Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Archeology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Peter rodman and Henry mcnenrys pateny forest hypotheses

A

Looking at environment
African savannah
2 legs more efficient then 4?
If environment is changing so much is it more efficient to walk to area for food?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Owen love joys provisioning hypotheses

A

More food supports more infants which can lower interbith interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is bipedalism good for?

A

Ability to provide food for others
More effective scavenging
Ability to see great distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

7 steps of bipedality

A
  1. Position of foramen magnum
  2. Shape of spine. Spines that are for quadrupedal are c shaped whereas bipedal are s shaped
  3. Shape of the pelvis
  4. Length of the leg
  5. Valgus knee. They will sit in a bit closer
  6. Longitudinal foot arch. We will have an arch to our foot for the the most part, this is due to tendons. Great apes don’t have this
  7. Opposable big toe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kyphosis

A

Vertebrate have collapsed in anterior direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lordosis

A

Curve where spine extends at anteriority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cost of being bipedal

A

Back pain
None in primates
Vertebrate stacked up and we have discs which can wear down
These can become narrow and there is more bone growth
Plantar fasciitis
Fatigue fracture
Heel spur
Sub pubic angle in females needs to be quite wide
Varicose vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Inflammation of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fatigue fracture

A

Will get tiny micro cracks over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Heel spur

A

Calcaneus will have inflammation and creates a heel spur at the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Varicose vein

A

Tissue inside doesn’t support as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bone

A

Connective tissue
Cells- osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteocytes
Collagen and calcium phosphate
Structural support protection and storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 types of bones

A
  1. Long bones: clavicles, all arm, leg, hand and foot bones except for the carpals tarsals and patellae
  2. Short bones: carpals tarsals and patellae
  3. Flat bones: bones of cranial vault, scapulae, ribs sternum and ilia
  4. Irregular bones: vertebrate, ischium, and pubis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stella turcica

A

Where your pituitary gland sits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ethmoid

A

Look into nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spheno occipital synchondrosis

A

Combines sphenoid and occipital bone. Fused around age 17 females are 2 years sooner then males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

7 bones in orbit

A 
Frontal 
Zygomatic 
maxillary 
Sphenoid 
Ethmoid 
Palatine 
Lacrimal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neoteny

A

Retention of juvenile features into adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Enamel thickness

A

Good indicator of lifestyle
Thin enamel: diet of fruit and soft food
Thick: hard foot nuts
Children different between incisors and molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Enamel hypoplasia

A

Region on tooth crown where enamel is thinner
Often due to nutritional imbalance
See lines across incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hyperdontia

A

Supernumerary teeth

Having more teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Impacts on

A

A tooth can not erupt due to lack of space

3rd molar erupts between 17 and 21 yrs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Health and agricultural on tooth decay

A

Domesticated plants are high in carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osteobiography

A

A biography of an individual based on the info that can be retrieved from the skeletal remains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Clyde snow
Well known forensic anthropologist
26
Skeleton pop studies vs osteobiography of one individual
Metric traits and non metric traits are used to determine the variation within and between pop
27
Metric traits
Measure bones teeth
28
Non metric traits
Skeletal morphologic difference present or absent Additional or fewer foramina Extra sutures
29
Steps involved in osteobiography
1. Inventory 2. Estimate age sex ancestry stature 3. Identify any pathologies or cultural modifications 4. X Ray analysis
30
Age at death
Epiphyseal fusion occurs at different times | Dental eruption
31
Sex estimates
Pelvis | Measure of long bones
32
Kennewick man
Skeletal remains were found in1996 in the banks of the Colombia river in kennewick Washington Cranial features similar to EuropeAn cranial features Good preservation Perhaps a European settler? Needed radiocarbon and DNA analyses
33
Radiocarbon date of Kennewick man
A fragment of 5th metacarpal was analyzed 9,000 years old Age estimate was 40-55 years 170-176 cm Numerous injuries Male Cranial morphology resembles modern Ainu pop
34
Relative dating
Knowing a date from something else
35
Stenos law of superposition
Nicholas steno | Stratigraphic correlation
36
Chemical dating
More fluorine been in ground longer
37
Biostraitigraphic faunal dating
``` Index fossils Irish elk (extinct deer) died out 10,600 ybp ```
38
Cultural dating
See other dates around of artifacts can use to date something around it
39
Dedrochronolgy
Absolute dating | Count tree rings
40
Radiocarbon dating
``` Absolute dating C14 and c12 Between 60 to 70,000 years 1/2 life only 5000 years Whereas potassium to Argon dating 1/2 life is 1.3 billion years ```
41
Charles Darwin hunting hypotheses
``` Hominids evolved in Africa Hunting meat=tool use Tool use= large brain Tool use= small canines Tool use= free hands Free hands= bipedalism ```
42
Plesiadapiforms
``` Early Cenozoic (60mya) Extinct order of mammals Western North America No postorbital bar, lacked opposablity, claws, small brain specialized rodent like teeth Primate like grasping capability Proprimate ```
43
Plesiadaform
Wyoming 58mya tropical forest Primate features: grasping feet nail on big toe Transitional specimen Claws
44
Eocene eu primates the first true primates have
1. Grasping hands 2. Feet with nails 3. Larger brains 4. Generalized teeth 5. Postorbital bar
45
Omomyids
Nocturnal Short clout Resemble tarsiers
46
Adapids
Diurnal Sexually dimorphic Resemble lenses
47
Eosimias
China 42mya Teeth anthropoid like Short calcaneous
48
Origin of the African apes
``` Late Miocene Cooling and drying Forests recede Increase in grasslands and woodlands African apes from europe? From Africa? ```
49
Australopithecus anamensis
Woodland M Leakey and t white Bipedal based on tibia Nonhoning canines
50
Australopithecus afarensis
D Johanson and others | Looked at scapula saw more arm use
51
Lucy
``` Recovered 40 years ago adult female 3.2 Mya Hadar afar region of Ethiopia 40% skeleton Tough fibrous food diet Forested environment from animals remains and pollen 3.5 ft tall Ape like face ```
52
Salem
Also nicknamed Lucy's baby 3 year old from dikika afar region Ethiopia 3.3 Mya
53
Burtele foot
Afar region Ethiopia | Indicates presence of more then one australopthoecine in Eastern Africa 3 Mya
54
Australopithecus platyops
Woodland M Leakey Flat face smaller molar teeth
55
Australopithecus garhi
Ethiopia 2.5 Mya Woodland M Leakey Large teeth long legs stone tools?
56
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Robust Woodland and grassland Sagittal crest and large molars
57
Australopithecus boisei
Robust | Grassland
58
Australopithecus Africanus
Small canines Large premolars Large molars
59
Raymond dart and the taung child
Discovered in 1924 Taung South Africa 2.8 Mya Determined by analyzing the dental development
60
Australopithecus robustus
Maybe ancestor to robust?
61
Australopithecus sebida
``` South Africa 2 Mya Lee burger 2008 Small teeth human like hand and pelvis Mixed foot Transition between Austra and homo? ```
62
Homo habilis
Increased use of material culture | Louis Leakey
63
Home rudolfensis
2mya | Kenya 775cc cranial capacity
64
Homo erectus
Sagittal keel
65
Nariokotome boy (Turkana boy)
``` Discovered in 1984 1.6 Mya 8-12 years old 900cc cranial capacity Homo erectus ```
66
Daka cranium
Similar to forms found in Asia 1mya Homo erectus
67
Bodo cranium
Ethiopia 0.6 Mya Similarity to homo erectus 1mya after Turkana boy was alive
68
Homo erectus in Asia
Smaller side closer to range of homo habilis | Everything else similar to cranium associated with homo erectus
69
Eugene Dubois
Dutch anatomist | Family lived on Java
70
Java man
Cranial capacity 1000cc Myositis assificans: sever injury bleed into muscle 1mya Homo erectus
71
What did researchers due to see how these hominids would travel?
Made water craft | Attempted to sail between the islands of Indonesia
72
Sangiran
Long low skull Large face no cheekbones Large brow rude 1000cc Homo erectus
73
Peking man
Davidson black: Canadian paleoanthropologist Pei wen zhong discovered the remains Identified number of tools and use of fire at location Homo erectus
74
Homo erectus in Europe
Gran dolina numerous fossils are recovered
75
Homo erectus hunters or scavengers?
Outmarks on bone made by stone tools Animal tooth marks below at marks No oldowan tool tradition
76
Oldest site with acheulean tradition?
Kenya 1.76 Mya
77
What are the advantages of fire
``` Illumination Cooked food Warmth Protection Best evidence: hearth ```
78
What was a site that had evidence for fire?
Wanderwerk cave South Africa 1 Mya Found acheulean tools as well
79
Premodern Homo sapiens
Lower paleolithic: 2.5 Mya to 200,000 : homo habilis, homo erectus, pre modern Homo sapiens Middle Paleolithic: 200,000 to 45,000 years Upper Paleolithic: 45,000 to 10,000 years
80
What features are characteristic of modern humans?
``` High forehead Round skull Smaller face Small teeth Small brow ridges Share features with homo erectus but re with modern human brain size ```
81
Kabwe cranium
``` Large brain size Complete cranium Cranial capacity 1300 cc Low forehead large brow ridges 300,000 years Teeth worn down Premodern Homo sapiens ```
82
Levallois stone industry
Sophisticated type of stone knapping where flakes are removed from the core before the creation of a final flake Defines transition between Lowerr and middle Paleolithic
83
Premodern Homo sapiens in Europe
Atapuerea Spain | Pit of bones sima de Los huesos
84
Feldhofer cave
``` Neanderthals Calvarium found Sent to Rudolph Virchow put stop to any thinking related to human evolution Increased cranium capacity more then us Occipital bun ```
85
Neanderthal sites
Art was brutish hunched over La chapelle: saints site France Specimens found in pits flexed position Had arthritis get when involved in heavy activity
86
Kebara cave
Israel west Asia Neanderthals Hyoid bone: connection site for speaking
87
Amud Israel
West Asia Size of cranium 1740 cc Neanderthals
88
Shanidar Iraq
Pollen story May have lived in a community where they supported each other due to one individual having more injuries that if he was alone wouldn't of been able to survive Humerus indicates he lost part of his lower arm Neanderthals
89
Gibraltar
Evidence Neanderthals around earlier But also says there was some interbreeding of modern Homo sapiens Cave of gorham 55,000 years ago Found engravings
90
Neanderthal DNA
Dr svante Paabo Looked at mitochondrial DNA Looked at genome from Neanderthal DNA If your Europeans or Asian ancestry: estimated 1-4% Humans leaving Africa about 80,000 years ago encounters Neanderthals in the Middle East
91
Neanderthals had red hair?
If you have a mutation in a certain gene usually have paler skin and red hair
92
Art for Neanderthals?
40,800 years bp: el Castillo cave Spain Take calcite and look at decay of uranium Lines: uncovered in 2012 8 lines cut into rock 40,000 years bp Feathers: cut marks on bird one where the attachment sites for large feathers can be found
93
Mousterian tradition
Fewer large care tools more small flake tools Projectile points have been hafted Levallois method associated
94
Chatel Perronian
Transition tool industry Associated with Neanderthals remains but only after modern Homo sapiens were in the area Does this indicate cultural diffusion?
95
Did Neanderthals talk?
Interested in fox p2 gene see difference between modern humans and primates
96
Evidence of cannibalism
``` Neanderthals Mala gueray site France 100,000 bp Bone fragments with cut marks marrow cavities exposed No evidence of animal chewing ```
97
Denisovan
``` Don't have skeletal material Know from DNA in Siberia Assume was Neanderthals Melanesians and aboriginal Australians have 3-5 % DNA derived from denisovans ```
98
Homo floresiensis
Liang bua Cranial capacity 400cc 1 metre tall
99
Reasons why homo floresiensis so small?
Microcephaly: brain fails to grow at normal rate | Insular dwarfism: a small environment results in the reduction of size of large animals
100
Homo sapiens
``` Their foreheads Smaller faces and jaws Chins Thinner and lighter bones Slight supra orbital ridge ```
101
La ferassie Neanderthals and the cro: magnon fossil from France
Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens may have lived in close proximity for thousands of years
102
Site locations of the earliest Homo sapiens
``` Africa: Omo Ethiopia 195,000 bp Herto Ethiopia: 160,000 bp Skhul Israel: 90,000 bp Dolni vestonice Czech Republic Cro magnon France ```
103
Out of Africa model
Modern humans emerged in Africa and then spread to other parts relaxing Neanderthals and other premodern Homo sapiens
104
Multi regional model
Modern humans evolved in various parts of the old world after homo erectus spread out of Africa
105
Assimilation model
Modern humans originated in Africa but interbred with various premodern populations
106
Upper Paleolithic
45,000 to 10,000 bp | New tool, shelters expansion of art
107
Blombos cave
77,000 bp Engraved red ochre Evidence of art?
108
Chauvet cave France
Discovered in 1994 World heritage status was given in 2014 Best cave paintings in the world
109
Red bears
Made 3d
110
Red dots panel
Made by one person | Identified one palm throughout the whole thing
111
Lascaux cave France
20,000 bp Discovered in 1940 Preservation Paintings mostly of large animals
112
Scene of the dead man
Men running away from predators, is this what they had to face?
113
Maros pangkeep caves, Sulawesi Indonesia
40,000 bp similar to the caves in France and Spain
114
Aurignacian
Culture 45,000 to 30,000 bp Associated with fist modern humans in Europe Long narrow blade tools
115
Gravettian
30,000 to 20,000 bp Smaller bales Culture is also known for the Venus figurines
116
Solutrean
Culture 21,000 to 17,000 bp Leaf shapes projectile points
117
Magdelanian
Culture 17,000 to 12,000 bp Microblades Use of bone and antler
118
Magdelanian woman
France Cave system near artwork Impacted wisdom teeth Smaller mandible
119
Rising star expedition
15 individuals All belonged to this species no other Rare to come across same genus How did they reach that place?
120
Homo naledi
500cc Expansion of frontal bone Dating issues: limestone Some think 2mya
121
Otzi the iceman
Discovered in 1991 in the otzal alps South Tyrol Italy
122
Neolithic
A time period when many of pop were settled in permanent communities and there is evidence of domesticated animals and plants
123
Otzi man recovery
Didn't realize the significance Within area of Italy and Austria Alive greater then 4,000 bp Copper axes was recovered
124
How old was otzi?
C14 analysis indicated that the iceman lived between 3350 and 3100 bc
125
Analysis of otzi man
Age 45 Hair contained high level of arsenic heavy metal use as medicine but also a poison Creating copper axe could be affected by arsenic
126
Imaging of otzi man
Very worn teeth likely due to diet Eating ag type of diet Didn't have 3rd molars
127
Projectile point of otzi man
15 years ago ct scans and X-rays | Very likely it bled to death
128
Additional health indicators of otzi man
Signs of degeneration Worn joints Hardened arteries Had genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease
129
Cultural modifications of otzi man
Tattoos up to 61 on him | Just lines
130
Preservation of otzi man
Recreate same environment he was in when he was in glacier

Archeology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions