Midterm - COG

Question 1

The two main types of cells in the nervous system are the ______ and the ________.

Answer 1

glial, neurons

Question 2

Name three types of sensory neurons (receptors)

Answer 2

photoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
thermoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioreceptors

Question 3

At the cellular level, information is transmitted in the nervous system by the conversion of what kinds of energy?

Answer 3

electrical energy into chemical energy and then back to electrical energy

Question 4

Chemical cellular communication happens at the

Answer 4

synaptic cleft

Question 5

What does neurotransmitter do?

Answer 5

chemical messengers that transmit a message from a nerve cell across the synapse to a target cell

Question 6

The divisions of the nervous system are the: ____ nervous system and the ______ nervous system

Answer 6

central; peripheral

Question 7

What two structures make up the central nervous system?

Answer 7

brain and spinal cord

Question 8

The divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _____ nervous system and the ______ nervous system

Answer 8

somatic; autonomic

Question 9

The outer coverings of the brain include the _____ mater, ______ ______ mater, and the ______ mater

Answer 9

dura, arachnoid membrane, pia

Question 10

The main components/structures in the brain include the cerebrum, the ______, the _______, and the _______ _______.

Answer 10

cerebellum; brainstem; subcortical structures

Question 11

Grey matter is grey because it consists of what?

Answer 11

densely packed cell bodies

Question 12

Name the 5 lobes of the brain

Answer 12

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

Question 13

Although there may be involvement across multiple lobes of the brain for cognition, the main lobe is believed to be the:

Answer 13

frontal lobe

Question 14

Which cortex of the frontal lobe is typically associated with the executive function? The _____ cortex.

Answer 14

prefrontal

Question 15

If you were to experience agnosia, or inability to recognize objects, this would likely be due to damage of the _____ lobe of the brain

Answer 15

parietal

Question 16

Visual processing is believed to be involved with the _____ lobe of the brain.

Answer 16

occipital

Question 17

Balance is typically associated with this part of the brain: the _____

Answer 17

cerebellum

Question 18

The brain’s subcortical structures include the: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, _____, and the ______.

Answer 18

amygdala; basal ganglia

Question 19

The subcortical structure believed to form and store memories associated with emotional events is the _____

Answer 19

amygdala

Question 20

The three parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior are the:

Answer 20

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 21

The portion of the midbrain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine is the ______

Answer 21

substantia nigra

Question 22

T/F Efferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

T/F Afferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Which type of tracts in the CNS provide intrahemispheric connection? The ______ tracts.

Answer 24

association

Question 25

The two arterial systems in the brain are the _____ arteries, which provide posterior blood circulation, and the ______ arteries, which provide anterior circulation.

Answer 25

vertebral; carotid

Question 26

Cognition is an umbrella term for all higher mental processes, including: ______, _______, _______, ______.

Answer 26

``` LAME Language Attention Memory Executive functions ```

Question 27

According to Sohlberh and Mateer (1987, 2001, 2010), the two broad component types of attention are: _____ and ______.

Answer 27

sustained; executive control of attention

Question 28

The four types of attention under executive control are:

Answer 28

selective, alternating, suppression, working memory

Question 29

Attention is always defined in relation to a ______

Answer 29

stimuli

Question 30

What areas of the brain are devoted to attention? (lobes)

Answer 30

parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe

Question 31

_____, ______, and ______ are the various stages of information processing described by the Stages Model of human memory.

Answer 31

encoding, retrieval, storage

Question 32

Delayed recall is associated with which stage of human memory?

Answer 32

retrieval

Question 33

The early processing of material to be learned is associated with which stage of human memory?

Answer 33

encoding

Question 34

As an SLP, your evaluation should include these parts: ______, _______, and _______.

Answer 34

case history, physical exam, assessment

Question 35

Give an example of vascular disease:

Answer 35

cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

Question 36

T/F Presence/absence of impairment can be made using results of a single cognitive communication measure.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

List all types of executive functions: (9)

Answer 37

``` planning problem solving judgment initiation meta cognition self regulation reasoning inhibition mental flexibility ```

Question 38

What area within the frontal lobe is believed to be most involved with executive function?

Answer 38

prefrontal cortex

Question 39

Name a brain area believed to be important for the storage of new memories.

Answer 39

temporal | hippocampus

Question 40

The memory retrieval process is believed to be mediated by the _____ lobe and subcortical structures.

Answer 40

frontal

Question 41

The two general types of treatment are rehabilitative and ______.

Answer 41

compensatory

Question 42

Data collected on an individual client is a type of ______ evidence.

Answer 42

internal

Question 43

__ ___ is the most common deficit observed in patients in acquired cognitive communication disorders, regardless of severity

Answer 43

Impaired memory

Question 44

T/F: Memory deficits may or may not co-occur with TBI.

Answer 44

False; Aphasia

Question 45

Persisting memory and learning problems have been reported at 1, 2, and 6 years post injury in what? (think of a disease or condition - Aphasia, TBI, stroke, dementia)

Answer 45

Moderate to severe TBI

Question 46

In the early to middle stages of dementia, what type of memory may be impaired?

Answer 46

Episodic and semantic

Question 47

What type of methods should we consider for treating patients with dementia?

Answer 47

Compensatory

Question 48

What are some ways to retrain memory?

Answer 48

Shorten the length of instructions/directions Provide training that stimulates real-world processing Avoid fast speaking rate Use a part-whole learning strategy Consider hierarchy: rehearsal will proceed working memory training

Question 49

What approaches are there to treating memory?

Answer 49

Restorative/rehabilitative, compensatory

Question 50

What are other ways to treat memory?

Answer 50

Rehearsal, retrieval cues, metamemory

Question 51

Learning about the nature of their memory issues and how specific strategies can improve functioning defines what type of memory treatment? Note: It also depends on overall executive function and frontal lobe networks and may not be appropriate for all patients.

Answer 51

Metamemory

Question 52

Characteristics that affect the ability to retrieve information include what?

Answer 52

Strength (intensity of memory) Attribues stored w/ the memory Associations w/ other memories Ability to reconstruct from other memories

Question 53

What are the kinds of rehearsal (5 described in lecture)?

Answer 53

Interference rehearsal, spatial rehearsal, rehearsing numbers, rehearsing instructions, spaced retrieval

Question 54

Use of memory notebook, calendar or phone, written aids, pill organizers, and alarms are all examples of what type of approach?

Answer 54

Compensatory

Question 55

Rehearsal, retrieval cues, awareness training or metamemory are examples of what type of approach?

Answer 55

Restorative/rehabilitative