Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Case Studies > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a paradigm

A
  • Overreaching philosophical and ideological framework

- A priori assumptions concepts, values that together inform our world view and how we do research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Ontology

A

concerned with form and the nature of reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Epistemological

A

concerned with how we come to know things about the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Methodology

A

concerned with principles, philosophies and approaches governing research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Methods

A

tools used for data collection and analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what paradigm is qualitative research considered

A

positivist paradigm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the ontological assumptions of quanitative research

A

Single and universal reality that is independent of us that can be discoverable and objectively measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the epistemological assumptions of quanitative research

A

Legitimate knowledge is knowledge that must be scientifically verified and can be proven using the scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does determinism mean to qualitative research

A

events occur according to natural laws and causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does empiricism mean to qualitative research

A

enquiry must be conducted through observation, knowledge but be evidence based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does skepticism mean to qualitative research

A

a statement that is open to analysis and critique. researcher must be skeptical and open to critique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does objectivity mean to qualitative research

A

researcher is detached from subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define generalizability

A

if data is reliable, the purpose is to generalize to other populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

defne reliability

A

is you randomize you can test if your hypothesis is correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

quantification

A

information derived from what can be measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

advantages if positivist research

A
  • Reduces bias by randomization and blinding
  • Very important for health research when peoples live are at stake
  • Use of concrete outcome measures allow for replicability and rigor is evidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

disadvantages if positivist research

A
  • Describes a phenomenon in a vacuum not a real-life setting
  • Does not address people lived experience (complex, subjective, and social)
  • Can you real remove all of life’s influence in blinding and randomization?
  • Objectivity is possibly an unattainable goal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define true experimental studies

A

experimental and control groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define quasi experimental

A

not randomly assigned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define single subject

A

no control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define non-experimental

A

o Descriptive
o Simple information about frequency and comparative
o Examines differences between groups on a certain variable
o Correlations relationships among two or more variables
o ALWAYS CONTAINS CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what paradigm is qualitative research

A

interpretivist paradigm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the ontological assumptions of qualitative research

A

reality is negotiated, socially, and historically constructed and not objectively measured. There is many truths and everyone has a different reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is soft constructivist in qualitative research

A

acknowledges the disease and treatment process have both subjective and objective matters… hence mixed methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the features of the interpretivist paradigm

A
  • Interpretivist- someone who seek to understand while focusing on subjective, meaning and interpretations
  • Naturalistic- data collected in everyday life
  • Subjectivity- research practice is not objective
  • Complexity- aims to have depth in analysis and not inference (thick description, richness)
  • Validity
  • Trustworthiness and creditability
  • Aims to understand the participants not to generalize
  • Saturation is key
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does saturation mean

A

When you are doing interviews about an phenomena and you are hearing the same type of results from most of the interviews you are really understanding the phenomenon and your data is saturated because it is similar among all interviews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

methods and research designs for qualitative research

A
  • Semi/uni structured interviews
  • Participant observation
  • Focus groups
  • Discourse and content analysis (non systematic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

advantages of qualitative research

A
  • Flexible and descriptive= reflexive
  • Thinking outside of the box
  • Acknowledges conflict subjectivity and the idea that there are many sides to a story is how they fit together
  • Triangulation and saturation are guides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

define triangulation

A

is that you always must rely on more than one data piece for your research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

disadvantages of qualitative research

A
  • May make unintended or justified generalization from the accounts of small numbers
  • Purpose sampling may be viewed as biased by researcher assumptions and self- selections
  • Who’s story is it? Some say it’s the researcher’s?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

define working hypothesis

A

where the researcher reviews the literature prior to entering the field and has general question that is informing the research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

define ethnographies

A
  • Researcher studies an intact cultural or social group in their natural setting over a prolonged period of time
  • Observational data and field notes
  • Research process is flexible, unstructured and evolves contextually in response to the lives of participants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

define grounded theory

A
  • Inductive process of generating a theory based on information that emerges from data
  • Constant comparison of data through emerging themes and theoretical sampling of different groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

define case studies

A
  • Researcher explores a program, event, activity or process
  • Consists of one or more individuals in an isolated occurrence
  • Collects detailed information over a certain time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define phenomenological research

A
  • Identifies the essence of human experience concerning a specific phenomenon, as described by the participants in the study
  • Involves small sample size
  • Extensive and prolonged engagement in the researcher
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define narrative inquiry/ research

