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Cognitive Development > Midterm - Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Midterm - Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

The processes by which knowledge is acquired or manipulated. Cognition is a reflection of the mind, it is not directly observable

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2
Q

Development

A

changes in structure or function overtime

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3
Q

Object Permanence

A

The knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one’s own perception or action on those objects

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4
Q

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - internal and external

A

factors produce cognitive development

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5
Q

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD is ______ within a ______ ________

A

constructed within a social context

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6
Q

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD involve both _____& _____ overtime

A

stability and plasticity

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7
Q

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD affects how __________ is represented

A

information

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8
Q

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - Children develop increasing intentional control over their _________ & __________

A

behavior and cognition

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9
Q

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD involves changes in both ___________ & _________ abilities

A

domain-general and domain-specific

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10
Q

Describe the relationship between structure and function

A

structure and function are bi-directional

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11
Q

What is Nativism?

A

Human intellectual abilities are biological

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12
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

Cognition arises as a result of environment

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13
Q

What are Executive Functions?

A

control processes that regulate behavior

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14
Q

What is Inhibition?

A

Resisting prepotent responses

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15
Q

What is Task Switching?

A

Ability to switch between different tasks or rules

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16
Q

What is Updating?

A

Continuously updating the content of memory while performing a task

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17
Q

Where does Executive Functions stem from?

A

pre-frontal cortex in the brain

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18
Q

What is Evolutionary Developmental Psychology?

A

How adaptive changes in behavior lead to adaptive changes in cognition

19
Q

What are biologically primary abilities?

A

Have undergone selection pressure and evolved to deal with problems faced by our ancestors

20
Q

What are biologically secondary abilitites?

A

Do not have an evolutionary history but are built on biologically primary abilities

21
Q

What is Neuroconstructivism?

A

Babies are born with abilities to seek knowledge and experience

22
Q

What is Developmental Systems Approach?

A

development occurs within a system of interacting levels

23
Q

What is Epigenesis?

A

Development involves:
1. Action of genes
2. Action of RNA
3. Action of ribosomes and proteins
4. Action of neurotransmitters and neurons
All interact with the environment - How biology influences development

24
Q

What are the stages of Neuronal Development? - Proliferation

A

Proliferation - production of new neurons through mitosis. Hits its peak during prenatal stage.

25
Q

What are the stages of Neuronal Development? - Migration

A

Migration - The newly formed cells migrate to their permanent position

26
Q

What are the stages of Neural Development - Differentiation?

A

Differentiation - The neurons extend and multiply to form more complex and dense structures

27
Q

What did Vygotsky say about adult-child interactions?

A

Development occurs largely when adult facilitates development and assist child with problem solving

28
Q

What are the types of development according to Vygotsky? 1

A

Ontogenic Development - Development of the individual over the course of their lifetime

29
Q

What are the types of development according to Vygotsky? 2

A

Microgenetic Development - Changes that occur over brief periods of time. Example - problem solving skills over a month

30
Q

What are the types of development according to Vygotsky? 3

A

Phylogenetic Development - Large-scaled changes over evolutionary time

31
Q

How does culture affect cognition?

A

Culture shapes cognition

32
Q

Why did Vygotsky believe that it is better to observe children in their own environment?

A

The child is able to give a true representation of their behavior because they are in a familiar place that they trust

33
Q

What is Zone of Proximal Development ZPD?

A

The distance of what a child can do unsupported and what they can do with someone with more knowledge and support..AKA Scaffolding

34
Q

What is Implicit Measures?

A

Used to measure behaviors that are unconscious and cannot be expressed directly/verbally. Most common used on babies.

35
Q

What is Explicit Measures?

A

Direct measures of how one perceives their own cognition

36
Q

What is Habituation?

A

Decrease in response as a result of repeated presentation of a stimulus

37
Q

What are Representations?

A

Formal, Concrete, Pre-Operational and Sensorimotor

38
Q

What is Dual-Encoding?

A

Childs lack of executive function development. Child cannot focus on more than one attribute at a time. Ex: child cant sort by color and sort by size at the same time

39
Q

What are Piaget’s assumptions?

A

Development occurs in stages. Abrupt changes in thinking overtime. Domain-general development and Children are intrinsically active

40
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? 0-2 years

A

Sensorimotor - infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact

41
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? 2-6 years

A

Preoperational - the child uses symbols to represent objects but does not reason logically

42
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? 7-12 years

A

Concrete Operational - The child can think logically about concrete objects and thus add and subtract

43
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? 12 years-Adult

A

Formal Operational - The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms

Cognitive Development (2 decks)

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