starts to retreat pulling the Swedes deeper & deeper into Russia

Swedish army is without food in unfamiliar Russian territory, become exhausted and are a crippled army and Peter’s army meets them at Poltava

Battle of Poltava - Flat with hills, Peter’s army has about 20,000 men up front, Swedes army of 40,000 attack for the entire day and the Russian army holds the line; early evening Russians blow the whistle and attack with 50,000 from each side destroying the Swedish army. The only survivor is Charles XII who flees, but the Swedish army is absolutely devastated and never restored.

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19
Q

What resulted after the Battle of Poltava?

A

St. Petersburg - Peter makes it the capital of Russia, westernizes, makes it like France rather than Russia

Absolutism - One man determines the Russian life

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20
Q

Describe the government structure in England?

A

Two houses:
1. House of Lords - appointed by monarch (landed aristocrats)
2. House of Commons - elected (landowners & successful businessmen/artisans)
• Has the right to petition
• Petition on two issues:

  1. ) Economic  only a specific person who has been appointed by king have the right to make specific items, want the “crown”/monarchy to give up the power of creating monopolies
  2. ) Puritans  do not like the church created with 39 articles, it is too catholic
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21
Q

After Elizabeth dies James Stuart (James V of Scotland now James I of England) take power, what does he do?

A

writes the “The Divine Right of Kings”  Says he was chosen by God to be king and can therefore do whatever he wants, he does not answer to parliament or the people

James refuses to meet with Parliament and work together  parliament then refuses to raise taxes and provide money for the king

King James began to sell prestige in the form of Baronets you can buy your way into the House of Lords

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22
Q

**Parliament writes a proposal called **the Petition of Right (1628) - what does this document state?

A

in exchange for a guaranteed income the king must agree to 4 conditions:

  1. No king can raise revenue in any way without the consent of parliament (both houses)
  2. No king has the write to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus  nobody can be arrested for a law that is not already written
  3. No king of England can have a soldier/representative of the government can enter your home without your permission
  4. No Martial Law  No English king can rule England by use of the army
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23
Q

What changes after King Charles signs the petition of right?

A

For 10 years after signing Petition of Right King Charles I governs alone and completely avoids parliament
1. Hires new Arch Bishop of Canterbury (in order to get rid of Puritans in Parliament)

Charles enters war over issues on religion and is forced to meet with parliament - jeopardizing his powering as being an absolute king, but he needs money

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24
Q

What is long parliament?

A

Oliver Cromwell  calls himself “god’s first lieutenant” under him Parliament says:

  1. Parliament & Parliament alone runs the Church of England, not the king
  2. Parliament makes all the laws the in the Country
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25
Q

What causes the civil war to break out in England?

A

England is moving towards becoming a republic (ran by protestants) - Some citizens of England do not support this movement and the country divides

26
Q

What two armies are in the English civil war?

A

Oliver Cromwell creates New Model Army (psalm-singing army)

King Charles I army is the “Cavaliers”

27
Q

How does Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell try to rule England?

A

1650 English Commonwealth, Under the control of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell slaughters several people in Ireland and tries to make it protestant Causes a Protestant northern Ireland and the rest of the country to be Catholic

Wants to rule the country of England with his Psalm-Singing army by using Marshall Law

28
Q

What leaves parliament in complete control of England?

A

Anne & Mary both die without children, the only relative left to become king is George I of Hanover, Russia who doesn’t speak English

29
Q

Describe the phases of the Europeanization of the world.

A

Phase 1 - Renaissance, the age of discovery (joy of exploration, just to know what’s out there)

Phase 1&2 - take loot from other countries and bring it back to Spain  Spread of Catholicism to the world

Phase 2 - Mercantilism (economic theory accepted worldwide  nations are always at war (military or economic) so you try to suck all of their money out too you

30
Q

Outline the beginning of the Anglo-Dutch wars.

A

Holland VS England

English allow Dutch to attack & burn English ships in London while they are doing this they capture major colony in North America and re-name it New York

English want to win over the entire world; determine France is biggest threat to them becoming the greatest up and coming power

Leads to 1 Little war & 1 Big war

31
Q

Describe the little war of the Anglo-Dutch wars. (Great 7 years war)

A

Little War- War of the Austrian Succession

Maria Theresa’s father is dying, she is about to become emperor of Austria, father fears she is too weak to rule worldwide agreement that no one will attack Austria.

Immediately after her father dies Prussia attacks Austria captures Silesia

Everybody is at War, England does not send a single troop anywhere, the only outcome is that Prussia captured Silesia

War was pointless to everyone except England & Prussia

English sail across the world and capture New Foundland, set up English bases along Hudson Bay English are conquering North America

Prussia wants to capture all of Central Europe

32
Q

Describe the deal between England and Prussia.

A

Deal between England & Prussia - Help Prussia capture all of Europe, Prussia bogs down France in Europe for 6 years while being provided with endless money from England  Prussia gets Europe, and England gets the World

Prussia & England Secret treaty signed in 1756

France Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Saxony all join forces to take over & destroy Prussia

33
Q

Describe the Prussian wars VS European continent, Battle at Koln and the Battle of Rossback. What was the outcome?

A

First battle - Held at Koln where Prussia is defeated by Russia

Battle Of Rassback - Prussia fights Austrian and French troops, Frederick and Prussia defeat the two countries who massively outnumbered them.

By 1760, it is clear that Prussia has held off the French Empire and their plan with England is executing successfully

34
Q

What saves Prussia in the great Seven Years War?

A

Peter takes over as leader of Russia when his mother, Elizabeth, dies; Peter pulls troops out of the war because he admires Frederick king of Prussia

35
Q

What results after the Great Seven Years War?

A

England is now known worldwide as the greatest power on earth

England is the first global power since Rome

The Great Seven years war bankrupted England and France

To get financially stable, England starts taxing English colonists in America

36
Q

What two important documents did John Locke write? Explain them. What did they begin?

A
  1. “2nd Treatise of Government”
    • Create weak governments so they don’t interfere with life, liberty, and property
  2. “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”
    • The only thing humans know for sure is that of which our 5 senses can detect
    • Seeing = FACT
    • Smell = FACT
    • Hear = FACT
    • Touch = FACT
    • Taste = FACT

Revolutionary book that threatened European leaders legitimacy

Beginning of the Enlightenment

37
Q

Describe Locke & the Enlightenment.

A

What you know comes from your 5 senses

Reason > Faith < (facts—laws of nature)
Nature > Supernatural
Progress – make things better w/o reference to God
Liberty
Happiness
38
Q

What leads up to the French Revolution?

A

Louis Bourbon XIV (The Sun King) Built Palace of Versaille - Famous saying, “after me, the flood”

Paulette - Money goes to Aristocracy, radically unfair, and not working – France has no money

Church and Aristocracy are exempt from paying taxes even though Both have tremendous wealth

Taxes (flat tax) come from Bourgeoisie (professionals–doctors, dentists, businessmen) and everyone else (peasants, workers, the crap of French society)

Spends massive amounts of money war and knows his successors will have massive debt, but does not care

Louis XV becomes king and Puts a temporary war tax on the aristocracy

Threatened to exile aristocracy from Versailles if they do not pay the tax

Louis XVI becomes king and marries Marie A. VonHapsburg – she controls him greatly, which jeopardizes him being an absolute power

39
Q

Louis XVI convenes the Estates-General on May 5, 1789 in Paris which has not met in 170 years out of desperation. Describe this event.

A

Meet in 3 different rooms - 1st estate, 2nd estate, and 3rd estate

1st estate - Highest members of clergy of the RCC (represent ½ of 1% of the population of France)
2nd estate - Aristocracy (represent 1.5% of the population of France)
3rd estate - Doctor’s, dentists, counselors, etc (represent 98% of the population of France)

Each estate has 1 vote

The 3rd estate walks out of building and proclaims that they are France, and become “National Assembly of France”
 Declare to forge a new French nation, based on American colonists revolution

40
Q

Describe Bastille.

A

July 14, 1789 - “National Assembly of France” is France!

10’s of thousands of peasants march on Bastille prison in Paris and literally rip apart the guards limb by limb, then took the building apart brick by brick

41
Q

“National Assembly of France” begins re-making France, they write the Declaration of the rights of man. Describe this document.

A

Declaration of the Rights of Man - French revolutionary document, stated the following

  1. All men are born and remain equal in rights
  2. Never be any law or tax passed by anyone besides the National Assembly of France
  3. Bill of Rights for every French man and woman
  4. Sovereignty belongs to the people of France and not to any king
42
Q

Explain the constitutional monarchy formed in France.

A

**National Assembly now creates a new government, a constitutional monarchy – king is symbolic, but powerless – merely keeping tradition alive, power lies in the hands of the National Assembly, in order to become a member you must be elected (moderate phase of the revolution)

Limited amount of people can vote 4,000,000 out of 25,000,000 meet wealth, property, and education in order to vote for the members of the National Assembly

43
Q

What four groups oppose the constitutional monarchy formed in France by the National Assembly?

A
  1. Aristocracy now pay taxes (bill them huge for the last 700 years of not paying)
  2. Clergy of RCC lose all of their land
  3. Jacobins 
    a) want king eliminated (republic)
    b) want a democracy, not a monarchy  requirements to vote would be French, Male, 21
  4. King & Queen  1791 secret communications between king & queen with Austrians that the Emperor of Austria (queen’s father) is enraged
44
Q

Explain the King & Queen of France trying to flee the country.