A
  • Listening to the stories of participants
  • Information and themes from the stories are extracted from the participants individual story and combined with others of a similar context
  • guided by research question
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What did Gustav Fechner do

A
  • Laws relating the physical nature of an external physical stimulus to the internal experience of the sensation it produced
  • Reported his findings as the relationship between stimulus and sensation
  • Limitations was that the meaning was in the individual report of some aspect of sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

for William James, what were the 2 parts involved in the self as a duplex

A
  1. The self which we can conceptualize, the self known, the me, can you experience this
  2. The self as that which “has” that knowledge, the I, can you talk about the experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

for William James, what is a psychologists fallacy

A

o Assumption that the research participant’s experience is to be understood in terms of the readily available categories of the researcher
o The ‘subjective world’ of the research participant must be understood in its own terms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the limitations of behaviourism

A

The first person perspective: propositions about psychological events can be stated only in the third-person from the viewpoint of the observer rather than that of the actor themselves

The perceptual approach: behaviourism could not consider the perceptions of the research participant. Thinking, judging, paying or switching attention, etc. could not be properly differentiated and researched

Idiography: Behavioural research could not regard the study of people in their uniqueness as a justifiable scientific enterprise. Objectivity would be threatened

Meaning: in search for the objective and observable causes of behaviour, meaning disappeared as a topic of research

Specificity in the use of language: the communicative function of language in expressing personal experience was weakened in behaviourism

Social relatedness: people were not seen as different from psychical objects in a person’s environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

define determinism

A

human behaviour and experience are to be regarded as the inevitable outcome of the set variables in action for a person at any given time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

define existentialism

A

the individual is a conscious agent, whose experience must be studied from the ‘first person’ perspective. experiences is of a meaningful lifeworld

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

define constructive alternativism

A

a person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the way the events are interpreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

define role construct repertory grid

A

technique where researcher specifies an individual’s construct system in an organized way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the two consequences of the idea that social interaction comes before thinkings and self-concept

A
  1. Inner thought and external communication are basically similar
  2. The self is part of the process of acquiring capacity to reflect on one’s own actions, which can build up self- concept and identity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

define the hermeneutics of meaning-recollection

A

aims at faithful disclosure

o A certain population informing other of the nature of their experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

define the hermeneutics of suspicion

A

aims to discover the subject of analysis

o Allows a deeper interpretation (ie. Psychoanalysis and feminism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

define consciousness

A

this is the stream of experience phenomena which is purely experience and needs to be separated from other forms of thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

define phenomenon

A

any observable occurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

define intentionality

A

consciousness’s constant feature of attending to something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

define The lived world/lifeworld

A

is the world that is lived and experienced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

define Bracketing

A

individual or researcher suspends the influence of preconceptions and presuppositions in order to experience the phenomenon in its immediate, direct form without theories, beliefs, attitudes, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

define Epoche of the natural sciences

A

Husserl’s more radical view- where a “gods eye view” is attempted

54
Q

what are the goals of phenomenology (EXAM)

A
  • Explores human consciousness and experience
  • Contributes to our richer understanding of humanity
  • Phenomenological research can inform public policy
    o Social intervention are unlikely to be successful unless built on real understanding and insight of people and communities
55
Q

aspects of phenomenological research

A
  1. Ensure that you have a broad understanding of the nature of phenomenological research
  2. The phenomenological researcher does not usually formulate their research question in detail
  3. The nature of the phenomenon being considered in the research determines what participants should be sought for the study
  4. Some form of unstructured interview Phenomenological is likely to be preferred mode of data collection
  5. Participants are encouraged to braket- out all perspectives about the immediate ones in their experience
  6. The task of the researcher is to know the individual’s experience of the phenomenon and to reveal what meaning is in those human experience
  7. Repeated listening to and reader of the transcript
56
Q

what is delineating units of meaning

A

list of statements or descriptions provided by participants which best characterizes the experience

57
Q

what is the process of data analysis in phenomenology

A
  • Bracketing and phenomenological reduction: researchers is open to the phenomenon itself “ here and now”
  • Delineating units of meaning: list of statements or descriptions provided by participants which best characterizes the experience
  • Clustering units of meaning into themes: awareness of the essential features
  • Summarize each interview, validate and modify: summarize the immerging themes
  • General and unique themes for all the interviews and composite summary: identify the universal themes
58
Q

whats is the goal of interpretative phenomenological analysis

A
  • The goal is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world
59
Q

what is the preferred data methodology for IPA analysis

A

semi-structured

60
Q

Aspects of IPA (EXAM)

