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PSYC 310 > Midterm (Ch 1, 2, 3, 5) > Flashcards

Midterm (Ch 1, 2, 3, 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Holding onto facts/beliefs just because they have been known for a long time

A

Method of Tenacity

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2
Q

Info is accepted as being true because it feels right

A

Method of Intuition

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3
Q

Relying on an expert’s expertise to answer questions

A

Method of Authority

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4
Q

Method faith

A

Blindly following an authority without verifying information

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5
Q

Rational Method

A

Seeking answers with logical reasonning

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6
Q

What is logical reasoning

A

Argument -> Premises -> Conclusions

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7
Q

Empirical method

A

Answer questions with direct observations/experiences (using 5 senses or else)

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8
Q

Problems with authority method of acquiring knowledge

A

authorities can be biased, answers could be opinions of the authority and not facts, assuming that one’s expertise can be applied to other domains

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9
Q

Problems with rational method of acquiring knowledge

A

conclusions cannot be true unless premises are true, people suck at making valid reasoning

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10
Q

What are variables

A

Conditions that have different values for different individuals

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11
Q

What is deduction, when is it used

A

Going from a general statement to specific conclusions, is used to find a testable prediction after our hypothesis

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12
Q

What does it means that the scientific method is empirical

A

answers are obtained by making observations through structured testing

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13
Q

What does it means that the scientific method is public

A

Makes its findings available to others to consult and replicate

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14
Q

What does it means that the scientific method is objective

A

It prevents researchers’ bias from affecting the results (for example by doing blind experiments)

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15
Q

What is pseudoscience

A

Relies on subjective evidence, its arguments cannot be refuted, ignores failure of its theories, was never tested/rarely updated

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16
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Measurable (nbrs, values)

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17
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Produces narrative reports (notes from observations)

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18
Q

What are the 10 steps of the research process

A
  1. Find a research idea (select topic + review literature)
  2. Form a hypothesis (select the answer most likely to happen)
  3. Determine how to define/measure variables
  4. Identify the subjects, their selection process, and their ethical treatment
  5. Select the research strategy (what is the question asked, are there any ethical constraints)
  6. Select the research design (methods/procedures to conduct experiment)
  7. Conduct the study (collect data)
  8. Evaluate the data (stats analysis)
  9. Report the results
  10. Refine/reformulate the research idea (test boundaries of results, refine the original research question)
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19
Q

What is the fundamental assumption of research?

A

That the world is governed by orderly (natural) laws, and that the scientific method allows us to uncover these laws

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20
Q

What are the 4 goals of research?

A

Observe, Describe, Explain, Predict

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21
Q

What is the basic approach of research

A

To understand a particular phenomena (ex: how drinking alcohol affects coordination)

GENERAL SITUATION

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22
Q

What is the applied approach of research

A

To solve a particular problem (ex: solve alcoolism)

PRECISE PROBLEM

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23
Q

What is inductive reasoning and when is it used

A

Making generalizations based on a few observations, used to find a research idea

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24
Q

What are the 3 conditions that a theory has to fulfill

A

Parsimony, precision, testability

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25
Q

What is parsimony

A

Explaining many results with a few concepts

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26
Q

What is an independent variable

A

The “cause” manipulated by the experimenter

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27
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

The “result” or effect from the manipulation of the independent variable

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28
Q

What are common sources of research topics (5)

A 
Personal interests
Practical problems/solutions
Casual observations
Reports of others' observations
Behavioural theories
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29
Q

What is the goal of doing a lit search

A

Take the existing research further, making sure what we do is new, and useful

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30
Q

What is a primary source

A

1st hand report: authors describing their own observations

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31
Q

What is a secondary source

A

2nd hand reports: the authors are discussing someone else’s observations

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis

A

Logical
Testable
Refutable
Positive (abt the existence of smth)

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33
Q

What are constructs

A

Hypothetical elements that explain behaviours we assume exists (ex :self-esteem)
Constructs can be influenced by external stimuli and influence external behaviours (thats how we observe them)

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34
Q

What is an operational definition

A

Its used to measure a construct indirectly by its causes and effects (turns abstract into concrete)
OP. DEF IS NOT A CONSTRUCT

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35
Q

True or false: Constructs can be tested direclty

A

False

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36
Q

What are 2 problems that can occur with operational definitions

A

1- They might leave out important components of a construct

2- They often include extra components which are not part of the construct

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37
Q

What is validity

A

When a measurment is actually measuring what it claims to measure

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38
Q

What is face validity (method to measure validity)

A

Subjective assessement on validity (does it make sense?)

39
Q

What is concurrent validity (mehtod to measure validity)

A

Comparing the results of 2 measuring techniques

40
Q

What is predictive validity (mehtod to measure validity)

A

When measurements of a construct accurately predict a behaviour according to a theory

41
Q

What is construct validity? (mehtod to measure validity)

A

Being able to show that the measures of a v behave in the same direction as the actual v

42
Q

What is convergent validity? (mehtod to measure validity)

A

Creating 2 methods of measurement for 1 construct and show that they are correlated

43
Q

What is divergent validity? (mehtod to measure validity)

A

Measuring 2 different constructs with the same method and showing that there is no correlation between the measures

44
Q

What is reliability?

A

A method of measuring that produces identical results when used repeatedly is reliable

45
Q

What does this equation means

Measured Score = True Score + Error

A

There is always some degree of error when making a measurement

46
Q

What are the 3 sources of error when measuring

A

Observer error, environmental change, participants’ change

47
Q

What is observer error

A

human measuring/computing makes an error

48
Q

What is an environmental change (source of error)

A

Change in time, temperature, climate, etc when making measurements

49
Q

What is a participants’ change (source of error)

A

change in their focus, mood, etc when making measurements

50
Q

What is test-retest (measures of reliability)

A

scores tested twice close in time and compared

51
Q

What is parallel-forms (measures of reliability)

A

Test-retest with different measuring methods

52
Q

What is inner-rater reliability (measures of reliability)

A

Difference between the observations of 2 researchers

53
Q

What is split-half reliability (measures of reliability)

A

dividing the questions in 2 and comapring the 2 half results

54
Q

True or false: reliability is a prerequisite for validity

A

true

55
Q

True or false: something not valid cannot be reliable

A

false

56
Q

What is a self-report measure

A

a way of letting participants asses themselves with a questionnaires, scales from 1 to 10, etc (a way to measure a construct)

57
Q

What are physiological measures of constructs

A

Physiological manifestations of a construct (heart rate,, temperature, etc)

58
Q

What are behavioural measures of constructs

A

Tasks, natural or structured, to define/measure constructs

59
Q

What is a ceiling effect

A

When measures of a construct are restricted at a higher measure (ex test is too easy)

60
Q

What is a floor effect

A

When measures of a construct are restricted at a lower measure (ex test is super hard)

61
Q

What are artifacts

A

Nonnatural features accidentally introduced into something being observed

62
Q

What is experimenter bias

A

When the experimenter knows/expects the outcome and can influence the results

63
Q

What is the solution to experimenter bias?

A

Standardize experiment (ex do a blind experiment)

64
Q

What is a single-blind experiment

A

When the experimenter doesnt know what the procedures and expected results are

65
Q

What is a double-blind experiment

A

When the participants and the experimenter dont know what the procedures and expected results are

66
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

Cues that tells the participants what the expected outcomes are or how they are expected to behave

67
Q

What is participant reactivity

A

When a natural behaviour is modified to satisfy the requirements of a study because subjects know that they are being watched

68
Q

Subject role: good

A

Wants to fit the hypothesis

69
Q

Subject role: Negativistic

A

are trying to act contrary to the hypothesis

70
Q

Subject role: Apprehensive

A

overly concerned about their personal characteristics being evaluated

71
Q

Subject role: Faithful

A

attempts to follow the instructions and not act out on their suspicions abt the study

72
Q

What is internal validity

A

When we can safely say that changes in X have caused the observed change in Y

73
Q

What is external validity

A

to which extent results can extend to other settings/populations

74
Q

What are the 4 sources of measurement error

A

1-Participants
2-Instrumentation
3-Testing environment
4-Scoring guidelines

75
Q

What is the solution to measurement error

A

standardizing each problematic aspect of the experiment

76
Q

What is a target population

A

group defined by researcher’s specific interests (not easily accessible)

77
Q

What is an accessible population

A

population accessible to the researcher (from which the sample will be selected)

78
Q

What is a biased sample

A

with characteristics noticeably different than the pop

79
Q

What is sampling bias

A

a sampling procedure that favors the selection of some individuals

80
Q

What says the law of large nbrs

A

a bigger sample is more reliable than a smaller sample (to a certain extent)

81
Q

What is a power analysis

A

estimation of the sample needed to evaluate the pop

82
Q

What are the characteristics of a probability sample

A

the odds of selecting each participants are the same, exact pop size is known, selection must be a random process

83
Q

What are the characteristics of a nonprobability sample

A

Researchers do not know the exact size of pop, individuals do not have = chance of being selected, not using unbiased method of selection

84
Q

What is simple random sample (P)

A

Define pop, list all members, use random process to select from list (with or without replacement)

85
Q

What is systematic sampling(P)

A

list all ind, going down list from random point and choosing every nth individual

86
Q

What is stratified random sampling(P)

A 
Identify subgroups (strata)
Use SRS in each strata
87
Q

What is proportionate stratified random sampling(P)

A

identify subgroups
identidy their % in the pop
make sure their % in pop = % in sample

88
Q

What is cluster sampling(P)

A

randomly selecting groups instead of individuals

89
Q

What is combined-strategy sampling(P)

A

combine 2+ strategies

90
Q

What is Quota sampling (NP)

A

establishing quotas for each sub group, then convenience sample in groups

91
Q

What is convenience sampling (NP)

A

using individuals available to us

92
Q

Purposive sampling (NP)

A

approaching eligible participants

93
Q

Snowball sampling (NP)

A

find 1 person who fits criteria and ask to find more people

PSYC 310 (7 decks)

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