Midterm Cards Flashcards
1
Q
A loose surface of the earth as distinguished from solid bedrock (support of plant life not required)
A
Soil geologic definition
2
Q
A material which nourishes and supports growing plants (includes rocks, water, snow, and even air - all of which are capable of supporting plant life).
A
Soil tradition definition
3
Q
A mixture of mineral matter, organic matter, water and air.
A
Soil component definition
4
Q
What are the compositions of soil and their percentage.
A
Mineral matter (solid phase)- 45%
Organic matter (under solid phase)-5%
Air-25%
Water-25%
5
Q
A collection of natural bodies of the earth’s surface, in places modified or even made by man or earthy materials, containing living matter and supporting or capable of supporting plants out-of-doors.
A
Soil taxonomy
6
Q
What are the sub-divisions of organic matter and their percentage?
A
-Organism-10%
- Roots -10%
-Humus - 80%
7
Q
Types of Humus?
A
-Fubic acid
-Humic acid
-Humin acid
And hymatomelanic acid
8
Q
Two types of air ?
A
-atmospheric air
-soil air
9
Q
Types of metabolism?
A
-Catabolism
-Anabolism
10
Q
It is the process where soil microorganisms break down complex organic matter (like plant debris) into simpler molecules, releasing energy that they can use for growth and other biological functions
A
Catabolism
11
Q
It is the process where soil microbes build complex organic molecules from simple compounds.
A
Anabolism
12
Q
Photosynthesis type of metabolism?
A
Anabolism
13
Q
Cellular respiration type of metabolism.
A
Catabolism
14
Q
What are the active forming factors of soil formation?
A
Climate
Living organism
15
Q
What are the five soil forming factors:
A
Climate
Living organism
Relief
Parent material
Topography
16
Q
The inorganic nutrition of plants essentially concerns the uptake of nutrients from the soil into the plant system.
A
Components of soil
17
Q
What are the soil system phases?
A
Solid phase
liquid phase
Gaseous phase
18
Q
It is the main nutrient reservoir/storage of elements?
A
Solid phase
19
Q
It acts as a soil solution, and mainly responsible for nutrient transport in the soil.
A
Liquid phase
20
Q
It acts or mediates in the gaseous exchange which occurs between numerous living organisms of the soil ( plant roots, microorganisms, animals) and the atmosphere.
A
Gaseous phase
21
Q
It is the bulk of the soil solid fraction, which exert significant direct and indirect influences on the supply and availability of most nutrient elements.
A
Soil minerals
22
Q
It is the product of weathering of underlying rock in place, or the weathering of transported sediments or rocks fragments?
A
Soil minerals
23
Q
Types of soil minerals?
A
Primary minerals
Secondary minerals
24
Q
What are the essential macronutrients?
A
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen
-K-Potassium
-Calcium
-Mg- Magnesium
-Sulfur
25
What are the essential micronutrients?
-B
-Cu
-Fe
-Mn
-Zn
-Mo
-Cl
-Co
-Ni
26
What are the primary minerals?
-Feldspars
-Amphoboles
-Pyroxenes
-Carbonate
-Micas
27
Types of potassium-feldspars
-orthoclase
-sanidine
-microline
28
Types of micas?
- muscovite
- biotite
- phlogopite
29
These minerals are widely distributed in most soil types except in highly weathered and sandy soil.
Potassium-feldspars
Micas
30
Elements that are present in potassium-feldspars.
K
Ca
Na
Si
Smaller amount:
Cu and Mn
31
It is a vital reservoir of most micronutrients.
Amphibole
Pyroxene
32
Elements / nutrients present in amphibole and pyroxene?
Mg
Fe
Ca
Si
33
It is the process of evolution of soil under the influence of various physical, biological, climatic, and geological factors.
Pedogenic process
34
Elements/nutrients that can be found in carbonates minerals?
Mg and Ca
35
It is derived from soil parent material and those formed through pedogenic processes.
Carbonates minerals
36
It is the result from the weathering of the primary minerals, which releases ions and forms more stable mineral forms.
Secondary minerals
37
Most stable form of minerals?
Clay minerals
38
It plays a dominant role in the fertility of the soil because of the high specific surface area and their surface charge.
Clay minerals
39
Type of charges that are found around soil minerals that influence the soil ability to retain important important nutrients, contributing to a soils cation exchange capacity.
Negative and Neutral charge
40
It has high cation exchange capacity (CEC).
Clay minerals
41
Type of reaction involving minerals are often more important in controlling plant nutrient element availability than the release of nutrient elements by mineral weathering.
Adsorption reaction
42
It is the fraction of the soil that consists of plant or animal tissue in various stages of break down the organic matter.
Soil organic matter
43
Stable form of soil organic matter and end product of organic matter decomposition?
Humus
44
It is considered as an amorphous compound with varying external dimensions, a large surface area, a generally high negative charge and a strong tendency to form complexes with cations.
Humus
45
What are the certain reactive groups in cation exchange sites of organic matter ?
Carboxyl (-COOH)
Hydroxyl (-OH)
Amide (-NH)
46
It can contribute up to one half of the total CEC.
Organic matter fraction
47
It is not the reservoir of nutrient ions except for those that are not adsorbed by the solid phase.
Liquid phase
48
Example of minerals that are not adsorbed in solid phase but it adsorbed in liquid phase
Chloride and slme extent Sulfate
49
It contains a number of gases and water vapor .
Gaseous phase
50
Example of gases that can be found in the gaseous phase ?
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water vapor
51
It constantly moves from the soil pores into the atmosphere and from the atmosphere into the pores space.
Soil air
52
High in concentration of carbon dioxide but far great amount of water vapor?
Soil air
53
It has a great amount of water vapor and lower concentration of carbon dioxide.
Atmospheric air
54
What are the functions of soil as far as plants are concerned?
- provide anchorage to root enabling plants to stand erect.
- acts as a store house of water and nutrients for plant growth.
- acts as home of flora and fauna which suitably transform nutrients for uptake by plants roots.
- provide space for air and accretion which creates healthy environment for the biological activity of soil organisms.
55
It is the quality of the soil that enables it to provide essential chemical elements in quantities and proportions for the growth of specified plants.
Soil fertility
56
It is the potential of a soil to supply nutrient elements in the right amount and proportions for normal plant growth when other growth factors.
Soil fertility
57
If the soil is fertile, it implies that:
1. Nutrients are available for plant adsorption.
2. Factors influencing the availability are at optimum conditions.
58
It is the capacity of the soil , in its normal environment to support plate growth.
Soil productivity
59
It is the nutrient enrichment of bodies of water. This encourages harmful algal blooms that kills fishes as they compete with oxygen in the water.
Eutrophication
60
It is the supply and adsoriof chemical compounds needed for growth and metabolism.
Nutrition
61
Chemical compounds required by an organism.
Nutrients
62
The mechanism by which nutrients are converted to cellular material or used for energetic purposes.
Metabolic processes
63
encompasses the various reactions occurring in a living cell in order to maintain life and growth.
Metabolism
64
Is a term that takes into account the interrelationships of mineral elements in the growth medium as well as their role in plant growth.
Plant nutrition
65
In Greek Mesopotamia means
"Land between two rivers"
66
Is used as a common method in clearing and preparing lands .
Slash and burn
67
It refers to any temporal and spatially cyclical agricultural system that involves clearing of land-usually with the assistance of fire-followed by phases of cultivation and fallow periods.
Shifting cultivation
68
It is the time where manure was used to increase productivity and prolonged land use.
Golden Age of Greeks 800-200 BC
69
It was used to increased productivity of soils (liming material)
Marl
70
He published a book on agricultural practices.
Pietro de Crescenzi (1233-1320)
71
He believed that water is the main plant nourishment and that soil kept plants upright and insulated from extreme temperatures.
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1624)
72
His willow tree experiment proved that water was the sole nutrients of plants.
Jan Baptista Van Helmont (1577-1644)
73
He believed that plant growth is influenced by something other than water.
John Woodward ( 1700's )
74
He believed that roots ingest soil particles and cultivating the soil made it easier for plants to hake up soil.
Jethro Tull (1674-1741)
75
He wrote the book " Horse and Hoeing Husbandry" and developed the horse hoe and the seed drill.
Jethro Tull (1674-1741)
76
He believed that soil provides only small amounts of nutrients required by plants and that plants obtain C from the air.
De Saussure (1800's )
77
He believed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only uptake of CO2, but also to the uptake of H2O.
De Sausure
78
He believed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only uptake of CO2, but also to the uptake of H2O.
De Sausure
79
He introduced the humus theory, where plants on humus derived extracts (C,H,O,N) from which they are able to rebuild more complex plant tissue.
Albrecht Thaer (1752-1829)
80
He also believed that fertilizer salts and lime are good because they promote humus and organic matter breakdown.
Albrecht Thaer (1752-1829)
81
The father of soil science?
Justus Von Liebig
82
A student of Thaer, conclude that salts in humus extracts were real plant nutrients.
Philip Carl Sprengel (1787-1859)
83
He also came up with a list of compounds required for plant growth and discussed the idea of fertilizers. (Basically stated the law of the minimum).
Philip Carl Sprengel
84
He laid the foundation for the modern fertilizer industry.
Justus Von Liebig (1803-1873)
85
He Manufactured fertilizer but made mistake of fusing Phosphorous and Potassium with lime. ( Unavailable to plants).
Justus Von Liebig (1803-1873)
86
He popularized the Law of minimum
Justus Von Liebig (1803-1873)
87
Stating that if one of the essential nutrients is deficient, growth will be poor even if all other elements are abundant.
The Law of Minimum
88
It is the elements that come from water .
Hydrogen and oxygen
89
It is needed to neutralize acids formed by plants.
Alkaline metals ( CA,Mg, and K)
90
This nutrient is necessary for the seed germination.
Phosphate
91
It represents the growth and yield of crops while the staves of unequal length represent the factors affecting the growth and yield of crops.
Liebig's Barrel Analogy
92
The term essential element was proposed by?
Arnon
Stout
1939
93
What are those criteria for an element to be considered essential?
-a deficiency of it makes it impossible for the plant to complete the vegetative or reproductive stage of its life cycle.
- such deficiency is specific to the element in question and can be prevented or corrected only by supplying the element.
- the element must be directly involved in plant metabolism or components of an essential plant constituent.
-the element must be needed for the majority of plants.
94
How many essential nutrient elements are required to grow crops.
17 nutrient elements
95
Types of non mineral elements
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
96
Why oxygen, carbon and hydrogen are considered non-minerals ?
Because they derived from air and water
97
Elements which either stimulate growth but are not essential or which are essential only for certain plant species, or under specific condition.
Beneficial elements
98
Types of beneficial elements?
Sodium
Silicon
Cobalt
99
Scientific name of bladder saltbush?
Atriplex vesicaria
100
It is not an essential element for crop plants, although it is beneficial for crops such as sugar beet.
Sodium
101
What type of photosynthetic pathways also require Na up to levels of round 0.02% of Na in their dry weight.
C4
102
Its beneficial effects on plants includes increase in yield that can result from increasing leaf erectness, decreasing susceptibility to lodging, decreasing incidence to fungal infections and preventing Fe and Mn toxicity
Silicon
103
It is essential for N-fixing organisms, irrespective of whether they are in the free-living or symbiotic form
Cobalt
104
These elements can be found in air and water ?
Oxygen
105
Essential elements are classified according to?
Amount taken by the plants
106
107
What are plants made of according to plant composition?
Dry matter 10%
Water 90%
Mineral elements
CHO
108
It is needed for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration.
Carbon dioxide
109
How many minerals nutrients?
14
110
What are the 6 micro nutrients?
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
S
111
What are the 8 micronutrients?
Fe
Zn
Mn
B
Cl
Cu
Mo
Ni
112
Two ways to classy the essential elements?
1. Classified by whether it is used in large or small amounts
(Macro. And micronutrients)
2. Classified by its function in the plant
(What the element does to the plant)
113
Micronutrients are used in what concentration?
Less than 100mg/kg
114
Elements that are taken from air and water?
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
115
Macronutrients are used in what concentration?
Greater than 100mg/kg
116
Two type of macronutrients
Primary nutrients
Secondary nutrients
117
Type of primary nutrients?
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
118
What are the secondary nutrients?
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur
119
Constituent of carbohydrates; necessary for photosynthesis.
Carbon
120
Maintains osmotic balance; important in numerous biochemical reactions; constituent of carbohydrates.
Hydrogen
121
Important component of plant proteins
Sulfur
122
Enzyme activator, component of chlorophyll and also known as central atom
Magnesium
123
The component of the cell wall; plays a role in the structure and permeability of membranes.
Calcium
124
Involves the photosynthesis, carbohydrate translocation, protein synthesis and etc.
Potassium
125
Constituent of many proteins, coenzyme, nucleic acids and metabolic substrate, important in energy transfer.
Phosphorus
126
Constituent of proteins, chlorophyll and nucleic acids
Nitrogen
127
Constituent of carbohydrates, necessary for respiration.
Oxygen
128
Involves with an enzyme system that regulate various metabolic activities.
Zinc
129
Believe to be important in sugar translocation and carbohydrate metabolism
Boron
130
Involved with oxygen production in photosynthesis
Chlorine
131
A catalyst for respiration; a component of various enzyme. Component of cytochrome ang nitrogenase.
Copper
132
Involve with chlorophyll synthesis and enzymes for electron transfer
Iron
133
Controls several oxidation-reduction systems and photosynthesis.
Manganese
134
Involved with nitrogen fixation and transforming nitrate to ammonium.
Molybdenum
135
Necessary for proper functioning of the enzyme, urease, and found to be necessary in seed germination.
Nickel
136
It states that growth of plants is limited by the nutrient that is in the shortest supply.
The law of Minimum
137
It states that once the supply is improved, the next limiting nutrient controls plant growth.
The Law of Minimum
138
It states that the "yield increases linearly as factor is increased and then levels of as another factor becomes limiting.
The linear Response Plateau Model, based on Liebig's Law of the Minimum
139
What are the three main points of the LRP model ?
Threshold yield
Plateau yield
Relative yield
140
The yield at zero level of the nutrient in question, but not all nutrients.
Threshold yield
141
The yield at the point where the nutrient ceases to be a limiting factor; it is not maximum yield because other factors may still limit yields.
Plateau yield
142
The threshold yield is divided by plateau yield.
Relative yield
143
It states that the fertilizer rate needed to reach the plateau yield is the recommended rate for the particular nutrient.
The linear Response Plateau Model
144
True or false.
One of the advantages of The linear Response Plateau Model is it ignores that yield decreases with excessively high nutrient rates as in quadratic equation ( curvilinear response).
False, this disadvantage
145
True or false.
One of the disadvantages of The linear Response Plateau Model is it provides the minimum nutrient level to reach a given Plateau yield.
False, this is advantage
146
It is known as Mitscherlichs Law
The law of Diminishing Returns
147
It recognizes that yield responses to limiting growth factor are usually non-linear.
The Law of Diminishing Returns
148
It states that if all other factors remain the same as the limiting nutrient is added in equal units, then each yield increment is smaller than the preceding increment.
The law of diminishing returns
149
True or false.
The law of diminishing returns where increases in yield of crop per unit of available nutrient decreases as the level of available nutrient approaches sufficiency.
True
150
True or false.
The increase in yield by a unit increment of the deficient factor is proportional to the decrement of the factor from the maximum.
True
151
True or false.
The immobile nutrient follow (N,P,K in soil) follow Mitscherlichs concept.
False, (P,K and Ca)
152
True or false.
Plants require nutrients in inbalance amount.
False. Balance amount
153
True or false.
Sufficient concentration of nutrients should be present in plant roots at any time.
False, plant leaves
154
True or false.
Insufficiency of essential nutrients could limit plant yield.
True
155
True or false.
Plant yield can also be affected by factors other than nutrients.
True
156
True or false.
Nutrient demand changes with the stage of plant development.
True
157
True or false.
Peak demand is at maturity-set.
False, fruit-set
158
True or false.
The absolute requirement, per element, varies from plant to soil.
False, plant to plant
159
True or false.
The must soil be able to provide all the essential elements needed at the time are needed most.
True
160
What are the mechanisms of nutrient uptake?
1. Mass flow
2. Diffusion
3. Root interception or contact exchange
161
Refers to movement of dissolve nutrients towards the roots in soil water that is flowing in that direction.
Mass flow
162
The movement of nutrients in the transpiration stream.
Mass flow
163
2 example of nutrients that move by mass flow, this have a high concentration in soil solution relative to the plant requirements.
Nitrates NO3- and Sulfates SO4²-
164
Dissolve nutrients move to the root in soil water that is flowing towards the roots.
Mass flow
165
Movement of soluble ions from soil water to the root driven by the transpiration stream.
Mass flow
166
Occurs when nutrients move from higher concentrations in the bulk soil solutions to lower concentration at the root.
Diffusion
167
Also known as zone of depletion?
Diffusion shell
168
Example of soil biological and chemical processes that supply nutrients ?
Nutrient mineralization
Weathering of minerals
169
It causes high concentration away from roots.
Biological and chemical processes
170
A volume of soil around the root that is depleted in nutrient concentrations due to uptake.
Diffusion shell
171
Ions that diffuse rapidly?
Mobile nutrients
172
Ion's that diffuse slowly?
Immobile nutrients
173
True or false.
High charged and small ions diffuse more slowly.
True
174
The dominant mechanism of movement for phosphorus.
Diffusion
175
Factors that determine diffusion path length?
Water content, particle size, porosity.
176
Roots moves through the soil and comes into contact with the nutrient on the colloid.
Root interception or contact exchange
177
Generally not very important because the root only comes into contact with 1-2 percent of the total volume.
Root interception
178
How many percent does the root contact of soil volume?
~1 percent
179
This fungi increases the root to soil contact.
Mycorrhizal infection
180
The dlminat mechanism for
