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Archeology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Peter rodman and Henry mcnenrys pateny forest hypotheses

A

Looking at environment
African savannah
2 legs more efficient then 4?
If environment is changing so much is it more efficient to walk to area for food?

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2
Q

Owen love joys provisioning hypotheses

A

More food supports more infants which can lower interbith interval

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3
Q

What is bipedalism good for?

A

Ability to provide food for others
More effective scavenging
Ability to see great distances

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4
Q

7 steps of bipedality

A
  1. Position of foramen magnum
  2. Shape of spine. Spines that are for quadrupedal are c shaped whereas bipedal are s shaped
  3. Shape of the pelvis
  4. Length of the leg
  5. Valgus knee. They will sit in a bit closer
  6. Longitudinal foot arch. We will have an arch to our foot for the the most part, this is due to tendons. Great apes don’t have this
  7. Opposable big toe
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5
Q

Kyphosis

A

Vertebrate have collapsed in anterior direction

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6
Q

Lordosis

A

Curve where spine extends at anteriority

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7
Q

Cost of being bipedal

A

Back pain
None in primates
Vertebrate stacked up and we have discs which can wear down
These can become narrow and there is more bone growth
Plantar fasciitis
Fatigue fracture
Heel spur
Sub pubic angle in females needs to be quite wide
Varicose vein

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8
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Inflammation of connective tissue

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9
Q

Fatigue fracture

A

Will get tiny micro cracks over time

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10
Q

Heel spur

A

Calcaneus will have inflammation and creates a heel spur at the bottom

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11
Q

Varicose vein

A

Tissue inside doesn’t support as well

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12
Q

Bone

A

Connective tissue
Cells- osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteocytes
Collagen and calcium phosphate
Structural support protection and storage

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13
Q

4 types of bones

A
  1. Long bones: clavicles, all arm, leg, hand and foot bones except for the carpals tarsals and patellae
  2. Short bones: carpals tarsals and patellae
  3. Flat bones: bones of cranial vault, scapulae, ribs sternum and ilia
  4. Irregular bones: vertebrate, ischium, and pubis
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14
Q

Stella turcica

A

Where your pituitary gland sits

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15
Q

Ethmoid

A

Look into nasal cavity

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16
Q

Spheno occipital synchondrosis

A

Combines sphenoid and occipital bone. Fused around age 17 females are 2 years sooner then males

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17
Q

7 bones in orbit

A 
Frontal 
Zygomatic 
maxillary 
Sphenoid 
Ethmoid 
Palatine 
Lacrimal
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18
Q

Neoteny

A

Retention of juvenile features into adulthood

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19
Q

Enamel thickness

A

Good indicator of lifestyle
Thin enamel: diet of fruit and soft food
Thick: hard foot nuts
Children different between incisors and molars

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20
Q

Enamel hypoplasia

A

Region on tooth crown where enamel is thinner
Often due to nutritional imbalance
See lines across incisors

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21
Q

Hyperdontia

A

Supernumerary teeth

Having more teeth

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22
Q

Impacts on

A

A tooth can not erupt due to lack of space

3rd molar erupts between 17 and 21 yrs.

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23
Q

Health and agricultural on tooth decay

A

Domesticated plants are high in carbohydrates

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24
Q

Osteobiography

A

A biography of an individual based on the info that can be retrieved from the skeletal remains

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25
Q

Clyde snow

A

Well known forensic anthropologist

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26
Q

Skeleton pop studies vs osteobiography of one individual

A

Metric traits and non metric traits are used to determine the variation within and between pop

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27
Q

Metric traits

A

Measure bones teeth

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28
Q

Non metric traits

A

Skeletal morphologic difference present or absent
Additional or fewer foramina
Extra sutures

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29
Q

Steps involved in osteobiography

A
  1. Inventory
  2. Estimate age sex ancestry stature
  3. Identify any pathologies or cultural modifications
  4. X Ray analysis
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30
Q

Age at death

A

Epiphyseal fusion occurs at different times

Dental eruption

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31
Q

Sex estimates

A

Pelvis

Measure of long bones

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32
Q

Kennewick man

A

Skeletal remains were found in1996 in the banks of the Colombia river in kennewick Washington
Cranial features similar to EuropeAn cranial features
Good preservation
Perhaps a European settler?
Needed radiocarbon and DNA analyses

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33
Q

Radiocarbon date of Kennewick man

A

A fragment of 5th metacarpal was analyzed 9,000 years old
Age estimate was 40-55 years
170-176 cm
Numerous injuries
Male
Cranial morphology resembles modern Ainu pop

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34
Q

Relative dating

A

Knowing a date from something else

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35
Q

Stenos law of superposition

A

Nicholas steno

Stratigraphic correlation

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36
Q

Chemical dating

A

More fluorine been in ground longer

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37
Q

Biostraitigraphic faunal dating

A 
Index fossils 
Irish elk (extinct deer) died out 10,600 ybp
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38
Q

Cultural dating

A

See other dates around of artifacts can use to date something around it

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39
Q

Dedrochronolgy

A

Absolute dating

Count tree rings

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40
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A 
Absolute dating 
C14 and c12 
Between 60 to 70,000 years 
1/2 life only 5000 years 
Whereas potassium to Argon dating 1/2 life is 1.3 billion years
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41
Q

Charles Darwin hunting hypotheses

A 
Hominids evolved in Africa 
Hunting meat=tool use 
Tool use= large brain 
Tool use= small canines 
Tool use= free hands 
Free hands= bipedalism
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42
Q

Plesiadapiforms

A 
Early Cenozoic (60mya) 
Extinct order of mammals 
Western North America 
No postorbital bar, lacked opposablity, claws, small brain specialized rodent like teeth 
Primate like grasping capability 
Proprimate
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43
Q

Plesiadaform

A

Wyoming 58mya tropical forest
Primate features: grasping feet nail on big toe
Transitional specimen
Claws

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44
Q

Eocene eu primates the first true primates have

A
  1. Grasping hands
  2. Feet with nails
  3. Larger brains
  4. Generalized teeth
  5. Postorbital bar
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45
Q

Omomyids

A

Nocturnal
Short clout
Resemble tarsiers

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46
Q

Adapids

A

Diurnal
Sexually dimorphic
Resemble lenses

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47
Q

Eosimias

A

China 42mya
Teeth anthropoid like
Short calcaneous

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48
Q

Origin of the African apes

A 
Late Miocene 
Cooling and drying
Forests recede 
Increase in grasslands and woodlands 
African apes from europe? From Africa?
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49
Q

Australopithecus anamensis

A

Woodland
M Leakey and t white
Bipedal based on tibia
Nonhoning canines

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50
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

D Johanson and others

Looked at scapula saw more arm use

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51
Q

Lucy

A 
Recovered 40 years ago adult female 
3.2 Mya 
Hadar afar region of Ethiopia 
40% skeleton 
Tough fibrous food diet 
Forested environment from animals remains and pollen 
3.5 ft tall 
Ape like face
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52
Q

Salem

A

Also nicknamed Lucy’s baby
3 year old from dikika afar region Ethiopia
3.3 Mya

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53
Q

Burtele foot

A

Afar region Ethiopia

Indicates presence of more then one australopthoecine in Eastern Africa 3 Mya

54
Q

Australopithecus platyops

A

Woodland
M Leakey
Flat face smaller molar teeth

55
Q

Australopithecus garhi

A

Ethiopia 2.5 Mya
Woodland
M Leakey
Large teeth long legs stone tools?

56
Q

Australopithecus aethiopicus

A

Robust
Woodland and grassland
Sagittal crest and large molars

57
Q

Australopithecus boisei

A

Robust

Grassland

58
Q

Australopithecus Africanus

A

Small canines
Large premolars
Large molars

59
Q

Raymond dart and the taung child

A

Discovered in 1924
Taung South Africa
2.8 Mya
Determined by analyzing the dental development

60
Q

Australopithecus robustus

A

Maybe ancestor to robust?

61
Q

Australopithecus sebida

A 
South Africa 2 Mya 
Lee burger 2008 
Small teeth human like hand and pelvis 
Mixed foot 
Transition between Austra and homo?
62
Q

Homo habilis

A

Increased use of material culture

Louis Leakey

63
Q

Home rudolfensis

A

2mya

Kenya 775cc cranial capacity

64
Q

Homo erectus

A

Sagittal keel

65
Q

Nariokotome boy (Turkana boy)

A 
Discovered in 1984 
1.6 Mya 
8-12 years old 
900cc cranial capacity 
Homo erectus
66
Q

Daka cranium

A

Similar to forms found in Asia
1mya
Homo erectus

67
Q

Bodo cranium

A

Ethiopia
0.6 Mya
Similarity to homo erectus
1mya after Turkana boy was alive

68
Q

Homo erectus in Asia

A

Smaller side closer to range of homo habilis

Everything else similar to cranium associated with homo erectus

69
Q

Eugene Dubois

A

Dutch anatomist

Family lived on Java

70
Q

Java man

A

Cranial capacity 1000cc
Myositis assificans: sever injury bleed into muscle
1mya
Homo erectus

71
Q

What did researchers due to see how these hominids would travel?

A

Made water craft

Attempted to sail between the islands of Indonesia

72
Q

Sangiran

A

Long low skull
Large face no cheekbones
Large brow rude 1000cc
Homo erectus

73
Q

Peking man

A

Davidson black: Canadian paleoanthropologist
Pei wen zhong discovered the remains
Identified number of tools and use of fire at location
Homo erectus

74
Q

Homo erectus in Europe

A

Gran dolina numerous fossils are recovered

75
Q

Homo erectus hunters or scavengers?

A

Outmarks on bone made by stone tools
Animal tooth marks below at marks
No oldowan tool tradition

76
Q

Oldest site with acheulean tradition?

A

Kenya 1.76 Mya

77
Q

What are the advantages of fire

A 
Illumination 
Cooked food 
Warmth 
Protection 
Best evidence: hearth
78
Q

What was a site that had evidence for fire?

A

Wanderwerk cave South Africa
1 Mya
Found acheulean tools as well

79
Q

Premodern Homo sapiens

A

Lower paleolithic: 2.5 Mya to 200,000 : homo habilis, homo erectus, pre modern Homo sapiens
Middle Paleolithic: 200,000 to 45,000 years
Upper Paleolithic: 45,000 to 10,000 years

80
Q

What features are characteristic of modern humans?

A 
High forehead 
Round skull 
Smaller face 
Small teeth 
Small brow ridges 
Share features with homo erectus but re with modern human brain size
81
Q

Kabwe cranium

A 
Large brain size 
Complete cranium 
Cranial capacity 1300 cc 
Low forehead large brow ridges 
300,000 years 
Teeth worn down 
Premodern Homo sapiens
82
Q

Levallois stone industry

A

Sophisticated type of stone knapping where flakes are removed from the core before the creation of a final flake
Defines transition between Lowerr and middle Paleolithic

83
Q

Premodern Homo sapiens in Europe

A

Atapuerea Spain

Pit of bones sima de Los huesos

84
Q

Feldhofer cave

A 
Neanderthals 
Calvarium found 
Sent to Rudolph Virchow put stop to any thinking related to human evolution 
Increased cranium capacity more then us 
Occipital bun
85
Q

Neanderthal sites

A

Art was brutish hunched over
La chapelle: saints site France
Specimens found in pits flexed position
Had arthritis get when involved in heavy activity

86
Q

Kebara cave

A

Israel west Asia
Neanderthals
Hyoid bone: connection site for speaking

87
Q

Amud Israel

A

West Asia
Size of cranium 1740 cc
Neanderthals

88
Q

Shanidar Iraq

A

Pollen story
May have lived in a community where they supported each other due to one individual having more injuries that if he was alone wouldn’t of been able to survive
Humerus indicates he lost part of his lower arm
Neanderthals

89
Q

Gibraltar

A

Evidence Neanderthals around earlier
But also says there was some interbreeding of modern Homo sapiens
Cave of gorham 55,000 years ago
Found engravings

90
Q

Neanderthal DNA

A

Dr svante Paabo
Looked at mitochondrial DNA
Looked at genome from Neanderthal DNA
If your Europeans or Asian ancestry: estimated 1-4%
Humans leaving Africa about 80,000 years ago encounters Neanderthals in the Middle East

91
Q

Neanderthals had red hair?

A

If you have a mutation in a certain gene usually have paler skin and red hair

92
Q

Art for Neanderthals?

A

40,800 years bp: el Castillo cave Spain
Take calcite and look at decay of uranium
Lines: uncovered in 2012 8 lines cut into rock 40,000 years bp
Feathers: cut marks on bird one where the attachment sites for large feathers can be found

93
Q

Mousterian tradition

A

Fewer large care tools more small flake tools
Projectile points have been hafted
Levallois method associated

94
Q

Chatel Perronian

A

Transition tool industry
Associated with Neanderthals remains but only after modern Homo sapiens were in the area
Does this indicate cultural diffusion?

95
Q

Did Neanderthals talk?

A

Interested in fox p2 gene see difference between modern humans and primates

96
Q

Evidence of cannibalism

A 
Neanderthals 
Mala gueray site France 
100,000 bp 
Bone fragments with cut marks marrow cavities exposed 
No evidence of animal chewing
97
Q

Denisovan

A 
Don't have skeletal material
Know from DNA in Siberia
Assume was Neanderthals 
Melanesians and aboriginal 
Australians have 3-5 % DNA derived from denisovans
98
Q

Homo floresiensis

A

Liang bua
Cranial capacity 400cc
1 metre tall

99
Q

Reasons why homo floresiensis so small?

A

Microcephaly: brain fails to grow at normal rate

Insular dwarfism: a small environment results in the reduction of size of large animals

100
Q

Homo sapiens

A 
Their foreheads
Smaller faces and jaws
Chins
Thinner and lighter bones
Slight supra orbital ridge
101
Q

La ferassie Neanderthals and the cro: magnon fossil from France

A

Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens may have lived in close proximity for thousands of years

102
Q

Site locations of the earliest Homo sapiens

A 
Africa: Omo Ethiopia 195,000 bp
Herto Ethiopia: 160,000 bp 
Skhul Israel: 90,000 bp 
Dolni vestonice Czech Republic 
Cro magnon France
103
Q

Out of Africa model

A

Modern humans emerged in Africa and then spread to other parts relaxing Neanderthals and other premodern Homo sapiens

104
Q

Multi regional model

A

Modern humans evolved in various parts of the old world after homo erectus spread out of Africa

105
Q

Assimilation model

A

Modern humans originated in Africa but interbred with various premodern populations

106
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A

45,000 to 10,000 bp

New tool, shelters expansion of art

107
Q

Blombos cave

A

77,000 bp
Engraved red ochre
Evidence of art?

108
Q

Chauvet cave France

A

Discovered in 1994
World heritage status was given in 2014
Best cave paintings in the world

109
Q

Red bears

A

Made 3d

110
Q

Red dots panel

A

Made by one person

Identified one palm throughout the whole thing

111
Q

Lascaux cave France

A

20,000 bp
Discovered in 1940
Preservation
Paintings mostly of large animals

112
Q

Scene of the dead man

A

Men running away from predators, is this what they had to face?

113
Q

Maros pangkeep caves, Sulawesi Indonesia

A

40,000 bp similar to the caves in France and Spain

114
Q

Aurignacian

A

Culture
45,000 to 30,000 bp
Associated with fist modern humans in Europe
Long narrow blade tools

115
Q

Gravettian

A

30,000 to 20,000 bp
Smaller bales
Culture is also known for the Venus figurines

116
Q

Solutrean

A

Culture
21,000 to 17,000 bp
Leaf shapes projectile points

117
Q

Magdelanian

A

Culture
17,000 to 12,000 bp
Microblades
Use of bone and antler

118
Q

Magdelanian woman

A

France
Cave system near artwork
Impacted wisdom teeth
Smaller mandible

119
Q

Rising star expedition

A

15 individuals
All belonged to this species no other
Rare to come across same genus
How did they reach that place?

120
Q

Homo naledi

A

500cc
Expansion of frontal bone
Dating issues: limestone
Some think 2mya

121
Q

Otzi the iceman

A

Discovered in 1991 in the otzal alps South Tyrol Italy

122
Q

Neolithic

A

A time period when many of pop were settled in permanent communities and there is evidence of domesticated animals and plants

123
Q

Otzi man recovery

A

Didn’t realize the significance
Within area of Italy and Austria
Alive greater then 4,000 bp
Copper axes was recovered

124
Q

How old was otzi?

A

C14 analysis indicated that the iceman lived between 3350 and 3100 bc

125
Q

Analysis of otzi man

A

Age 45
Hair contained high level of arsenic heavy metal use as medicine but also a poison
Creating copper axe could be affected by arsenic

126
Q

Imaging of otzi man

A

Very worn teeth likely due to diet
Eating ag type of diet
Didn’t have 3rd molars

127
Q

Projectile point of otzi man

A

15 years ago ct scans and X-rays

Very likely it bled to death

128
Q

Additional health indicators of otzi man

A

Signs of degeneration
Worn joints
Hardened arteries
Had genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease

129
Q

Cultural modifications of otzi man

A

Tattoos up to 61 on him

Just lines

130
Q

Preservation of otzi man

A

Recreate same environment he was in when he was in glacier

Archeology (4 decks)

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