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Cognitive & Motor > COG - Final > Flashcards

COG - Final Flashcards

1
Q

two main types of cells in the nervous system

A

glial cells

neurons

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2
Q

At the cellular level, information is transmitted in the nervous system by the conversion of what kind of energy?

A

electrical energy into chemical energy and then back into electrical

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3
Q

chemical cellular communication happens at the?

A

synaptic cleft

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4
Q

what does the neurotransmitter do?

A

chemical messengers that transmit a message from a nerve cell across the synapse to a target cell

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5
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

What two structures make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain

spinal cord

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7
Q

Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system (SNS)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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8
Q

What are the outer coverings of the brain?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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9
Q

The main components/structures in the brain include what?

A

Cerebrum (lobes)
cerebellum
subcortical structures
brainstem

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10
Q

Grey matter is grey because it consists of

A

densely packed cell bodies

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11
Q

Name the 5 lobes of the brain

A 
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
insula
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12
Q

Although there may be involvement across multiple lobes of the brain for cognition, the main lobe is believed to be the

A

frontal lobe

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13
Q

Which cortex of the frontal lobe is typically associated with executive function?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

If you were to experience agnosia, or inability to recognize objects, this would likely be due to damage to the __ lobe of the brain.

A

Parietal

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15
Q

Visual processing is believed to be involved with the __ lobe of the brain.

A

Occipital

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16
Q

Balance is typically associated with this part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

The brain’s subcortical structures include?

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
hippocampus
basal ganglia
amygdala
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18
Q

The subcortical structure believed to form and store memories associated with emotional events is the

A

amygdala

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19
Q

The three parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior are the

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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20
Q

The portion of the midbrain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine is the

A

substantia nigra

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21
Q

T/F: Efferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: Afferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body

A

False

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23
Q

Which type of tracts in the CNS provide intrahemispheric connection?

A

Association

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24
Q

The two arterial systems in the brain are __ arteries, which provide posterior blood circulation, and the __ arteries, which provide anterior circulation

A

Vertebral; carotid

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25
Q

T/F: SLPs do not need to be familiar with neurology to be effective

A

False

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26
Q

Cognition is an umbrella term for all higher mental processes including:

(LAME)

A

language
attention
memory
executive function

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27
Q

According to Solhberg & Mateer (1987, 2001, 2010), the two broad component types of attention are

A

executive control of attention

sustained

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28
Q

The four types of attention under executive control are

A

selective
alternating
suppression
working memory

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29
Q

Listening to a spoken passage in the presence of background noise requires intact attention of what kind?

A

Selective

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30
Q

The areas of the brain that are devoted to attention are

A

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe

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31
Q

__, __, and __ __ are the various stages of information processing described by the Stages Model of human memory

A

encoding
storage
retrieval process

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32
Q

Delayed recall is associated with which state of human memory?

A

Retrieval

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33
Q

The early processing of material to be learned is associated with which stage of human memory?

A

encoding

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34
Q

As an SLP, your evaluation should include these parts

A

case history
physical exam
assessments

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35
Q

Give an example of vascular disease

A

cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

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36
Q

T/F: Presence/absence of impairment can be made using results of a single cognitive communication measure

A

False

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37
Q

List all types of executive functioning

A 
Initiation
planning
judgment
metacognition
mental flexibility
problem solving
inhibition
reasoning
self-regulation
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38
Q

What area within the frontal lobe is believed to be most involved with executive function?

A

prefrontal cortex

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39
Q

Name a brain area believed to be important for the storage of new memories

A

hippocampus

temporal lobe

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40
Q

The memory retrieval process is believed to be mediated by the __ lobe and subcortical structures

A

frontal

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41
Q

Data collected on an individual client is a type of __ evidence

A

internal

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42
Q

The 2 types of treatment are rehabilitative and __

A

compensatory

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43
Q

T/F: A screen is used to identify presence of impairment and is usually a pass/fail.