A
  • Primarily about experiences as personality experienced rather than the language through which expressed
  • Participants are experts about their experiences
  • Both the individuals (idiographic) and shared (nomothetic) aspects of experiences may be identified
  • The researcher makes the sense of the complexity of experiences
  • Plausible interpretations provided by researcher which are grounded in data examples
  • The researchers role in interpretation and collaboration with the participant is highlights
  • The interpretation may involve psychological explanations eschewed by some qualitative methods
  • Participants fully regarded as individual social and cultural beings in the analysis
61
Q

what are the two stages of the interpretation process

A

o Participants are trying to make sense of their world

o Researcher is trying to make sense of the participant’s interpretation of their world

62
Q

what is symbolic interactionism

A
  • The mind and self emerge out of social interactions involving significant communications
  • People are ‘out there’ in a social world making their own understandings of that world in relation to their understandings of that world in relation to their understanding of that world in relation to their understanding of other people and themselves, and the interaction of the two
63
Q

how could you form a research question for an IPA study

A
  • Broadly framed and open in nature
  • Goal is to explore and gather meaningful detail about a particular phenomenon
  • Aim of the study is to say something in detail about the experiences of a particular group
  • Often transformative issues concerned with personal and social identity
64
Q

what si purposive sampling

A

closely defined group
the groups are defined by certain characteristics needed for the study. the participants have to have certain characteristics

65
Q

what is Snowball sampling

A

samples created by reached through agencies, contact, gate keepers

66
Q

what is a semi-structured interview

A

o Allows the researcher and participant to engage in dialogue whereby intitial questions are modified in the light of the participants response and the investigator is able to probe interesting and important areas which arise

67
Q

characteristics of a structured interview

A

o Use short, specific questions
o Read the question exactly as on the schedule
o Ask the question in the identical order specified by the schedule
o Ideally have pre-coded response categories enabling the questioner to match what the respondent says against one of those categories

68
Q

define funneling

A
  • Allows the researcher to elicit both the respondents’ general views and their response to more specific concerns
  • Ex. asking a more general question about politics and then using more specific probes about each political party
69
Q

what were the factors that glasser and Strauss challenged

A
  • Challenging The arbitrary division between theory and research as a precursor to move ‘rigorous’ quantitative methods
  • Challenging beliefs that qualitative methods were impressionistic and unsystematic
  • Challenging The separation of data collection and analysis phases of research
  • Challenging the Assumptions that qualitative research could be generate theory
  • Challenging the Views that limited theorizing to an intellectual elite
70
Q

what paradigms does grounded theory use

A

positivism and interpretation

71
Q

define classic grounded theory

A

o Theory naturally emerges and is discovered from the content of the data

72
Q

define Straussian grounded theory

A

o Through highly systematic rigorous coding structures theory is created (rather than discovered) a rigorous theory which closely corresponds to the data

73
Q

define constructivist grounded theory

A

o Neither data nor theories are discovered…we construct our grounded theories through our past and present involvements and interactions with people, perspective and research practices

74
Q

premise of symbolic interactionism

A
  1. Human beings act towards things on the basis of the meanings that things have for them
    - Ex. What is a mother? If a mother to you is just a person who gives birth to them vs someone who loves and takes care of you, your perception on how you perceive mothers influcences how you act
  2. Meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with one’s fellows
    - Ex. the relationship you have with your mother and the interactions you have with them, influences your meaning of a mother (if you have a bad mom, you may think that mothers are just individuals who give birth to you vs. if you have a good mom, you may think that mothers are individuals who care for you)
  3. These meanings are handled in, and modified through, the interpretive process used by the person in dealing with the things encountered
75
Q

what is grounded theory

A
  • Process of theory building involves constant checking backwards and forwards between different aspects of the analysis process
  • Proceeds from the initial data collection and analyzed to collection of new data guided by initial analysis
76
Q

what are the characteristics of grounded theory

A
  • Systematic:
    o The process by which theory is developed is through the careful application of the general principles and methods of grounded theory
  • Guidelines:
    o System of guidelines which guide data collection, analysis and theory building. Emerging research and theory are closely tied to social reality
  • Inductive processes are more important than deductive reasoning:
    o Different from conventional theory building in psychology which hypotheses are deducted from theory and these hypotheses are subjected to empirical testing
  • Theory building is a continuous process:
    o Theory develops through a continuous process rather than by critical tests of hypotheses
    o It is impossible to separate grounded theory research into a small number of discrete stages since theory development begins early- even in data collection and continues
77
Q

