COG - Final Flashcards
1
Q
two main types of cells in the nervous system
A
glial cells
neurons
2
Q
At the cellular level, information is transmitted in the nervous system by the conversion of what kind of energy?
A
electrical energy into chemical energy and then back into electrical
3
Q
chemical cellular communication happens at the?
A
synaptic cleft
4
Q
what does the neurotransmitter do?
A
chemical messengers that transmit a message from a nerve cell across the synapse to a target cell
5
Q
What are the divisions of the nervous system?
A
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
6
Q
What two structures make up the central nervous system?
A
Brain
spinal cord
7
Q
Divisions of the peripheral nervous system
A
somatic nervous system (SNS)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
8
Q
What are the outer coverings of the brain?
A
Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
9
Q
The main components/structures in the brain include what?
A
Cerebrum (lobes)
cerebellum
subcortical structures
brainstem
10
Q
Grey matter is grey because it consists of
A
densely packed cell bodies
11
Q
Name the 5 lobes of the brain
A
frontal temporal parietal occipital insula
12
Q
Although there may be involvement across multiple lobes of the brain for cognition, the main lobe is believed to be the
A
frontal lobe
13
Q
Which cortex of the frontal lobe is typically associated with executive function?
A
Prefrontal cortex
14
Q
If you were to experience agnosia, or inability to recognize objects, this would likely be due to damage to the __ lobe of the brain.
A
Parietal
15
Q
Visual processing is believed to be involved with the __ lobe of the brain.
A
Occipital
16
Q
Balance is typically associated with this part of the brain
A
Cerebellum
17
Q
The brain’s subcortical structures include?
A
thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland hippocampus basal ganglia amygdala
18
Q
The subcortical structure believed to form and store memories associated with emotional events is the
A
amygdala
19
Q
The three parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior are the
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
20
Q
The portion of the midbrain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine is the
A
substantia nigra
21
Q
T/F: Efferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body
A
True
22
Q
T/F: Afferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body
A
False
23
Q
Which type of tracts in the CNS provide intrahemispheric connection?
A
Association
24
Q
The two arterial systems in the brain are __ arteries, which provide posterior blood circulation, and the __ arteries, which provide anterior circulation
A
Vertebral; carotid
25
T/F: SLPs do not need to be familiar with neurology to be effective
False
26
Cognition is an umbrella term for all higher mental processes including:
(LAME)
language
attention
memory
executive function
27
According to Solhberg & Mateer (1987, 2001, 2010), the two broad component types of attention are
executive control of attention
| sustained
28
The four types of attention under executive control are
selective
alternating
suppression
working memory
29
Listening to a spoken passage in the presence of background noise requires intact attention of what kind?
Selective
30
The areas of the brain that are devoted to attention are
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
31
__, __, and __ __ are the various stages of information processing described by the Stages Model of human memory
encoding
storage
retrieval process
32
Delayed recall is associated with which state of human memory?
Retrieval
33
The early processing of material to be learned is associated with which stage of human memory?
encoding
34
As an SLP, your evaluation should include these parts
case history
physical exam
assessments
35
Give an example of vascular disease
cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
36
T/F: Presence/absence of impairment can be made using results of a single cognitive communication measure
False
37
List all types of executive functioning
```
Initiation
planning
judgment
metacognition
mental flexibility
problem solving
inhibition
reasoning
self-regulation
```
38
What area within the frontal lobe is believed to be most involved with executive function?
prefrontal cortex
39
Name a brain area believed to be important for the storage of new memories
hippocampus
| temporal lobe
40
The memory retrieval process is believed to be mediated by the __ lobe and subcortical structures
frontal
41
Data collected on an individual client is a type of __ evidence
internal
42
The 2 types of treatment are rehabilitative and __
compensatory
43
T/F: A screen is used to identify presence of impairment and is usually a pass/fail.
True
44
What areas of the brain are most likely impacted when there is attention impairment?
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
45
Which brain area is believed to be important for storage of new memories?
temporal lobe
| hippocampus
46
Capacity limitation is the principle that says __ is a limited-capacity resource, whereas selection asserts that __ involves selection of relevant stimuli while others are ignored/filtered
attention; attention
47
Neuropsychologists are similar to SLPs in terms of assessing and treating cognition. However they differ from SLPs in that they treat __ disturbances and emotional functioning
mood
48
Name three types of sensory neurons
```
Thermoreceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
photoreceptors
proprioceptors
mechanoreceptors
nociceptors
```
49
(type of attention under executive control)
| ability to shift focus between tasks or stimuli
alternating or divided attention
50
(type of attention under executive control)
| ability to control impulsive responding
suppression of attention
51
(type of attention under executive control)
| ability to hold and manipulate information in mind
working memory
52
(type of attention under executive control)
| selectively process information while inhibiting responses to nontarget information
selective attention
53
(type of executive function)
| ability to change a course of action based on the shifting demands of a situation
mental flexibility
54
(type of executive function)
| involves setting objectives and determining a course of action to achieve those objectives
planning
55
(type of executive function)
| involves being able to discern the good and harmful aspects of a situation
judgement
56
(type of executive function)
| ability to select appropriate responses and suppress unwanted actions
inhibition
57
Attention is always defined in relation to a
stimuli
58
Katie has an appointment at 3:00 PM. It's now 2:30 and she knows she should leave but she can't seem to get going. This is an example of a deficit in which executive function component?
initiation
59
cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
etiology
60
functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
pathophysiology
61
(think disease)
| acute onset disease
encephalitis
62
(think disease)
| disease of immunocompromise
COVID-19
63
(think disease)
| relapsing/remitting disease
Lupus
64
(think disease)
| progressive diseases
Parkinson's Disease
65
Cerebrovascular accidents associated with cognitive-linguistic deficits are most often the results of loss of blood flow in the
left middle cerebral artery
66
The two types of stroke are
hemorrhagic
| ischemic
67
Ischemic strokes account for nearly what percentage of all strokes?
