Midterm COPY Flashcards
Emerging adults drink _______ heavily and risker than adults
More
What treatment does the Sociological model of addiction focus on?
Societal changes, not the individual
AA Step 8: Made a list of all person we had harmed and became willing to make amends to all
Acknowledging the pain that you’ve brought to others through your addiction and the willingness to make amends
AA Step 3: Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood him
Deciding to get out of your own way and accept help in some form
What percent of Canadians consumed alcohol in the last year?
Almost 80%
Effective Correctional treatment programs are _______ based and use _______ methods and techniques
Evidence
Effective
What area did Canada lose the most money in relation to substance use?
Productivity loss
What are some reasons diversion is so popular?
Massive mark-ups
Easy to conceal/transport
Belief they are safer than illicit drugs
Lack of inspectors, monitoring, and education
AA Step 11: Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God, as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will and the power to carry that out
Mindful attempt to understand the path that we need to take
As severity of drug use goes up the _______ impact on different areas in life _______
Negative
Increases
_______ youth are more likely to opioids, solvents, stimulants, tranquilizers, sedatives, or prescription drugs
Female
Overall number of drug offences as _______ in past 30 years
Increased
Which model of addictions resorts to punishment as treatment for addiction?
Moral Model
_______ Model - societies with _______ levels of guilt, _______, aggression, and conflict have higher rates of drug abuse
Sociological Model
Higher
Stress
Traditional perspectives on substance misuse treatment in corrections emphasizes _______ community and _______ programs which are _______ in prison environment since offenders are prone to _______
Therapeutic
12-Step programs
Problematic
Manipulation
What is an example of an Antagonist therapy drug?
Naloxone (Narcan)
Only lasts 3 minutes
Effective correctional treatment programs are multi-faceted - use multiple _______, there is no one _______
Approaches
Solution
Offender populations represent one of the most _______ substance misusing populations
Severe
Which model of addiction believes there is a genetic predisposition which leads to an inherited vulnerability to addiction?
Biological Model
Which drug is responsible for around 80% of all drug related deaths?
Tobacco
What are some criticisms of the Biological model of addiction?
Lacks comprehensive integrated theory - inconsistent research
Many aspects of addiction do not mirror disease process
Which models of addiction see addicts as criminals?
Sociological & Moral Models
What is the main belief behind the Cognitive, Social, Psychological model of addiction?
Problematic use evolves in response to a variety of personal, psychological, social, and contextual factors
Traditional perspectives on substance misuse treatment in corrections expects offenders to be _______ free and remain _______ - these expectations do not take into account the characteristics of addiction such as it being a chronic, progressive _______
Medication
Abstinent
Illness
What are some ways diversion occurs?
Multiple prescriptions Theft Purchasing off friends, family, dealer Fraud Diversion from wholesale or retail
How much did the Canadian government lose to substance use in 2009?
$40 Billion
Percentage of overall use among youth in Canada has _______ from 1999-2009 for all substances
Decreased
The Risk Principle:
- _______ risk cases have most to gain and respond better to _______ treatment
- _______ risk cases do better with minimal treatment
- Placing _______ risk offenders with _______ risk offenders may make them worse
High, Intensive
Low
Low, High
_______ youth are more likely to use alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, hallucinogens, meth, or heroin
Male
Less severe drug use problem = _______ likely to have completed previous treatment
More
Severe drug users make up the _______ percent of the offender population
Lowest
Which model of addiction is referred to as the Judgement model and is based on beliefs or judgements about right and wrong?
Moral Model
What are some criticisms of the Moral model of addictions?
Offers no real help, not very humanistic
No developed theoretical perspective
Lacks evidence for effectiveness of punishment on problematic use reduction
Almost __ of Canadians have been a passenger with a drunk driver in the past year
1/5 or 20%
Offenders with higher severity of drug use problem are at higher _______ risk and more likely to get in trouble in _______
Criminal
Institution
Who are most likely to abuse prescription drugs?
Those with alcohol use problems
Which model of addiction would ask - ‘How do large issues such as inequality, poverty, race, gender, social disorganization, and peers/parental behaviour influence drug use and addiction?’
Sociological Model
AA Step 1: We admitted we were powerless over alcohol - that our lives had become unmanageable
Admitting the severity of the problem and coming forward
Addiction is a chronically _______ condition
Relapsing
Abstinence increases likelihood of _______, which may be related to _______
Relapsing
Re-offending
Traditional perspectives on substance misuse treatment in corrections are _______ based with no _______ support that they are effective
Belief
Empirical
Most regular cannabis users admit to having problems _______ use and dealing with strong _______ to use
Controlling
Desire
CSP model of addiction - Use in response to people, places, things, events, _______ and _______
Thoughts and Feelings
AA Step 6: We were entirely ready to have God remove all these defect of character
Letting go of the behaviours and attitudes which are holding you back
What is the most used substance amongst youth in Canada?
Alcohol
_______ use has increased drastically while _______ use has dropped and _______ use has only increased slightly
Cocaine
Heroin
Cannabis
What type area of life do alcohol and illicit drugs have the most harmful effects on over a lifetime?
Friendships and social life
Physical health
What is common amongst offenders who are severe drug users?
More likely to have been using during offence
More likely to have misused in past criminal history
More likely to have been introduced to drugs earlier
More likely to recognize problem
Less likely to be motivated to complete treatment
Which model of addictions focuses on the effects of societies on drug use?
Sociological Model
CSP model of addiction sees substance use as a _______ behaviour as a result of complex _______ and _______
Learned
Shaping and Reinforcement
What does agonist drug therapy too?
Drug replacement therapy - replaces problematic drug
Binds to receptor cells - eliminates withdrawal symptoms
Which model of addictions believes addictions stems from a biological-based abnormality?
Biological Model
What drug induces a strong physical aversion to alcohol?
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
What does antagonist drug therapy do?
Reverse or prevent effects of drug
What is the goal of treatment with the CSP model of addiction?
To Unlearn problematic substance use behaviour and learn new replacement behaviour
CSP model of addiction Treatment - Strategic acquisition of new skills to understand and handle _______, _______ and high risk situations, develop _______ skills and enhance confidence
Craving, Urges
Coping
AA Step 10: Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it
Admitting our wrongs - being honest with ourself
What types of drugs are used in diversion?
Psychotropic Medications such as Pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives, barbiturates
Traditional perspectives on substance misuse treatment in corrections is _______ which leads to _______ behaviour and aggression
Confrontative
Defensive
Which model of addiction believes that the person is sick and the addiction is beyond their control?
Biological Model
_______ youth more likely to report coexisting problems related to substance use
Female
Alcohol mostly highly correlated with _______ crimes
Violent
Sociologist approach addiction largely through a _______ and _______ perspective
Crime and Deviance
What is one benefit of the sociological model?
Examining the social influence of behaviour can serve to position and conceptualize treatment models and approaches
Benefits of Treatment Matching - Many offenders do not need _______ treatment, avoid any unnecessary or _______ treatment and associated _______ , focus on treatment _______
Extensive
Ineffective
Costs
Efficacy
AA Step 9: Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others
Taking action on the list
What are some criticisms of the Sociological model of addiction?
Does not take into account individual difference or psychological/biological factors
Offers no real direct aid, support or help
What are some criticisms for the Cognitive, Social, Psychological model of addiction?
Does not take into account biological and physiological factors
Does not include spiritual component
Harm reduction is a _______, client-centered, non-_______ approach to addiction
Humanistic
Judgemental
Driving _______ perceived as less dangerous than driving _______ among youth
High
Drunk
What negative impacts does alcohol have on other’s?
Insulting or humiliating
Argument or quarrels
Verbal abuse
Being a passenger of a drunk driver
Canadians among the _______ consumers of psychotropic medications
Heaviest
Which substances cost Canada the most money
Tobacco and Alcohol
Harm reduction refocuses the attention away from _______ towards _______ of drug use
Drugs
Consequences
AA Step 7: Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcoming
Recognizing that we must change the ways we are doing things that don’t work
Which model of addiction believes there is no cure to addiction?
Biological Model
Appropriate intensity of treatment - people vary so programs need to be _______ to each individual person and their needs - understand the client and build a _______ for them
Matched
Program
What is the treatment used in the Biological model of addiction?
Abstinence - reduction is not an option
12-step programs and AA/NA
AA Step 5: Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs
Recognizing the impact of your behaviour and expressing it to someone else
Treatment should lie on a _______ and match the _______
Continuum
Severity
AA Step 4: Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves
Honest candid exploration of self
_______ and older students more likely to have substance use problems
Males
Which illicit drug have more people tried in their lifetime compared to any other drug?
Cannabis
Traditional perspective on substance misuse treatment in corrections is _______ and _______ as well as being authoritarian and _______ (i.e. ‘do what I say’)
Moralistic and Judgemental
Directive
AA Step 2: Came to believe a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanit
Hope - realizing that recovery is possible
What is diversion?
Use of prescription drugs for purposes other than that for which they are intended or prescribed
Drugs most highly correlated with _______ crimes
Acquisitive (theft, robbery, etc.)
What the most common types of drinkers?
Light, infrequent - 40%
Light, frequent - 30%
Sociological Model focuses on the effects of overt _______ on addiction
Capitalism
Overall substance use offers many _______ and lies on a _______ - there is no one clear cut answer or solution
Challenges
Continuum
What is the Biological model of addictions sometimes referred to as?
Disease Model
AA Step 12: Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all of our affairs
Helping others the way you were helped, practicing everything you have learned
Which sex of offender is more likely to have a severe-substantial use problem?
Female
Which model of addictions implies that drug users are bad or sinful people and that there is something morally wrong with users
Moral Model
What effects has the Moral model of addictions had on US Drug policy and prison population?
It has heavily influence US drug policy and driven up the prison population
Effective correctional programs should be monitored and _______ for constant _______
Researched
Improvement
Monthly heavy drinkers more present in males or females?
Males (more so when older)
Between 70-80% of offenders have _______ _______ problems
Substance misuse
What are some clinical examples of agonist drug therapy?
Methadone
Naltrexone
Buprenorphine
Which drugs are most commonly used within month before arrest?
Marijuana, alcohol & drugs and cocaine
More severe drug use problem = _______ likely to previously tried treatment
More