A

True

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44
Q

What areas of the brain are most likely impacted when there is attention impairment?

A

temporal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe

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45
Q

Which brain area is believed to be important for storage of new memories?

A

temporal lobe

hippocampus

46
Q

Capacity limitation is the principle that says __ is a limited-capacity resource, whereas selection asserts that __ involves selection of relevant stimuli while others are ignored/filtered

A

attention; attention

47
Q

Neuropsychologists are similar to SLPs in terms of assessing and treating cognition. However they differ from SLPs in that they treat __ disturbances and emotional functioning

A

mood

48
Q

Name three types of sensory neurons

A 
Thermoreceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
photoreceptors
proprioceptors
mechanoreceptors
nociceptors
49
Q

(type of attention under executive control)

ability to shift focus between tasks or stimuli

A

alternating or divided attention

50
Q

(type of attention under executive control)

ability to control impulsive responding

A

suppression of attention

51
Q

(type of attention under executive control)

ability to hold and manipulate information in mind

A

working memory

52
Q

(type of attention under executive control)

selectively process information while inhibiting responses to nontarget information

A

selective attention

53
Q

(type of executive function)

ability to change a course of action based on the shifting demands of a situation

A

mental flexibility

54
Q

(type of executive function)

involves setting objectives and determining a course of action to achieve those objectives

A

planning

55
Q

(type of executive function)

involves being able to discern the good and harmful aspects of a situation

A

judgement

56
Q

(type of executive function)

ability to select appropriate responses and suppress unwanted actions

A

inhibition

57
Q

Attention is always defined in relation to a

A

stimuli

58
Q

Katie has an appointment at 3:00 PM. It’s now 2:30 and she knows she should leave but she can’t seem to get going. This is an example of a deficit in which executive function component?

A

initiation

59
Q

cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

A

etiology

60
Q

functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury

A

pathophysiology

61
Q

(think disease)

acute onset disease

A

encephalitis

62
Q

(think disease)

disease of immunocompromise

A

COVID-19

63
Q

(think disease)

relapsing/remitting disease

A

Lupus

64
Q

(think disease)

progressive diseases

A

Parkinson’s Disease

65
Q

Cerebrovascular accidents associated with cognitive-linguistic deficits are most often the results of loss of blood flow in the

A

left middle cerebral artery

66
Q

The two types of stroke are

A

hemorrhagic

ischemic

67
Q

Ischemic strokes account for nearly what percentage of all strokes?

A

90%

68
Q

The two types of TBIs are

A

closed brain injury

penetrating brain injury

69
Q

Inflammation in the brain can cause neuronal communication to quicket

A

False

70
Q

Which disease can be characterized as demyelinating?

A

MS

71
Q

Neuronal communication is __ in demyelinating diseases

A

decreased, declined, slowed, slow, slower

72
Q

How much of all dementia is the result of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)?

A

2/3

73
Q

What is the hallmark cognitive symptom of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)?

A

memory impairment

74
Q

Parkinson’s disease is caused by a loss of __-producing nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra.

A

Dopamine

75
Q

What is the hallmark cognitive symptom in frontotemporal dementia (FTD)?

A

executive function impairment

76
Q

Which of the types of dementia is typically associated with attention impairment, appearing early in the disease progression?

A

Lewy Body dementia

77
Q

(think training)

Use of decontextualized tasks to train attention in a specific context

A

direct training

78
Q

(think training)

training cognitive skills in the context of everyday activities

A

training in specific skills

79
Q

(think training)

intended to minimize impairment while waiting for function to return or if function does not return

A

compensatory strategies

80
Q

T/F: There is insufficient evidence that direct training on its own is effective, and therefore should be combined with other approaches

A

true

81
Q

Which type of cognitive impairment is the most common deficit observed in patients with acquired cognitive communication disorders?

A

memory

82
Q

The three treatment types under the rehabilitative approach for memory include

A

rehearsal, retrieval cues, and metamemory

83
Q

Name one treatment example type for rehearsal

A 
Interference
rehearsing numbers
spatial rehearsal
spatial
interference rehearsal
rehearsing instructions
spaced retrieval
84
Q

An “alphabet search” is an example of a __ for the treatment for memory

A

retrieval

85
Q

Which type of cognitive impairment is the most enduring following TBI?

A

executive function

86
Q

Selection of therapy approach in patients with TBI depends on

A

support available to patient
time since injury
patient’s level of awareness

87
Q

protocols that are intended to treat executive function impairment

A

PIE
TEACH-M
APT

88
Q

T/F: Time management pressure is a common complain amongst patients with dementia

A

false

89
Q

Environmental supports used to compensate for executive function deficits include modification of __ demands, organization of __ __, cueing and __, and manipulation of __ factors

A

task
physical space
prompting
physiologic

90
Q

T/F: Unilateral neglect is a visual deficit

A

false

91
Q

T/F: left unilateral neglect is more common than right

A

true

92
Q

Unilateral visuospatial neglect can be viewer centered, __ centered, or both

A

object

93
Q

Although there is a paucity of treatment efficacy for disorders associated with right hemisphere damage, the exception is

A

unilateral visuospatial neglect

94
Q

RHD-CCD (right hemisphere damage) can affect both cognition and communication, including executive function, awareness, __, comprehension, production, and __

A

prosody

pragmatics

95
Q

RHD damage most frequently impacts which of the following types of attention

A

alternating attention
selective attention
sustain attention

96
Q

Define anosognosia

A

reduced awareness or recognition of deficit

97
Q

Name one type of treatment for affective aprosodia. Indicate whether your above listed treatment is intended for expressive affective aprosodia or receptive affective aprosodia

A

Motoric-imitative treatment, cognitive affective treatment

expressive

98
Q

__ is a treatment for neglect that can be categorized as a “bottom-up”

A

left side anchors, external sensory stimulation, prism adaptation, border around stimuli, adding characters to words

99
Q

__ is a treatment for neglect that can be categorized as a “top-down”

A

limb activation training
visuospatial motor treatments
lighthouse strategy
visual scanning

100
Q

Which category of treatments for neglect currently has better evidentiary support in the literature?

A

top-down

101
Q

T/F: Mild cognitive impairment is a preclinical condition suggesting risk for developing dementia

A

true

102
Q

Which type of dementia has an onset typically occurring before 65 years of age?

A

frontotemporal dementia (FTD)

103
Q

Which type of dementia has accompanying sleep disturbances and hallucinations?

A

dementia with Lewy Bodies

104
Q

The second most common cause of dementia is

A

vascular dementia

105
Q

Name one screen for cognitive impairment

A 
Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test Plus
Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Mini-Mental State Examination
Saint Louis University Mental Status Exam
Clock Drawing Test
106
Q

Name one measure to assess dementia across cognitive domains

A

Arizona Batter for Cognitive Communication Disorders
Dementia Rating Scale
Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status

107
Q

Treatment for cognitive-communication disorders for dementia includes behavioral and __ treatment

A

Medical, surgical, pharmacological

108
Q

Name one feature of successful interventions for persons with dementia

A
  • repeated presentation of targeted information
  • provided contexts for learning-by-doing & multiple opportunities to generate target responses
  • task formats that reduce error likelihood during initial learning
  • capitalize on relatively spared sustained attention during intervention
  • exposure to meaningful sensory stimuli
  • opportunities for meaningful social engagement
109
Q

Write one evidence-based behavioral treatment for cognition for persons with dementia

A

Spaced retrieval
memory books/wallets
reading roundtable

110
Q

Which type of behavioral treatment is this?

patients with dementia undergo treatment

A

Direct behavioral treatment

111
Q

Which type of behavioral treatment is this?

family members undergo training

A

indirect behavioral treatment

Cognitive & Motor (4 decks)

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