Midterm Flashcards
The fact that anthropology focuses on both culture and biology:
Allows it to address how culture influences biological traits and vice versa
Which of the following most characterizes anthropology among disciplines that study humans
O
It is holistic and comparative
Four-field anthropology
Was largely shaped by early American anthropologists interest in Native Americans
The study of non-human primates is of special interest to which sub-discipline of anthropology
Biology anthropology
Which of the following terms as a suggested but yet unverified explanation for observed things and events
Association
Model
Hypothesis
Theory
Hypothesis
Anthropology is unique among other social sciences in its emphasis on both holistic and cross cultural perspective
True or False
True
An agricultural approach refers to the inclusion and combination of both biology and cultural perspectives and approached to comment on, or solve, a particular issue or problem
True or False
False (biocultural)
Ethnology provides an account of field work in a particular community, society, or culture.
True or False
False (ethnography)
Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or technique of the four sub-fields of anthropology to identify, asses, and solve practical problems. More and more anthropologists increasingly wot in this dimension of the discipline.
True or False
True
The scientific method characterizes any anthropological endeavor that formulates research questions and gathers or uses systematic data to test hypotheses.
True or False
True
In the video clip about the Batak, when farming, the Batak used:
Irrigation Slash and burn methods Division of labor by gender Only biodegradable tools Environmentally friendly techniques
Environmentally friendly technique
Conservationist groups were attracted to the Batak because they:
Shared the Bataks concern for the forest
Needed the permission of the Batak to open a reserve
Wanted to destroy the ways of life of the Batak
Hoped to spread the Christian religion to the Batak
Knew how to find oil underground
Shared the Bataks concern for the forest.
According to the Batak, the Christiania do not believe in the:
Spirit of the forest Consumption of forest animals Power of chain saws Usefulness of women in farming Philippine government
Spirit of the forest
The conservationist group Hariban Palawan wanted to link conservation and human rights by helping the Batak to:
Open the land to other non-Batak farmers Build a bridge over a river Gain exclusive land rights Construct a new school Prosecute corrupt government officials:
Gain exclusive land rights
What type of kaingens (farming plots) did the Batak usually make?
Small, scattered ones Underwater ones Large, rambling ones Ones covered in cloth None of these answers
Small, scattered ones
Which of the following statements about culture is false?
Human groups differ in their capacities for culture.
Cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans.
The capacity for culture is shared by all humans.
Culture is the major reason for human adaptability.
All human groups have culture.
Human groups differ in their capacities for culture.
What is the term for the processes that are making nations and people increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent? Acculturation Enculturation Independent invention Diffusion Globalization
Globalization
There were at least seven different regions where agriculture developed. Therefore, agriculture is an example of which of the following mechanisms of cultural change?
Colonization Enculturation Diffusion Independent invention Acculturation
Independent invention
Which of the following in not one of the ways in which individuals acquire the culture?
Genetic transmission. Through direct instruction. Unconscious acquisition. Conscious acquisition. Through observation
Genetic transmission.
Although humans continue to adapt biologically, reliance on cultural means of adaptation has increased during human evolution.
True
False
True
Cultural traits, patterns, and inventions also can be maladaptive, threatening the group’s continued existence (survival and reproduction).
True or False
True
According to Leslie White, culture, and therefore humanity, came into existence when humans began to use agriculture.
True or False
False {symbols}
The term hominin refers to any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla, while the term hominid refers only to any fossil or living human.
True or False
False
hominid: refers to any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla hominin: refers only to any fossil or living human
Unlike human rights, bio-cultural rights are vested not in individuals but in groups, including indigenous peoples and religious and ethnic minorities.
True or False
false
The video clip for this chapter focuses on Carampei, a four year old Canela child. What types of responsibilities did he have that stereotypical middle class Americans don’t usually allow their young children?
washing clothes using guns and poison using knives and fire herding sheep driving cars
using knives and fire
The children imitating the hunting dances of the Canela men, and the public ridiculing of unacceptable behavior are both examples of:
enculturation spirit possession ethnocentrism assimilation acculturation
enculturation
In this clip, the Canela deal with trauma by _________________ it.
dramatizing disagreeing about exploiting seriously discussing ignoring
dramatizing
Formal friends are similar to:
distant relatives priests godparents cousins government officials
godparents
Canela songs are often about:
animals and stars in the sky animals fire stars in the sky water
animals and stars in the sky
What best describes the breadth of applied anthropology?