what is the process of the inductive research method

A

observation, pattern, tentative hypothesis, theory

78
Q

what is the process of the deductive research method

A

theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation

79
Q

define theoretical sampling

A
  • Sampling is usually determined on the basis of the theories one builds up to interpret the data over the period of the analysis
  • The researcher decides on what further data should be collected on the basis of their evaluation of what additional data would help them in their interpretation
    o Ex. You have already interviews X amount of people and now you have to think, what other types of people should I interview that will confirm or refute my theory
80
Q

how is data collection done in grounded theory

A

there is Simultaneous data collection and analysis

81
Q

how to obtain rich description in grounded theory

A

o Describe participant’s views and action in detail
 This includes recording any non-verbal communication cues. Ex. facial expressions or body language
o Record observations that reveal participants unstated intentions
o Construct interview questions that allow participants to reflect anew on the research topic
o Look for and explore taken-for-granted meanings and actions
o “tell me about…, how, what and when questions”

82
Q

Grounded theory emphasizes on what people are doing which leads to understanding multiple layers that include one’s:

A
  1. Stated explanation of his/her action
  2. Unstated assumptions about it
    o And trying to get the person to take about them, so that you are not just assuming it
  3. Intentions for engaging in it
  4. Effect on others
  5. Consequences for further individual action and interpersonal relations
83
Q

main rule of grounded theory

A
  • Study your emerging data
  • Study data by transcribing interviews yourself combined with field notes
  • This prompts the researcher to learn nuances of the participants’ language and meanings
84
Q

the phases of coding

A
  1. data collection
  2. open coding
  3. axial coding
  4. selective coding
85
Q

define open coding

A

adding meaning /codes to each line of the data
- Initial coding/ open coding entails examining each line of data and defining the actions or events that you see as occurring in it or as represented by it

86
Q

define axial coding

A
  • Purpose is to sort, synthesize, and organize large amounts of data and reassemble them in new ways after open coding
  • The researcher links categories with sub-categories and asks how they are related
87
Q

define selective/focused coding

A
  • Using the most significant and/or frequent earlier codes to shift through large amount of data
  • Focused coding is more directed, selective, and conceptual than line-by-line coding
  • Requires decisions about both which initial codes make the most analytic sense
  • Which of these codes fit the data the best
88
Q

what does focused/selective coding do with your data

A
  1. It establishes the content and form of your analysis
    o Assess which codes best capture what’s happening in data
    o Which codes capture what
  2. It prompts you to evaluate and clarify your categories and the relationships between them
    o Raise the codes to conceptual categories for your developing analytic framework
89
Q

process of categorizing in grounded theory

A

codes, sub- categories, categories, & theory

90
Q

steps of grounded theory

A
  1. Developing a research question
  2. Theoretical sampling
  3. Data collection
  4. Coding/ naming
  5. Category development through comparison/ constant comparison
  6. Theoretical sampling to test categories and relationships
  7. Test hypotheses in order to develop substantive theory based on the study
  8. Collect data and preform analysis in other setting as a means of generating formal theory
91
Q

strengths of grounded theory

A
  • Provided an alternative to the hypothesis- testing approach
  • Influenced strength of qualitative research in psychology given its systematic approach
  • Theory is closely tied to data and speaks in language used by participants- helps inform policy and practitioners
  • Theory is anchored in the data
92
Q

Criticisms of grounded theory

A
  • Potential for data collection is endless- theory development occurs after data has started to be collected- theory cannot guide the subject matter
    o Because it is continuous how do you know when you have actually developed your theory and you no longer need to collect more data
  • Vagueness
  • Line-by-line coding can result in fragmented data
  • Fails to consider existing theories in the development of research question and analysis process
93
Q

Grounded theory is…

A
  • Inductive
  • Systematic
  • Continuous
  • Processed using comparison
94
Q

what does conversational analysis focus on

A
  • Focuses on how participants understand and respond to one another in their turns at talk-exploring the social and interaction underpinnings of intersubjectivity- common, shared, and ‘collective’ understanding between social actors
95
Q

steps of conversational analysis methodology

A
  1. how participants arrived at understanding one another’s actions during the back- research is based on the study of naturally occurring data (audio/video recordings)
    - recordings are usually transcribed in considerable detail through the precise level and type of detail (phonetic and prosodic features of production are included)
    - will depend on the researcher’s focus
    - probably not interview
  2. phenomena in the data are generally not coded
    - what the people are talking about in the conversation is not what is being coded. Instead it is the pauses, and other similar aspects of the conversation
    - token that have the appearance of being the same’ or equivalent phenomena may turn out to have a different important or not be the same
    - coding tokens on the basis of certain manifest similarities risk collecting the same category but different interaction significance
    - conversations are recorded
  3. quantifying the occurrence of a certain object is likely to result in the truly interactional properties of that object overlooked
    - those interaction properties can be uncovered only by through qualitative analysis, particularly of the sequential properties of that object
    - how variations in speech production are related to their different sequential implicature
    - ex. quantifying how many pauses were taken in a conversation
  4. attempt to document and explicate and- forth interaction between them
    - how in turn they construct their turns to be suitably responsive to prior turns
    - concentrate on the conversation as behaviour
96
Q

steps to formulating a research question in conversational analysis

A
  1. by identifying a phenomenon emerging from data
  2. by focusing on particular kind of action (requesting) or aspect of interaction (emotion)
  3. by designing a study to investigate a particular kind of interaction, or interactions, in a particular kind of setting (dynamic of family mealtimes)
  4. by conducting research in a particular or applied topic area, often addressing issues that practitioners want to explore
97
Q

what are the key areas of theory in conversational analysis

A
  • turns and turn- taking/ turn construction units
  • repairs
  • gaps
  • adjacency pairs ex. do I like to go the park, yes I do
  • opening conversation
  • overlaps
  • preferences and dispreference organization
  • closing conversation
  • membership categorization device
98
Q

what are Turns, turn- taking and construction units

A
  • a turn is a person’s conversation before a different person takes over the conversation
  • turn is the major unit of analysis
  • focus on conversation analysis is on the adjacent turns in order to understand how the second turn is designed
  • researcher also examines the nature of the turns in conversation
99
Q

what are agency pairs

A
  • many turns are pairs
  • two turns belong to the same type
  • examples:
    o question/answer
     Ex. Person 1: go you like dogs Person2: yes I do
    o greeting/greeting
    o summon/ answer
    o telling/ accept
100
Q

what is preference and dispreference organization

A
  • turn taking suggests there is a preference for someone first turns to be followed by a particular kind of second turn
  • conversational preferences; not psychological
  • part of a mechanisms of conversation
  • example: “ are you feeling better now” likely to be followed by yes, rather than no
    o rather than “how are you feeling” the person can choose either yes or no
101
Q

what are repairs in conversational analysis

A
  • objective is to find repeated patterns that arise out of joint efforts to produce conversation
  • process where participants in a conversation go about correcting errors
102
Q

what are opening/ closing conversation

A
  • in telephone conversation, whoever answer the call speaks first
  • sequences in conversation which do not end in closure but points at which closure may be chosen (ie. Bye)
  • pre-closing sequences verifying the appropriateness of bringing the conversation to an end (ie. Okay? Okay)
103
Q

what are gaps and overlaps

A
  • transition relevant spaces between one speaker to another
  • overlaps are places where there is no gap between the turns and no overlap of speakers works (latching)
  • overlaps can be problematic when two speakers self- select to take the next turn
104
Q

define contiguous utterances

A

no discernible interval between turns, are linked by an equals sign. This is also used to indicate a very rapid move from one unit in a turn to the next

105
Q

Limitations to symbolic transcription

A
  • Does not record the way in which things were said, the pacing, intonation, and emphasis in their talk
  • Does not capture anything about relationship between one person’s turn to talk and the next- such as overlapping speech or pauses/silence
106
Q

Advantages of symbolic transcription

A
  • Captures considerable amounts of detail that may be relevant to the interaction between the participants
  • Symbols are pre-analytic and made before the research has any idea about patterns, themes or features in the data regarding the phenomena
  • Purpose of the transcript, using in conjunction with the recording
107
Q

what are the first steps in data analysis in conversational analysis

A
  1. Identify what activity or actions the participants are engaged in
  2. Consider the sequence leading up to the initiation of an action, to see how the activity in question may have arisen out of that sequence (if speaker has laid the ground for the upcoming action)
  3. Examine in detail the design (specific words or phrases used) of each of the participants’ turns
  4. Consider how the recipient responds to the ‘first’ speaker’s turn/action
108
Q

what is narrative psychology

A
  • The idea that people think, perceive, imagine and act morally according to narrative structures
  • Content, structure and function of the stories which we can create to account for what is happening to us
109
Q

types of narrative structures

A 
o	Progressive (moving toward the goal) 
o	Regressive (moving away from the goal)
o	Stable (little change)
110
Q

define the pragmatic form of thinking

A

method of science based on classification and categorization

111
Q

define the narrative form of thinking

A

organizes everyday interpretation of the world in storied form

112
Q

properties of narratives

A
  • Composed of a unique sequence of events, mental states and happenings involving human beings as characters or actors
  • It specializes in the forging of links between the exceptional and the ordinary
  • It can be ‘real’ or ‘imaginary’
  • Helps us understand narrative as constructing reality or bringing sense to something unusual
113
Q

define story theme

A

recurrent pattern of human intention

114
Q

what are the types of narrative tones

A

optimistic or pessimistic

115
Q

define imagery

A

a treasure trove of personalized symbols and fantasized objects that develop as we mature

116
Q

define ideology of narratives

A

revealed in the values and beliefs underlying the story

117
Q

what is narrative inquiry

A

An organized interpretation of a sequence of events

Narrative inquiry has a Beginning, middle, and end

118
Q

principles of narrative psychology

A
  • Narratives change over time
  • Narratives integrate lives and provide coherent account of the individual ‘scenes’ in the narrative
  • Narratives are cultural texts and reflect the culture and the culture’s way of talking narratively
  • Narratives are told in social relationship
  • Some narratives are better than others: narrative are intertwined with morality and that some personal interviews reflect psychological more healthy selves
119
Q

characteristics of a narrative

A
  • A narrative involves some sort of transformation which occurs over time
  • There is some sort of action
  • There are various characters
120
Q

epistemology of narrative inquiry

A
  • Explores how people remember, structure and story their experience
  • Process that can lead to understanding the complexities of human selves, lives and relations
  • Allow multiple and sometimes contradictory layers of meaning, to reconstruct meanings through linking the layers and to explore the understanding of individual and social processes
121
Q

what is a life-story interview

A
  • Life- story interview encourages the participants to provide an extended account of their lives
122
Q

what is a episodic interview

A
  • Episodic interview: aims to learn about everyday experiences and disruptions to daily life
123
Q

what is the semi-strucuted narrative interview protocol

A
  • Section 1: Life chapters participant should think if their life as a book with many chapters- identify 2-3 main chapters
  • Section 2: Key events
  • Section 3: Significant people participant is asked to give the name, relationship with themselves and impact on their lives of four people (ie. Parents, lovers, teachers)
  • Section 4: Future script until this point- participant will have spoken of past and present experiences
  • Section 5: stresses and problems participant is asked to describe two areas of life where conflicts, stresses, or problems affected them
  • Section 6: personal ideology participant considers the basic beliefs and values by questioning them about their religious and political beliefs. The following areas are covered:
124
Q

define narrative analysis

A
  • A form of qualitative analysis which is dependent on the ideas developed in narrative psychology
  • Stresses how narrative is a metaphor for personality
125
Q

define emplotment

A
  • Emplotment: describes how the narrative is put together- including plots, subplots, diversion and digressions
126
Q

what is the Naturalist epistemology approach to narrative analysis

A

: use rich descriptions of people in their natural habitats (research that aims to explore interpersonal relations in specific cases) very observational
focuses on what questions

127
Q

what is the constructivist epistemology approach to narrative analysis

A

focuses on the sense of social order and how its created through talk and interaction. Such as in how identities are constructed in various psychosocial contexts (families and education)
focuses on how questions

128
Q

what is the realist epistemology approach to narrative analysis

A

whatever the person says reflects that person’s real world

129
Q

define appropriation

A

: the process of narrative interpretation

o Your making sense of what has been unknown in the past

130
Q

steps of narrative analysis

A
  1. Reading and familiarization: read carefully through the transcript (think about themes)
  2. Identify important concepts to look for: trying to grasp the main elements of the narrative that need to be identified
    - Narrative tone
    - Imagery
  3. Identify narrative tone: assessed in terms of
    - Content of narrative
    - The manner and style of reporting the experience
  4. Identifying narrative themes and images:
    - Identify themes and images at the same times because these can overlap
  5. Weave together into a coherent theory: need to be put into a new story form
131
Q

define Points of departure

A

After you use your guiding interest and collected some data you begin to form concepts. You then use these concepts as points of departure to form interview questions, to look at data, listen to interviewees, and think analytically about the data

Case Studies (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions