Midterm Exam 1

Question 1

What are the 5 Critiques of positivist theories?

Answer 1

• Intrusive treatments
• “Us vs. them” notion
• Focuses on the individual; it overlooks situations
• Individuals are viewed as passive
• Assumed consensus

Question 2

What are the 5 similarities between positivism and classical CRM?

Answer 2

• Consensus based
  The target of intervention is the individual
• State-based, funded and controlled
• Punitive and reactive despite goals
• Micro level in their definitions, analysis and explainations

Question 3

What is Epistemology

Answer 3

The study of knowledge. How it is produced and what is the outcome?

Question 4

What is Etiology

Answer 4

Study of Causation

Question 5

Objectivity

Answer 5

detached, unprejudiced, open to whatever the evidence may reveal

Question 6

What is empirical validity?

Answer 6

the extent to which a theory can be verified or refuted with carefully gathered evidence

Question 7

What are the 2 elements the four-quadrant model is based on?

Answer 7

Level of Analysis and Temporality

Question 8

What is Criminology?

Answer 8

the study of the entire process of lawmaking, lawbreaking, and law enforcing.

Question 9

Structural Theories

Answer 9

Implicit or explicit statements regarding the process by which these structural conditions produce high or low crime rates.

Question 10

Processual Theories

Answer 10

Assert that an individual commits criminal acts because he or she has experienced a particular life history, a see of individual characteristics or encountered a specific situation.

Question 11

What does Rimke challenge and critique?

Answer 11

challenges the idea that some people are criminal by nature and commit crimes due to their essential makeup - Sickness or illness (pathological).

Additionally, Rimke problematizes / critiques the rise of “the expert” (psychiatrists, academic researchers, teachers, social hygiene reformers, psychologists, health workers, social workers)

Rise of “professional knowledge” based on scientific rationality to explain and control human conduct.

Positivist techniques were used to identify and regulate individuals deemed biologically unfit, degenerate or inferior.

Question 12

What is Ecology?

Answer 12

the interrelation between organisms and their natural environment

Question 13

What is Social Ecology?

Answer 13

Human geography

Question 14

What is Mechanical Solidarity?

Answer 14

Individuals tend to share the same skills, work tasks, customs, beliefs and religion.

Tends to focus on rigid conformity and cultural homogeneity.

Question 15

What is Organic Solidarity?

Answer 15

Describes industrial society, different in terms of wealth, ethnicity, religions and beliefs- high level of work specialization

Question 15

What is Transient?

Answer 15

The ways in which people stay in an area. People are not staying long enough to make a stake to help an elevated level of community and unity. A high level of transcendence means less community.

Question 16

What is the breakdown of the ideal outcomes of social change?

Answer 16

1) Social Disorganization
2) Cultural Transmission of organization
3) Personal organization
4) Higher conformity

Question 17

What is the breakdown of no adjustment to changes?

Answer 17

1) Social Disorganization
2) Disorganized cultural transmission
3) Personal Disorganization
4) Higher Deviance

Question 18

What is the temporary solution according to the Social Disorganization theory?

Answer 18

Assimilating “disorganized people”

And to Increase social adjustment
2) Organized Community
3) Increases in Community
4) Personal Conformity
5) Less deviance

Question 19

What are Processual Theories

Answer 19

• Prosessual Theories are theories that focus on what people learn and who from.
• Difference in values as what one’s perceives learning to be deviant or conforming
• Organization is “different” thus, the atmosphere is deviant values

Question 20

What is Differential Association Theory?

Answer 20

• Focuses on the association and the process of people that commit crimes.
  There is a 8 step process.

Question 20

What is Glaser’s Theory?

Answer 20

Differential Identification focuses on the relation bw two people.

• Intensity of Associations
• Degree of identification
  (The degree of the identification makes a stronger impact.)
• Strength of identification

Question 21

What is the 8 Step process of D.A.T?

Answer 21

1)Criminal behaviour is learned

2) Criminal behaviour is learned with other persons in a process of communication

3) The principal part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups

4) When Criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes
- Techniques of committing crime, which are sometimes very complicates or simple
- The specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations and attitudes.

5) The specfic direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable.

6) A person becomes delinquent because of n excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law.

This is the principle of differential association

7) Differential Associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity.

This is the modalities of association. This is, if the person is exposed first (priority), more frequently (duration) and greater intensity (importance) to law-violating definitions than to law- abiding definitions, they are more likely to deviate from law.

8) The process of learning criminal behaviour by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.

9) Though criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, because non-criminal behaviour is an expression of the same needs and values.

Question 22

what are the four modalities?

Answer 22

Frequency, Intensity, duration and priority

Question 23

What are the four voices of the four quadrant model?

Answer 23

Micro synchronic: Metaphor Resemblance voice: Positivist are comparative theories. They believe the explanation of crimes are through comparisons. An example CJS or the Crown.

Macro Diachronic Irony: Meaning contradiction,, problematic dimensions. The contradictions within our systems

Macro synchronic: Synecdoche ( part of a whole)

Metonymy- Essence: essence of phenomenon

Question 24

Who wrote the Sociology room?

Answer 24

Theresa Burns

Question 25

What are 5 techniques of neutralization?

Answer 25

• Denial or responsibility,
• victim,
• injury
• Comoddification of the condemner
• Appeal to high loyalty

Question 26

What are the strengths of processual theories?

Answer 26

• Attention to socialization

Question 27

What are the Limitation of processual theories?

Answer 27

• over deterministic
• lack individualism
• consensus based

Question 28

What are the strengths of ecological theories?

Answer 28

• Uses ethnograpy
• Changing focu from individual to community
• Focuses on the situation

Question 29

What are some limitations of ecological theories?

Answer 29

• over positivist
• Ecological fallacy
• limited explanation of crime
• consensus based