90%
68
The two types of TBIs are
closed brain injury
| penetrating brain injury
69
Inflammation in the brain can cause neuronal communication to quicket
False
70
Which disease can be characterized as demyelinating?
MS
71
Neuronal communication is __ in demyelinating diseases
decreased, declined, slowed, slow, slower
72
How much of all dementia is the result of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
2/3
73
What is the hallmark cognitive symptom of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
memory impairment
74
Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of __-producing nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra.
Dopamine
75
What is the hallmark cognitive symptom in frontotemporal dementia (FTD)?
executive function impairment
76
Which of the types of dementia is typically associated with attention impairment, appearing early in the disease progression?
Lewy Body dementia
77
(think training)
| Use of decontextualized tasks to train attention in a specific context
direct training
78
(think training)
| training cognitive skills in the context of everyday activities
training in specific skills
79
(think training)
| intended to minimize impairment while waiting for function to return or if function does not return
compensatory strategies
80
T/F: There is insufficient evidence that direct training on its own is effective, and therefore should be combined with other approaches
true
81
Which type of cognitive impairment is the most common deficit observed in patients with acquired cognitive communication disorders?
memory
82
The three treatment types under the rehabilitative approach for memory include
rehearsal, retrieval cues, and metamemory
83
Name one treatment example type for rehearsal
```
Interference
rehearsing numbers
spatial rehearsal
spatial
interference rehearsal
rehearsing instructions
spaced retrieval
```
84
An "alphabet search" is an example of a __ for the treatment for memory
retrieval
85
Which type of cognitive impairment is the most enduring following TBI?
executive function
86
Selection of therapy approach in patients with TBI depends on
support available to patient
time since injury
patient's level of awareness
87
protocols that are intended to treat executive function impairment
PIE
TEACH-M
APT
88
T/F: Time management pressure is a common complain amongst patients with dementia
false
89
Environmental supports used to compensate for executive function deficits include modification of __ demands, organization of __ __, cueing and __, and manipulation of __ factors
task
physical space
prompting
physiologic
90
T/F: Unilateral neglect is a visual deficit
false
91
T/F: left unilateral neglect is more common than right
true
92
Unilateral visuospatial neglect can be viewer centered, __ centered, or both
object
93
Although there is a paucity of treatment efficacy for disorders associated with right hemisphere damage, the exception is
unilateral visuospatial neglect
94
RHD-CCD (right hemisphere damage) can affect both cognition and communication, including executive function, awareness, __, comprehension, production, and __
prosody
| pragmatics
95
RHD damage most frequently impacts which of the following types of attention
alternating attention
selective attention
sustain attention
96
Define anosognosia
reduced awareness or recognition of deficit
97
Name one type of treatment for affective aprosodia. Indicate whether your above listed treatment is intended for expressive affective aprosodia or receptive affective aprosodia
Motoric-imitative treatment, cognitive affective treatment
| expressive
98
__ is a treatment for neglect that can be categorized as a "bottom-up"
left side anchors, external sensory stimulation, prism adaptation, border around stimuli, adding characters to words
99
__ is a treatment for neglect that can be categorized as a "top-down"
limb activation training
visuospatial motor treatments
lighthouse strategy
visual scanning
100
Which category of treatments for neglect currently has better evidentiary support in the literature?
top-down
101
T/F: Mild cognitive impairment is a preclinical condition suggesting risk for developing dementia
true
102
Which type of dementia has an onset typically occurring before 65 years of age?
frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
103
Which type of dementia has accompanying sleep disturbances and hallucinations?
dementia with Lewy Bodies
104
The second most common cause of dementia is
vascular dementia
105
Name one screen for cognitive impairment
```
Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test Plus
Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Mini-Mental State Examination
Saint Louis University Mental Status Exam
Clock Drawing Test
```
106
Name one measure to assess dementia across cognitive domains
Arizona Batter for Cognitive Communication Disorders
Dementia Rating Scale
Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
107
Treatment for cognitive-communication disorders for dementia includes behavioral and __ treatment
Medical, surgical, pharmacological
108
Name one feature of successful interventions for persons with dementia
- repeated presentation of targeted information
- provided contexts for learning-by-doing & multiple opportunities to generate target responses
- task formats that reduce error likelihood during initial learning
- capitalize on relatively spared sustained attention during intervention
- exposure to meaningful sensory stimuli
- opportunities for meaningful social engagement
109
Write one evidence-based behavioral treatment for cognition for persons with dementia
Spaced retrieval
memory books/wallets
reading roundtable
110
Which type of behavioral treatment is this?
| patients with dementia undergo treatment
Direct behavioral treatment
111
Which type of behavioral treatment is this?
| family members undergo training
indirect behavioral treatment
