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Archeology > Midterm Class > Flashcards

Midterm Class Flashcards

1
Q

Archeology

A

Study of past societies

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2
Q

Linguistics

A

Speech

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3
Q

Physical anthropology

A

Study of human evolution and variation

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4
Q

Cultural anthropology

A

Looking at ways that humans have adapted

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5
Q

Biological anthropology

A

Study of human biological evolution and biolcultural variation

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6
Q

Biolcultural approach

A

Relationship between biology and culture

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7
Q

Franz boas (1858-1942)

A

Studied Inuits wanted to see their environment

Saw that the environment affected their bodies

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8
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1809-1882
Theory of evolution
Natural selection

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9
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of fossils

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10
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of classification

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11
Q

Demography

A

Study of pop

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12
Q

Evolutionary biology

A

Study of org and their changes

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13
Q

James Hutton (

A

(1726- 1797)
Uniformitarianism
Scottish geo
Geological strata

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14
Q

Charles Lyell

A

(1795-1875)
Evidence of the antiquity of earth
Strata uniform
Geo

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15
Q

Robert Hooke

A

(1635-1703)

Determined that fossil wood was once alive

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16
Q

George’s curvier

A

(1769-1832)

Identified that diff fossils can be found in diff geo strata

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17
Q 
Carlous Linnaeus (1707-1778) 
N
A

Naming system for all living organisms

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18
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

(1766- 1834)
English political economist
Pop limited by food supply

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19
Q

Jean baptiste Lamarck

A

(1744- 1829)

Proposed that an organism can pass on features that were required during its lifetime

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20
Q

Alfred Russell Wallace

A

(1823-1913)

Independently arrived at some conclusions as Darwin

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21
Q

Gregor Mendel

A 
(1822-1884)
Mendelion inheritance 
Discrete units genes 
Diff versions:alleles 
Dominant and recessive
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22
Q

Thomas hunt morgan

A

(1866-1945)

Demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes

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23
Q

1856

A

Fossil hominid recovered in neander valley in Germany

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24
Q

Piltdown hoax (1912)

A

People were interested in their parts of the world

Found cranium but was a fake

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25
Q

Homology

A

Evolved from same ancestor

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26
Q

Analogy

A

Structurally diff used for same reason

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27
Q

Mammalian features

A 
Hair 
Mammary glands
Middle ear
One lower jaw bone
Diphyodonty
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28
Q

Hair

A

When did we lose it? Dolphin doesn’t have it

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29
Q

Mammary glands

A

Produce milk

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30
Q

3 middle ear ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

Transfer vibrations to inner ear

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31
Q

One lower jaw bone

A

Mandible

Needed for mammals

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32
Q

Diphyodonty

A

Baby teeth and permanent set

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33
Q

Medial

A

Towards mid line

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34
Q

Lateral

A

Towards outside

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35
Q

Proximal

A

Higher up

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36
Q

Distal

A

Lower down

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37
Q

Dentition

A

Incisors, canine, pre molars, molars

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38
Q

Prosimians

A

Naplorhines

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39
Q

Characteristics of prosimians

A 
Reliance on smell 
Big eyes
More primitive 
Eyes more lateral 
Most found in Africa, SE Asia
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40
Q

Lemurs

A

Madagascar
Diurnal and nocturnal
Mainly arboreal

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41
Q

What is the size range for lemurs?

A

From 10cm to 60cm

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42
Q

What is the life span of lemurs?

A

19 years

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43
Q

DF for lemurs

A

2133

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44
Q

Lorises

A

Found in India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, and Africa
Nocturnal
Arboreal
Quadrupedalism

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45
Q

Life span of lorises

A

14 years

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46
Q

DF of lorises

A

2133

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47
Q

Order primates suborder strepsirhini

A

Wet nose

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48
Q

Order primates

Suborder haplorhini

A

Dry nose

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49
Q

Tarsiers

A

Found in SE Asia

Nocturnal insectivores

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50
Q

DF of tarsiers

A

2133/1133

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51
Q

Tree shrew

A

DF: 2133/3133

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52
Q

Where are prosimians, old world monkeys, and apes found?

A

SE Asia, Asia, and Africa and SE Asia

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53
Q

What are primates?