A

a) Secret communications say  king and queen need to leave France to Austria, then return with army to overthrow France
b) Dress up as ordinary French citizens, drive to border and just before arriving a tire falls off of their carriage
c) Go to a small nearby town for help, are then tied up and brought back to Paris
d) Austrian & Prussian armies join forces to march on France

45
Q

Austria and Prussia are on the march to France to put Louis and Marie Antoinette back on the throne of France as absolute powers. What did the National Assembly do as a result?

A
  1. Mass arrests - Arrest anybody who may not be on the side of the National Assembly
  2. Levee en masse - pass the draft, mobilize the people of France to take on attacking Austrian & Prussian armies
    a) everyone with testicles is now in the French revolutionary army, goes from 20,000 to 700,000
    b) every French woman must manufacture tents, blankets, uniforms for French revolutionary army
    c) create “tri-color” blue, white, and red uniforms
  3. National Convention - everyone man in the army can vote
46
Q

As the Austrian & Prussian armies are nearing the French border what happens?

A

Austrian & Prussian armies are now nearing the French border

Group of thousands of boys comes from Marseille singing “the song of Marseille” which inspires every single male and female, becomes the national anthem of France

47
Q

**Describe the battle of Valmy. What results?

A

Austria and Prussia cross into France, they meet in a foggy field

Sang the French revolutionary song the entire day as the battle raged

At the end of the day Austria and Prussia retreated

National Assembly then goes out of business  National Convention convenes, Republic of France now lives, monarchy is over.

48
Q

**Explain France under National assembly VS. France under National Convention

A

National Assembly - wrote a new constitution with the king a part of a limited monarchy.

The National Convention put king on trial, found him guilty, condemned him to death and executed him. France then became a republic.

49
Q

What did Maximillian Robespierre do?

A

Heads committee of public safety, passes the law of suspects.

50
Q

What was the Law of Suspects? and what was “The Terror”?

A

Law of suspects – anybody perceived as anti-revolution (no good reasoning necessary) brought to trial by the committee of public safety, everyone is considered guilty and at least 70,000 are guillotined

No longer only Republic of France, but now Republic of Virtue - gets rid of Christianity, atheism, everyone

Maximillian guillotined in 1794 and “The Terror” ends, the revolution begins to calm

51
Q

After France begins losing the war what happens to turn things around for them?

A

Napoleon Bonaparte emerges – given command of the French Army in Italy in 1796, leads his troops himself, begins a love affair between France and Napoleon

52
Q

Describe the Battle of Marengo.

A

Napoleon plants a small army of 30,000 to hold off Austrian troops, then Napoleon takes army around to circle the alps, circle from behind, trap, and destroy the Austrian army.

53
Q

Explain the “code of Napoleon”.

A
  1. There will always be inequality in the world, but there will always be equality in a court of law
  2. Re-shapes education system of France, focus on Science and French history, language, literature, etc. (religious instruction is gone)
  3. Creates Legion of Honor – those who have brought honor and prestige to France, available to anybody
54
Q

Describe the Battle of Austerlitz (Battle of 3 emperors).

A

France VS Russia & Austria, splits Austria and Russian armies in half, forces Russian onto icy river, it breaks and they drowned, Napoleon is victorious and conquers Vienna

Proclaims himself emperor of Austria and protector of Germany (formerly Prussia)

55
Q

Explain the Battle of Jena. What resulted?

A

Prussian army VS French army - Prussian disaster, France crushes Prussia, when he surrounds them to make them surrender Napoleon forces each soldier to bow to him, they are so pissed they swear on their own blood that they will get revenge for that day.

56
Q

Describe the Battles of Eylau and Friedland, what resulted?

A

Russian vs French army, France crushes Russia in both battles

Russia then asks for peace

57
Q

Why do Russia and France meet at Tilsit, what is the outcome?

A

meet on border in the middle of a River in 1810, emperor of Russia & France meet and divide the world 

Napoleon is declared emperor of the West and King Alexander of Russia is declared emperor of the East

58
Q

Fraternity emerges called the Burschenshaften, what was their goal and what did they pledge?

A

pledge relentless hate, in your own blood, against napoleon and the French pledged:

  1. No beer until Germany triumphs over France
  2. No Sex until Germany triumphs over France
  3. Wave a new Flag over the world
59
Q

What are significance of the colors on the German flag?

A

Black- from black days of slavery under French,

Red – red blood of battle

Gold – golden day of the greatest nation there ever was called Deutschland

60
Q

What causes Spain and the Bosque country to be a problem for France?

A

When France and Russia divided the world, Spain was given to France, Spain was not ok with this

Nationalism takes over – Spain begins using Guerilla warfare tactics

Spain was bleeding Napoleon dry and Burschenshaften are beginning to mobilize

Western Civilization's to the 1800's (2 decks)

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