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Cognitive & Motor > Midterm - COG > Flashcards

Midterm - COG Flashcards

1
Q

The two main types of cells in the nervous system are the ______ and the ________.

A

glial, neurons

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2
Q

Name three types of sensory neurons (receptors)

A 
photoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
thermoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioreceptors
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3
Q

At the cellular level, information is transmitted in the nervous system by the conversion of what kinds of energy?

A

electrical energy into chemical energy and then back to electrical energy

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4
Q

Chemical cellular communication happens at the

A

synaptic cleft

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5
Q

What does neurotransmitter do?

A

chemical messengers that transmit a message from a nerve cell across the synapse to a target cell

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6
Q

The divisions of the nervous system are the: ____ nervous system and the ______ nervous system

A

central; peripheral

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7
Q

What two structures make up the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

The divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _____ nervous system and the ______ nervous system

A

somatic; autonomic

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9
Q

The outer coverings of the brain include the _____ mater, ______ ______ mater, and the ______ mater

A

dura, arachnoid membrane, pia

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10
Q

The main components/structures in the brain include the cerebrum, the ______, the _______, and the _______ _______.

A

cerebellum; brainstem; subcortical structures

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11
Q

Grey matter is grey because it consists of what?

A

densely packed cell bodies

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12
Q

Name the 5 lobes of the brain

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
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13
Q

Although there may be involvement across multiple lobes of the brain for cognition, the main lobe is believed to be the:

A

frontal lobe

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14
Q

Which cortex of the frontal lobe is typically associated with the executive function? The _____ cortex.

A

prefrontal

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15
Q

If you were to experience agnosia, or inability to recognize objects, this would likely be due to damage of the _____ lobe of the brain

A

parietal

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16
Q

Visual processing is believed to be involved with the _____ lobe of the brain.

A

occipital

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17
Q

Balance is typically associated with this part of the brain: the _____

A

cerebellum

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18
Q

The brain’s subcortical structures include the: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, _____, and the ______.

A

amygdala; basal ganglia

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19
Q

The subcortical structure believed to form and store memories associated with emotional events is the _____

A

amygdala

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20
Q

The three parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior are the:

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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21
Q

The portion of the midbrain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine is the ______

A

substantia nigra

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22
Q

T/F Efferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body.

A

True

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23
Q

T/F Afferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body.

A

False

24
Q

Which type of tracts in the CNS provide intrahemispheric connection? The ______ tracts.

A

association

25
Q

The two arterial systems in the brain are the _____ arteries, which provide posterior blood circulation, and the ______ arteries, which provide anterior circulation.

A

vertebral; carotid

26
Q

Cognition is an umbrella term for all higher mental processes, including: ______, _______, _______, ______.

A 
LAME
Language
Attention
Memory
Executive functions
27
Q

According to Sohlberh and Mateer (1987, 2001, 2010), the two broad component types of attention are: _____ and ______.

A

sustained; executive control of attention

28
Q

The four types of attention under executive control are:

A

selective, alternating, suppression, working memory

29
Q

Attention is always defined in relation to a ______

A

stimuli

30
Q

What areas of the brain are devoted to attention? (lobes)

A

parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe

31
Q

_____, ______, and ______ are the various stages of information processing described by the Stages Model of human memory.

A

encoding, retrieval, storage

32
Q

Delayed recall is associated with which stage of human memory?

A

retrieval

33
Q

The early processing of material to be learned is associated with which stage of human memory?

A

encoding

34
Q

As an SLP, your evaluation should include these parts: ______, _______, and _______.

A

case history, physical exam, assessment

35
Q

Give an example of vascular disease:

A

cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

36
Q

T/F Presence/absence of impairment can be made using results of a single cognitive communication measure.

A

False

37
Q

List all types of executive functions: (9)

A 
planning
problem solving
judgment
initiation
meta cognition
self regulation
reasoning
inhibition
mental flexibility
38
Q

What area within the frontal lobe is believed to be most involved with executive function?

A

prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Name a brain area believed to be important for the storage of new memories.

A

temporal

hippocampus

40
Q

The memory retrieval process is believed to be mediated by the _____ lobe and subcortical structures.

A

frontal

41
Q

The two general types of treatment are rehabilitative and ______.

A

compensatory

42
Q

Data collected on an individual client is a type of ______ evidence.

A

internal

43
Q

__ ___ is the most common deficit observed in patients in acquired cognitive communication disorders, regardless of severity

A

Impaired memory

44
Q

T/F: Memory deficits may or may not co-occur with TBI.

A

False; Aphasia

45
Q

Persisting memory and learning problems have been reported at 1, 2, and 6 years post injury in what? (think of a disease or condition - Aphasia, TBI, stroke, dementia)

A

Moderate to severe TBI

46
Q

In the early to middle stages of dementia, what type of memory may be impaired?

A

Episodic and semantic

47
Q

What type of methods should we consider for treating patients with dementia?

A

Compensatory

48
Q

What are some ways to retrain memory?

A

Shorten the length of instructions/directions
Provide training that stimulates real-world processing
Avoid fast speaking rate
Use a part-whole learning strategy
Consider hierarchy: rehearsal will proceed working memory training

49
Q

What approaches are there to treating memory?

A

Restorative/rehabilitative, compensatory

50
Q

What are other ways to treat memory?

A

Rehearsal, retrieval cues, metamemory

51
Q

Learning about the nature of their memory issues and how specific strategies can improve functioning defines what type of memory treatment?

Note: It also depends on overall executive function and frontal lobe networks and may not be appropriate for all patients.

A

Metamemory

52
Q

Characteristics that affect the ability to retrieve information include what?

A

Strength (intensity of memory)
Attribues stored w/ the memory
Associations w/ other memories
Ability to reconstruct from other memories

53
Q

What are the kinds of rehearsal (5 described in lecture)?

A

Interference rehearsal, spatial rehearsal, rehearsing numbers, rehearsing instructions, spaced retrieval

54
Q

Use of memory notebook, calendar or phone, written aids, pill organizers, and alarms are all examples of what type of approach?

A

Compensatory

55
Q

Rehearsal, retrieval cues, awareness training or metamemory are examples of what type of approach?

A

Restorative/rehabilitative

Cognitive & Motor (4 decks)

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