Midterm - COG Flashcards
The two main types of cells in the nervous system are the ______ and the ________.
glial, neurons
Name three types of sensory neurons (receptors)
photoreceptors mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors thermoreceptors baroreceptors proprioreceptors
At the cellular level, information is transmitted in the nervous system by the conversion of what kinds of energy?
electrical energy into chemical energy and then back to electrical energy
Chemical cellular communication happens at the
synaptic cleft
What does neurotransmitter do?
chemical messengers that transmit a message from a nerve cell across the synapse to a target cell
The divisions of the nervous system are the: ____ nervous system and the ______ nervous system
central; peripheral
What two structures make up the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
The divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _____ nervous system and the ______ nervous system
somatic; autonomic
The outer coverings of the brain include the _____ mater, ______ ______ mater, and the ______ mater
dura, arachnoid membrane, pia
The main components/structures in the brain include the cerebrum, the ______, the _______, and the _______ _______.
cerebellum; brainstem; subcortical structures
Grey matter is grey because it consists of what?
densely packed cell bodies
Name the 5 lobes of the brain
frontal parietal temporal occipital insula
Although there may be involvement across multiple lobes of the brain for cognition, the main lobe is believed to be the:
frontal lobe
Which cortex of the frontal lobe is typically associated with the executive function? The _____ cortex.
prefrontal
If you were to experience agnosia, or inability to recognize objects, this would likely be due to damage of the _____ lobe of the brain
parietal
Visual processing is believed to be involved with the _____ lobe of the brain.
occipital
Balance is typically associated with this part of the brain: the _____
cerebellum
The brain’s subcortical structures include the: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, _____, and the ______.
amygdala; basal ganglia
The subcortical structure believed to form and store memories associated with emotional events is the _____
amygdala
The three parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior are the:
midbrain
pons
medulla
The portion of the midbrain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine is the ______
substantia nigra
T/F Efferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body.
True
T/F Afferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body.
False
Which type of tracts in the CNS provide intrahemispheric connection? The ______ tracts.
association
The two arterial systems in the brain are the _____ arteries, which provide posterior blood circulation, and the ______ arteries, which provide anterior circulation.
vertebral; carotid
Cognition is an umbrella term for all higher mental processes, including: ______, _______, _______, ______.
LAME Language Attention Memory Executive functions
According to Sohlberh and Mateer (1987, 2001, 2010), the two broad component types of attention are: _____ and ______.
sustained; executive control of attention
The four types of attention under executive control are:
selective, alternating, suppression, working memory
Attention is always defined in relation to a ______
stimuli
What areas of the brain are devoted to attention? (lobes)
parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe
_____, ______, and ______ are the various stages of information processing described by the Stages Model of human memory.
encoding, retrieval, storage
Delayed recall is associated with which stage of human memory?
retrieval
The early processing of material to be learned is associated with which stage of human memory?
encoding
As an SLP, your evaluation should include these parts: ______, _______, and _______.
case history, physical exam, assessment
Give an example of vascular disease:
cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
T/F Presence/absence of impairment can be made using results of a single cognitive communication measure.
False
List all types of executive functions: (9)
planning problem solving judgment initiation meta cognition self regulation reasoning inhibition mental flexibility
What area within the frontal lobe is believed to be most involved with executive function?
prefrontal cortex
Name a brain area believed to be important for the storage of new memories.
temporal
hippocampus
The memory retrieval process is believed to be mediated by the _____ lobe and subcortical structures.
frontal
The two general types of treatment are rehabilitative and ______.
compensatory
Data collected on an individual client is a type of ______ evidence.
internal
__ ___ is the most common deficit observed in patients in acquired cognitive communication disorders, regardless of severity
Impaired memory
T/F: Memory deficits may or may not co-occur with TBI.
False; Aphasia
Persisting memory and learning problems have been reported at 1, 2, and 6 years post injury in what? (think of a disease or condition - Aphasia, TBI, stroke, dementia)
Moderate to severe TBI
In the early to middle stages of dementia, what type of memory may be impaired?
Episodic and semantic
What type of methods should we consider for treating patients with dementia?
Compensatory
What are some ways to retrain memory?
Shorten the length of instructions/directions
Provide training that stimulates real-world processing
Avoid fast speaking rate
Use a part-whole learning strategy
Consider hierarchy: rehearsal will proceed working memory training
What approaches are there to treating memory?
Restorative/rehabilitative, compensatory
What are other ways to treat memory?
Rehearsal, retrieval cues, metamemory
Learning about the nature of their memory issues and how specific strategies can improve functioning defines what type of memory treatment?
Note: It also depends on overall executive function and frontal lobe networks and may not be appropriate for all patients.
Metamemory
Characteristics that affect the ability to retrieve information include what?
Strength (intensity of memory)
Attribues stored w/ the memory
Associations w/ other memories
Ability to reconstruct from other memories
What are the kinds of rehearsal (5 described in lecture)?
Interference rehearsal, spatial rehearsal, rehearsing numbers, rehearsing instructions, spaced retrieval
Use of memory notebook, calendar or phone, written aids, pill organizers, and alarms are all examples of what type of approach?
Compensatory
Rehearsal, retrieval cues, awareness training or metamemory are examples of what type of approach?
Restorative/rehabilitative
