Midterm Class Flashcards
Archeology
Study of past societies
Linguistics
Speech
Physical anthropology
Study of human evolution and variation
Cultural anthropology
Looking at ways that humans have adapted
Biological anthropology
Study of human biological evolution and biolcultural variation
Biolcultural approach
Relationship between biology and culture
Franz boas (1858-1942)
Studied Inuits wanted to see their environment
Saw that the environment affected their bodies
Charles Darwin
1809-1882
Theory of evolution
Natural selection
Paleontology
Study of fossils
Taxonomy
Study of classification
Demography
Study of pop
Evolutionary biology
Study of org and their changes
James Hutton (
(1726- 1797)
Uniformitarianism
Scottish geo
Geological strata
Charles Lyell
(1795-1875)
Evidence of the antiquity of earth
Strata uniform
Geo
Robert Hooke
(1635-1703)
Determined that fossil wood was once alive
George’s curvier
(1769-1832)
Identified that diff fossils can be found in diff geo strata
Carlous Linnaeus (1707-1778) N
Naming system for all living organisms
Thomas Malthus
(1766- 1834)
English political economist
Pop limited by food supply
Jean baptiste Lamarck
(1744- 1829)
Proposed that an organism can pass on features that were required during its lifetime
Alfred Russell Wallace
(1823-1913)
Independently arrived at some conclusions as Darwin
Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884) Mendelion inheritance Discrete units genes Diff versions:alleles Dominant and recessive
Thomas hunt morgan
(1866-1945)
Demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes
1856
Fossil hominid recovered in neander valley in Germany
Piltdown hoax (1912)
People were interested in their parts of the world
Found cranium but was a fake
Homology
Evolved from same ancestor
Analogy
Structurally diff used for same reason
Mammalian features
Hair Mammary glands Middle ear One lower jaw bone Diphyodonty
Hair
When did we lose it? Dolphin doesn’t have it
Mammary glands
Produce milk
3 middle ear ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes
Transfer vibrations to inner ear
One lower jaw bone
Mandible
Needed for mammals
Diphyodonty
Baby teeth and permanent set
Medial
Towards mid line
Lateral
Towards outside
Proximal
Higher up
Distal
Lower down
Dentition
Incisors, canine, pre molars, molars
Prosimians
Naplorhines
Characteristics of prosimians
Reliance on smell Big eyes More primitive Eyes more lateral Most found in Africa, SE Asia
Lemurs
Madagascar
Diurnal and nocturnal
Mainly arboreal
What is the size range for lemurs?
From 10cm to 60cm
What is the life span of lemurs?
19 years
DF for lemurs
2133
Lorises
Found in India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, and Africa
Nocturnal
Arboreal
Quadrupedalism
Life span of lorises
14 years
DF of lorises
2133
Order primates suborder strepsirhini
Wet nose
Order primates
Suborder haplorhini
Dry nose
Tarsiers
Found in SE Asia
Nocturnal insectivores
DF of tarsiers
2133/1133
Tree shrew
DF: 2133/3133
Where are prosimians, old world monkeys, and apes found?
SE Asia, Asia, and Africa and SE Asia
What are primates?
Arboreal mammals- connection to trees
Dietary plasticity- tend to eat pretty much anything
Parental investment- spend a lot of time so their young more so mother
Enhanced touch
Dermal ridges
Nails instead of claws
Made with same protein as us: keratin
Enhanced vision
Forward facing eyes
Reduced smell
Lemurs: utiilizes longer snout
Monkey: pushed in face eyes closer
Baboon: has a longer snout bc of the canines
Diets and teeth
Older monkeys apes and humans: DF 2123
Nonhuman primates nonverbal cues
Hand gestures Facial expression Grooming behaviour Fights Hugs
Sociobiology
Studying social behaviours of biology
Harry Harlow experiments
Nature vs nurture
Baby mackes were taken away from their mothers
Mackes went to softness
Infants grown up and could not connect to their children
Altruism
If your helping someone else out and your not getting anything from it
Mutualism
I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine
Advantages in group living
Living in a large group can be easier to defend each other
Predator can be spotted faster
Cambel monkeys
If they hear a warning call from a cambell money will pass on the exact sound
If they hear a different call from a different monkey will be passed on but will have a different ending to the vocalization
Kanzi
Bonobo
In his 30s
Was taught how to use lexigrams
Koko
Gorilla
Female in her 40s
After robin Williams died made her sad
Wernickes area
Temporal region comprehensive
Broca’s area
Frontal region mechanics of speaking
Polygynous
One male multi female
Male very large
Ex gorilla
Polyandrous
Fairly rare
Seen in new world monkeys
Multi male multi female
Idea of rank is important
All male
Juvenile males
Baboons, chimps
One male one female
Monogymous
Don’t see a lot of size variation
Gibbons
Solitary
Males and females only interact for reproductive purposes