A

Arboreal mammals- connection to trees
Dietary plasticity- tend to eat pretty much anything
Parental investment- spend a lot of time so their young more so mother

54
Q

Enhanced touch

A

Dermal ridges
Nails instead of claws
Made with same protein as us: keratin

55
Q

Enhanced vision

A

Forward facing eyes

56
Q

Reduced smell

A

Lemurs: utiilizes longer snout
Monkey: pushed in face eyes closer
Baboon: has a longer snout bc of the canines

57
Q

Diets and teeth

A

Older monkeys apes and humans: DF 2123

58
Q

Nonhuman primates nonverbal cues

A 
Hand gestures 
Facial expression 
Grooming behaviour
Fights
Hugs
59
Q

Sociobiology

A

Studying social behaviours of biology

60
Q

Harry Harlow experiments

A

Nature vs nurture
Baby mackes were taken away from their mothers
Mackes went to softness
Infants grown up and could not connect to their children

61
Q

Altruism

A

If your helping someone else out and your not getting anything from it

62
Q

Mutualism

A

I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine

63
Q

Advantages in group living

A

Living in a large group can be easier to defend each other

Predator can be spotted faster

64
Q

Cambel monkeys

A

If they hear a warning call from a cambell money will pass on the exact sound
If they hear a different call from a different monkey will be passed on but will have a different ending to the vocalization

65
Q

Kanzi

A

Bonobo
In his 30s
Was taught how to use lexigrams

66
Q

Koko

A

Gorilla
Female in her 40s
After robin Williams died made her sad

67
Q

Wernickes area

A

Temporal region comprehensive

68
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal region mechanics of speaking

69
Q

Polygynous

A

One male multi female
Male very large
Ex gorilla

70
Q

Polyandrous

A

Fairly rare

Seen in new world monkeys

71
Q

Multi male multi female

A

Idea of rank is important

72
Q

All male

A

Juvenile males

Baboons, chimps

73
Q

One male one female

A

Monogymous
Don’t see a lot of size variation
Gibbons

74
Q

Solitary

A

Males and females only interact for reproductive purposes

Orangutan

75
Q

Infanticide

A

Male wants access to female but she has baby so kills off the infant

76
Q

Good nutrition leads to

A

Earlier first birth
Healthiest infants
Short interbirth interval
Longer life span

77
Q

3 factors for successful feeding

A

Quality
Distribution
Seasonal availability

78
Q

Suborder haplorhini

A

Indraorder antrhopoidea

Cranial sutures

79
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Between parietal bone

80
Q

Coronal suture

A

Between frontal and partial bones

81
Q

Squamocal suture

A

Between parietal and temporal bone

82
Q

Metobic suture

A

Right down middle

83
Q

Timing of fontanelle closure in modern humans

A
  1. Posterior fontanelle: 2-3 months after birth
  2. Sphenoidal fontanelle: around 6m
  3. Mastoid fontanelle: 6-18 months
  4. Anterior fontanelle: 1-3 yrs
84
Q

Pterion landmark

A

Right in the middle of the H of sutures (in front of temporal bones)

85
Q

Carotid canal

A

Inferior (bottom) cranium

86
Q

Nuchal crest

A

Neck
Region of attachment for neck muscles
On occipital bone

87
Q

Optic canal

A

Hole in optic

Perhaps size difference connected to better vision

88
Q

Super orbital foramen

A

Above orbit

Notch

89
Q

Supraorbital torus

A

Brow ridge

Projects

90
Q

Anthropoids

A 
Larger brain 
Larger body size 
Increased use of vision 
Flat faces 
Longer gestation and maturation periods
91
Q

Larger brain

A

Difference in connectivity

Difference in length of time this develops

92
Q

Larger body size

A

Usually anthropoids over 1kg

93
Q

Flat faces

A

Less of a need for smelling

94
Q

Infra order anthropoidea

A

Parvorder platyrrhini

Parvorder catarrhini

95
Q

Parvorder platyrrhini

A

New world monkeys

Broad noses with nostrils outward

96
Q

Parvorder catarrhini

A

Old world monkeys
Apes humans
Narrow noses nostrils down

97
Q

Platyrrhines

A

New world primates
2113 DF
Some have prehensile tails (used their tails quite a bit to get around)

98
Q

Superfamily ceboidea

A

Cebidae (marmoset, squirrel monkey, capuchin)

Atelidae (woolly monkey)

99
Q

Capuchins

A

Range in size
Quadrupedal
1 offspring
2133/2133 DF

100
Q

Marmoset

A

Primitive
Claws
Mostly insectivorous
Males involved in care of offspring

101
Q

Lemur classification

A

Order primates
Suborder strepsirhini
Infra order lemuroidea
Genus species lemur catta

102
Q

Classification of tarsier

A

Order primates
Suborder haplorhini
Infra order tarsiiformes
Genus species: tarsius spectrum

103
Q

Loris classification

A 
Order primates 
Suborder strepsirhini 
Infra order lemuriformes
Superfamily lorisoidea
Genus loris sp
104
Q

Tree shrew classification

A

Order Scandentia
Family tupaiidae
Genus species tupaia glis

105
Q

Superfamily cercopithecpidea

A

Widely distributed
Arboreal/terrestrial
Tougher skin on their butt

106
Q

What is ischial callosities

A

Tougher skin on butt use to sit when their acquiring food

107
Q

DF of superfamily cercopithecoidea

A

2123-2123

108
Q

2 subfamilies of superfamily cercopithecoidea

A

Cercopithecinae

Colobinae

109
Q

Cercopithecines

A 
Mixed habitat 
More fruit in diet 
Provide model for behaviour of earliest hominins 
Sexual dimorphism 
Baboons, Macaques
110
Q

Colobines

A

Arboreal
Leaf eating
African colobus, proboscis monkey

111
Q

Homonoid classification

A 
Order primates 
Suborder haplorhini 
Infra order anthropoidea 
Parvorder catarrhini 
Superfamily hominodea
112
Q

Infra orbital foramina

A

On maxilla (what we saw in lab on face)

113
Q

Sagittal crest

A

On top of head

114
Q

Simian shelf

A

Apes teeth erupt a lot sooner so they have this extra bone

115
Q

2 families of hominoidea

A

Family hylobatidae lesser apes- gibbons

Family hominidae- great apes and humans

116
Q

Homonoids traits

A

Large bodied
Large brained
Broad faces
Tailless

117
Q

Gibbons

A

Family hylobatidae
SE Asia
Brachiators
Monogamous

118
Q

Orangutans

A

Found in Borneo and sumatra
Solitary
Diet consists of fruit sexual dimorphism

119
Q

Orangutan classification

A 
Order primates 
Suborder haplorhini 
Infra order anthropoidea 
Parvorder catarrhini
Superfamily hominoidea 
Family hominidae 
Subfamily ponginal 
genus sp pongo pygmaeus
120
Q

Gorilla

A

Africa, mountain areas of Uganda
Knuckle walking
Sexual dimorphism

121
Q

Gorilla classification

A 
Order primates 
Suborder haplorhini 
Infra order anthropoidea 
Parvoder cattarhines 
Superfamily hominoidea
Family hominidae 
Subfamily gorillae 
Genus sp gorilla gorilla
122
Q

Tribe panini chimpanzees

A

Africa
Arboreal and terrestrial
Highly excitable

123
Q

Tribe panini chimps classification

A 
Order primates 
Suborder cattarhini 
Infra order anthropoidea 
Parvorder cattarhini 
Superfamily hominoidea 
Family hominidae 
Subfamily hominidae 
Genus sp pan troglodytes
124
Q

Bonobos

A

Republic of Congo

More arboreal

125
Q

Bonobos classification

A 
Order primates 
Suborder haplorhini 
Infra order anthropoidea 
Parvorder catarrhini 
Superfamily hominoidea 
Family hominoidea 
Superfamily hominoidea 
Genus sp pan paniscus
126
Q

Thomas Huxley

A

1863
Evidence as to mans place in nature
Looked at Skeleton

127
Q

The march of progress

A

1965 illustration

Wouldn’t be hunched over if we were bipedal

128
Q

Darwins 4 key differences between apes

A

Quad vs bipedal
Large canines vs small canines
No tool use vs tool use
Brain size

129
Q

Genetic drift

A

Notice small difference in small pop vs bigger ones

130
Q

Microevoltuion

A

Have evidence of evolution within 1 generation

131
Q

Marcoevolution

A

Evidence of evolution through time

Archeology (4 decks)

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