Final Flashcards
Peter rodman and Henry mcnenrys pateny forest hypotheses
Looking at environment
African savannah
2 legs more efficient then 4?
If environment is changing so much is it more efficient to walk to area for food?
Owen love joys provisioning hypotheses
More food supports more infants which can lower interbith interval
What is bipedalism good for?
Ability to provide food for others
More effective scavenging
Ability to see great distances
7 steps of bipedality
- Position of foramen magnum
- Shape of spine. Spines that are for quadrupedal are c shaped whereas bipedal are s shaped
- Shape of the pelvis
- Length of the leg
- Valgus knee. They will sit in a bit closer
- Longitudinal foot arch. We will have an arch to our foot for the the most part, this is due to tendons. Great apes don’t have this
- Opposable big toe
Kyphosis
Vertebrate have collapsed in anterior direction
Lordosis
Curve where spine extends at anteriority
Cost of being bipedal
Back pain
None in primates
Vertebrate stacked up and we have discs which can wear down
These can become narrow and there is more bone growth
Plantar fasciitis
Fatigue fracture
Heel spur
Sub pubic angle in females needs to be quite wide
Varicose vein
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of connective tissue
Fatigue fracture
Will get tiny micro cracks over time
Heel spur
Calcaneus will have inflammation and creates a heel spur at the bottom
Varicose vein
Tissue inside doesn’t support as well
Bone
Connective tissue
Cells- osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteocytes
Collagen and calcium phosphate
Structural support protection and storage
4 types of bones
- Long bones: clavicles, all arm, leg, hand and foot bones except for the carpals tarsals and patellae
- Short bones: carpals tarsals and patellae
- Flat bones: bones of cranial vault, scapulae, ribs sternum and ilia
- Irregular bones: vertebrate, ischium, and pubis
Stella turcica
Where your pituitary gland sits
Ethmoid
Look into nasal cavity
Spheno occipital synchondrosis
Combines sphenoid and occipital bone. Fused around age 17 females are 2 years sooner then males
7 bones in orbit
Frontal Zygomatic maxillary Sphenoid Ethmoid Palatine Lacrimal
Neoteny
Retention of juvenile features into adulthood
Enamel thickness
Good indicator of lifestyle
Thin enamel: diet of fruit and soft food
Thick: hard foot nuts
Children different between incisors and molars
Enamel hypoplasia
Region on tooth crown where enamel is thinner
Often due to nutritional imbalance
See lines across incisors
Hyperdontia
Supernumerary teeth
Having more teeth
Impacts on
A tooth can not erupt due to lack of space
3rd molar erupts between 17 and 21 yrs.
Health and agricultural on tooth decay
Domesticated plants are high in carbohydrates
Osteobiography
A biography of an individual based on the info that can be retrieved from the skeletal remains
Clyde snow
Well known forensic anthropologist
Skeleton pop studies vs osteobiography of one individual
Metric traits and non metric traits are used to determine the variation within and between pop
Metric traits
Measure bones teeth
Non metric traits
Skeletal morphologic difference present or absent
Additional or fewer foramina
Extra sutures
Steps involved in osteobiography
- Inventory
- Estimate age sex ancestry stature
- Identify any pathologies or cultural modifications
- X Ray analysis
Age at death
Epiphyseal fusion occurs at different times
Dental eruption
Sex estimates
Pelvis
Measure of long bones
Kennewick man
Skeletal remains were found in1996 in the banks of the Colombia river in kennewick Washington
Cranial features similar to EuropeAn cranial features
Good preservation
Perhaps a European settler?
Needed radiocarbon and DNA analyses
Radiocarbon date of Kennewick man
A fragment of 5th metacarpal was analyzed 9,000 years old
Age estimate was 40-55 years
170-176 cm
Numerous injuries
Male
Cranial morphology resembles modern Ainu pop
Relative dating
Knowing a date from something else
Stenos law of superposition
Nicholas steno
Stratigraphic correlation
Chemical dating
More fluorine been in ground longer
Biostraitigraphic faunal dating
Index fossils Irish elk (extinct deer) died out 10,600 ybp
Cultural dating
See other dates around of artifacts can use to date something around it
Dedrochronolgy
Absolute dating
Count tree rings
Radiocarbon dating
Absolute dating C14 and c12 Between 60 to 70,000 years 1/2 life only 5000 years Whereas potassium to Argon dating 1/2 life is 1.3 billion years
Charles Darwin hunting hypotheses
Hominids evolved in Africa Hunting meat=tool use Tool use= large brain Tool use= small canines Tool use= free hands Free hands= bipedalism
Plesiadapiforms
Early Cenozoic (60mya) Extinct order of mammals Western North America No postorbital bar, lacked opposablity, claws, small brain specialized rodent like teeth Primate like grasping capability Proprimate
Plesiadaform
Wyoming 58mya tropical forest
Primate features: grasping feet nail on big toe
Transitional specimen
Claws
Eocene eu primates the first true primates have
- Grasping hands
- Feet with nails
- Larger brains
- Generalized teeth
- Postorbital bar
Omomyids
Nocturnal
Short clout
Resemble tarsiers
Adapids
Diurnal
Sexually dimorphic
Resemble lenses
Eosimias
China 42mya
Teeth anthropoid like
Short calcaneous
Origin of the African apes
Late Miocene Cooling and drying Forests recede Increase in grasslands and woodlands African apes from europe? From Africa?
Australopithecus anamensis
Woodland
M Leakey and t white
Bipedal based on tibia
Nonhoning canines
Australopithecus afarensis
D Johanson and others
Looked at scapula saw more arm use
Lucy
Recovered 40 years ago adult female 3.2 Mya Hadar afar region of Ethiopia 40% skeleton Tough fibrous food diet Forested environment from animals remains and pollen 3.5 ft tall Ape like face
Salem
Also nicknamed Lucy’s baby
3 year old from dikika afar region Ethiopia
3.3 Mya
Burtele foot
Afar region Ethiopia
Indicates presence of more then one australopthoecine in Eastern Africa 3 Mya
Australopithecus platyops
Woodland
M Leakey
Flat face smaller molar teeth
Australopithecus garhi
Ethiopia 2.5 Mya
Woodland
M Leakey
Large teeth long legs stone tools?
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Robust
Woodland and grassland
Sagittal crest and large molars
Australopithecus boisei
Robust
Grassland
Australopithecus Africanus
Small canines
Large premolars
Large molars
Raymond dart and the taung child
Discovered in 1924
Taung South Africa
2.8 Mya
Determined by analyzing the dental development
Australopithecus robustus
Maybe ancestor to robust?
Australopithecus sebida
South Africa 2 Mya Lee burger 2008 Small teeth human like hand and pelvis Mixed foot Transition between Austra and homo?
Homo habilis
Increased use of material culture
Louis Leakey
Home rudolfensis
2mya
Kenya 775cc cranial capacity
Homo erectus
Sagittal keel
Nariokotome boy (Turkana boy)
Discovered in 1984 1.6 Mya 8-12 years old 900cc cranial capacity Homo erectus
Daka cranium
Similar to forms found in Asia
1mya
Homo erectus
Bodo cranium
Ethiopia
0.6 Mya
Similarity to homo erectus
1mya after Turkana boy was alive
Homo erectus in Asia
Smaller side closer to range of homo habilis
Everything else similar to cranium associated with homo erectus
Eugene Dubois
Dutch anatomist
Family lived on Java
Java man
Cranial capacity 1000cc
Myositis assificans: sever injury bleed into muscle
1mya
Homo erectus
What did researchers due to see how these hominids would travel?
Made water craft
Attempted to sail between the islands of Indonesia
Sangiran
Long low skull
Large face no cheekbones
Large brow rude 1000cc
Homo erectus
Peking man
Davidson black: Canadian paleoanthropologist
Pei wen zhong discovered the remains
Identified number of tools and use of fire at location
Homo erectus
Homo erectus in Europe
Gran dolina numerous fossils are recovered
Homo erectus hunters or scavengers?
Outmarks on bone made by stone tools
Animal tooth marks below at marks
No oldowan tool tradition
Oldest site with acheulean tradition?
Kenya 1.76 Mya
What are the advantages of fire
Illumination Cooked food Warmth Protection Best evidence: hearth
What was a site that had evidence for fire?
Wanderwerk cave South Africa
1 Mya
Found acheulean tools as well
Premodern Homo sapiens
Lower paleolithic: 2.5 Mya to 200,000 : homo habilis, homo erectus, pre modern Homo sapiens
Middle Paleolithic: 200,000 to 45,000 years
Upper Paleolithic: 45,000 to 10,000 years
What features are characteristic of modern humans?
High forehead Round skull Smaller face Small teeth Small brow ridges Share features with homo erectus but re with modern human brain size
Kabwe cranium
Large brain size Complete cranium Cranial capacity 1300 cc Low forehead large brow ridges 300,000 years Teeth worn down Premodern Homo sapiens
Levallois stone industry
Sophisticated type of stone knapping where flakes are removed from the core before the creation of a final flake
Defines transition between Lowerr and middle Paleolithic
Premodern Homo sapiens in Europe
Atapuerea Spain
Pit of bones sima de Los huesos
Feldhofer cave
Neanderthals Calvarium found Sent to Rudolph Virchow put stop to any thinking related to human evolution Increased cranium capacity more then us Occipital bun
Neanderthal sites
Art was brutish hunched over
La chapelle: saints site France
Specimens found in pits flexed position
Had arthritis get when involved in heavy activity
Kebara cave
Israel west Asia
Neanderthals
Hyoid bone: connection site for speaking
Amud Israel
West Asia
Size of cranium 1740 cc
Neanderthals
Shanidar Iraq
Pollen story
May have lived in a community where they supported each other due to one individual having more injuries that if he was alone wouldn’t of been able to survive
Humerus indicates he lost part of his lower arm
Neanderthals
Gibraltar
Evidence Neanderthals around earlier
But also says there was some interbreeding of modern Homo sapiens
Cave of gorham 55,000 years ago
Found engravings
Neanderthal DNA
Dr svante Paabo
Looked at mitochondrial DNA
Looked at genome from Neanderthal DNA
If your Europeans or Asian ancestry: estimated 1-4%
Humans leaving Africa about 80,000 years ago encounters Neanderthals in the Middle East
Neanderthals had red hair?
If you have a mutation in a certain gene usually have paler skin and red hair
Art for Neanderthals?
40,800 years bp: el Castillo cave Spain
Take calcite and look at decay of uranium
Lines: uncovered in 2012 8 lines cut into rock 40,000 years bp
Feathers: cut marks on bird one where the attachment sites for large feathers can be found
Mousterian tradition
Fewer large care tools more small flake tools
Projectile points have been hafted
Levallois method associated
Chatel Perronian
Transition tool industry
Associated with Neanderthals remains but only after modern Homo sapiens were in the area
Does this indicate cultural diffusion?
Did Neanderthals talk?
Interested in fox p2 gene see difference between modern humans and primates
Evidence of cannibalism
Neanderthals Mala gueray site France 100,000 bp Bone fragments with cut marks marrow cavities exposed No evidence of animal chewing
Denisovan
Don't have skeletal material Know from DNA in Siberia Assume was Neanderthals Melanesians and aboriginal Australians have 3-5 % DNA derived from denisovans
Homo floresiensis
Liang bua
Cranial capacity 400cc
1 metre tall
Reasons why homo floresiensis so small?
Microcephaly: brain fails to grow at normal rate
Insular dwarfism: a small environment results in the reduction of size of large animals
Homo sapiens
Their foreheads Smaller faces and jaws Chins Thinner and lighter bones Slight supra orbital ridge
La ferassie Neanderthals and the cro: magnon fossil from France
Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens may have lived in close proximity for thousands of years
Site locations of the earliest Homo sapiens
Africa: Omo Ethiopia 195,000 bp Herto Ethiopia: 160,000 bp Skhul Israel: 90,000 bp Dolni vestonice Czech Republic Cro magnon France
Out of Africa model
Modern humans emerged in Africa and then spread to other parts relaxing Neanderthals and other premodern Homo sapiens
Multi regional model
Modern humans evolved in various parts of the old world after homo erectus spread out of Africa
Assimilation model
Modern humans originated in Africa but interbred with various premodern populations
Upper Paleolithic
45,000 to 10,000 bp
New tool, shelters expansion of art
Blombos cave
77,000 bp
Engraved red ochre
Evidence of art?
Chauvet cave France
Discovered in 1994
World heritage status was given in 2014
Best cave paintings in the world
Red bears
Made 3d
Red dots panel
Made by one person
Identified one palm throughout the whole thing
Lascaux cave France
20,000 bp
Discovered in 1940
Preservation
Paintings mostly of large animals
Scene of the dead man
Men running away from predators, is this what they had to face?
Maros pangkeep caves, Sulawesi Indonesia
40,000 bp similar to the caves in France and Spain
Aurignacian
Culture
45,000 to 30,000 bp
Associated with fist modern humans in Europe
Long narrow blade tools
Gravettian
30,000 to 20,000 bp
Smaller bales
Culture is also known for the Venus figurines
Solutrean
Culture
21,000 to 17,000 bp
Leaf shapes projectile points
Magdelanian
Culture
17,000 to 12,000 bp
Microblades
Use of bone and antler
Magdelanian woman
France
Cave system near artwork
Impacted wisdom teeth
Smaller mandible
Rising star expedition
15 individuals
All belonged to this species no other
Rare to come across same genus
How did they reach that place?
Homo naledi
500cc
Expansion of frontal bone
Dating issues: limestone
Some think 2mya
Otzi the iceman
Discovered in 1991 in the otzal alps South Tyrol Italy
Neolithic
A time period when many of pop were settled in permanent communities and there is evidence of domesticated animals and plants
Otzi man recovery
Didn’t realize the significance
Within area of Italy and Austria
Alive greater then 4,000 bp
Copper axes was recovered
How old was otzi?
C14 analysis indicated that the iceman lived between 3350 and 3100 bc
Analysis of otzi man
Age 45
Hair contained high level of arsenic heavy metal use as medicine but also a poison
Creating copper axe could be affected by arsenic
Imaging of otzi man
Very worn teeth likely due to diet
Eating ag type of diet
Didn’t have 3rd molars
Projectile point of otzi man
15 years ago ct scans and X-rays
Very likely it bled to death
Additional health indicators of otzi man
Signs of degeneration
Worn joints
Hardened arteries
Had genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease
Cultural modifications of otzi man
Tattoos up to 61 on him
Just lines
Preservation of otzi man
Recreate same environment he was in when he was in glacier