Orangutan
Infanticide
Male wants access to female but she has baby so kills off the infant
Good nutrition leads to
Earlier first birth
Healthiest infants
Short interbirth interval
Longer life span
3 factors for successful feeding
Quality
Distribution
Seasonal availability
Suborder haplorhini
Indraorder antrhopoidea
Cranial sutures
Sagittal suture
Between parietal bone
Coronal suture
Between frontal and partial bones
Squamocal suture
Between parietal and temporal bone
Metobic suture
Right down middle
Timing of fontanelle closure in modern humans
- Posterior fontanelle: 2-3 months after birth
- Sphenoidal fontanelle: around 6m
- Mastoid fontanelle: 6-18 months
- Anterior fontanelle: 1-3 yrs
Pterion landmark
Right in the middle of the H of sutures (in front of temporal bones)
Carotid canal
Inferior (bottom) cranium
Nuchal crest
Neck
Region of attachment for neck muscles
On occipital bone
Optic canal
Hole in optic
Perhaps size difference connected to better vision
Super orbital foramen
Above orbit
Notch
Supraorbital torus
Brow ridge
Projects
Anthropoids
Larger brain Larger body size Increased use of vision Flat faces Longer gestation and maturation periods
Larger brain
Difference in connectivity
Difference in length of time this develops
Larger body size
Usually anthropoids over 1kg
Flat faces
Less of a need for smelling
Infra order anthropoidea
Parvorder platyrrhini
Parvorder catarrhini
Parvorder platyrrhini
New world monkeys
Broad noses with nostrils outward
Parvorder catarrhini
Old world monkeys
Apes humans
Narrow noses nostrils down
Platyrrhines
New world primates
2113 DF
Some have prehensile tails (used their tails quite a bit to get around)
Superfamily ceboidea
Cebidae (marmoset, squirrel monkey, capuchin)
Atelidae (woolly monkey)
Capuchins
Range in size
Quadrupedal
1 offspring
2133/2133 DF
Marmoset
Primitive
Claws
Mostly insectivorous
Males involved in care of offspring
Lemur classification
Order primates
Suborder strepsirhini
Infra order lemuroidea
Genus species lemur catta
Classification of tarsier
Order primates
Suborder haplorhini
Infra order tarsiiformes
Genus species: tarsius spectrum
Loris classification
Order primates Suborder strepsirhini Infra order lemuriformes Superfamily lorisoidea Genus loris sp
Tree shrew classification
Order Scandentia
Family tupaiidae
Genus species tupaia glis
Superfamily cercopithecpidea
Widely distributed
Arboreal/terrestrial
Tougher skin on their butt
What is ischial callosities
Tougher skin on butt use to sit when their acquiring food
DF of superfamily cercopithecoidea
2123-2123
2 subfamilies of superfamily cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecinae
Colobinae
Cercopithecines
Mixed habitat More fruit in diet Provide model for behaviour of earliest hominins Sexual dimorphism Baboons, Macaques
Colobines
Arboreal
Leaf eating
African colobus, proboscis monkey
Homonoid classification
Order primates Suborder haplorhini Infra order anthropoidea Parvorder catarrhini Superfamily hominodea
Infra orbital foramina
On maxilla (what we saw in lab on face)
Sagittal crest
On top of head
Simian shelf
Apes teeth erupt a lot sooner so they have this extra bone
2 families of hominoidea
Family hylobatidae lesser apes- gibbons
Family hominidae- great apes and humans
Homonoids traits
Large bodied
Large brained
Broad faces
Tailless
Gibbons
Family hylobatidae
SE Asia
Brachiators
Monogamous
Orangutans
Found in Borneo and sumatra
Solitary
Diet consists of fruit sexual dimorphism
Orangutan classification
Order primates Suborder haplorhini Infra order anthropoidea Parvorder catarrhini Superfamily hominoidea Family hominidae Subfamily ponginal genus sp pongo pygmaeus
Gorilla
Africa, mountain areas of Uganda
Knuckle walking
Sexual dimorphism
Gorilla classification
Order primates Suborder haplorhini Infra order anthropoidea Parvoder cattarhines Superfamily hominoidea Family hominidae Subfamily gorillae Genus sp gorilla gorilla
Tribe panini chimpanzees
Africa
Arboreal and terrestrial
Highly excitable
Tribe panini chimps classification
Order primates Suborder cattarhini Infra order anthropoidea Parvorder cattarhini Superfamily hominoidea Family hominidae Subfamily hominidae Genus sp pan troglodytes
Bonobos
Republic of Congo
More arboreal
Bonobos classification
Order primates Suborder haplorhini Infra order anthropoidea Parvorder catarrhini Superfamily hominoidea Family hominoidea Superfamily hominoidea Genus sp pan paniscus
Thomas Huxley
1863
Evidence as to mans place in nature
Looked at Skeleton
The march of progress
1965 illustration
Wouldn’t be hunched over if we were bipedal
Darwins 4 key differences between apes
Quad vs bipedal
Large canines vs small canines
No tool use vs tool use
Brain size
Genetic drift
Notice small difference in small pop vs bigger ones
Microevoltuion
Have evidence of evolution within 1 generation
Marcoevolution
Evidence of evolution through time