Any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of the four subfields, with a special emphasis on forensics and biological anthropology, given the rise of deaths due to the so-called War on Terror.
Any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of the four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems.
The hiring practices of nongovernmental organizations interested in culture.
The hiring of anthropologists by the armed forces interested in improving secret intelligence. d
The use of anthropological knowledge to increase the size of anthropology departments nationwide.
Any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of the four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems.
What is one of the most valuable and distinctive tools of the applied anthropologist? Knowledge of genetics. Statistical expertise. The ethnographic research method. Teaching ability. Familiarity with farming techniques.
The ethnographic research method.
The use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems is known as participant observation. economic anthropology. conceptual anthropology. socio-biology. applied anthropology.
applied anthropology.
Why would companies designing and marketing products hire an anthropologist?
To pretend they care about customers’ cultural preferences.
To make sure that they are abiding by the American Anthropological Association’s code of ethics.
To provide jobs for the growing number of unemployed academics.
To gain a better understanding of their customers in an increasingly multicultural world.
To fulfil the requirements to become a non-profit organization.
To gain a better understanding of their customers in an increasingly multicultural world.
What term refers most generally to beliefs, customs, specialists, and techniques aimed at ensuring health and curing illness?
Health-care system Shamanism A disease theory Over-innovation Medical anthropology
Health-care system
A curator is one who diagnoses and treats illness.
True or false
False (curer)
Increased equity describes the goal of reducing absolute poverty, with a more even distribution of wealth.
True
or
False
True
Development anthropology examines the socio-cultural dimensions of economic development.
True
or
False
True
The term under-innovation describes the consequence of development programs that try to achieve too much change.
True
False
False
over innovation
Medical anthropologists use the term disease to refer to a scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen, while the term illness refers to a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual.
True
or
False
True
In the video clip for this chapter, Professor Wright says that the tragedy in Bosnia and Herzegovina can no longer be called "a massacre without bodies." About how many bodies did he say were found in mass graves throughout the country in the excavations he led? 1500 - 2000 2500 - 3000 8000 - 10000 100 - 500 3500 - 4000
3500 - 4000
Which of the flowing groups was NOT present at the excavation of the mass grave depicted in the video clip?
Russian troops Anthropologists Officials of the World Health Organization Dutch crime scene officers Archaeologists
Officials of the World Health Organization
In the excavation of graves of mass murder, the scientists and sites must be kept under armed protection because:
none of these answers are correct
the archaeologists must be forced to do the excavations
the findings are politically charged and can incriminate people
the government wants to make sure no archaeologists remove artifacts
the soldiers must protect the scientists from the bodies
the findings are politically charged and can incriminate people
About how many people were found in this one particular mass grave?
500 750 660 890 400
660
The people who were found in the mass grave in this particular clip were NOT:
tied with their hands behind their backs carrying identification papers wearing military uniforms murdered blindfolded
wearing military uniforms
What does the principle of superposition state?
In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is the shallowest in the sequence.
In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the youngest layer is on the bottom.
In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is on the top.
In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the youngest layer is the deepest in the sequence.
In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is on the bottom
In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is on the bottom.
What do molecular anthropologists study?
The relationships among ancient and contemporary populations and among species using DNA comparisons.
The biological and geological processes by which dead animals become fossils.
How prestige is passed between generations.
The diffusion of languages between communities.
Human body size and dimensions, using an extensive series of measurements of the human form.
the relationships among ancient and contemporary populations and among species using DNA comparisons.
fossil pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains are all examples of
microscopic evidence that archaeologists are using increasingly to study the past.
palynology.
taphonomic processes.
remote sensing techniques increasingly used in multidisciplinary projects.
dendrochronological techniques used to study agricultural remains.
microscopic evidence that archaeologists are using increasingly to study the past.
What point is this chapter emphasizing when quoting paleoanthropologist Christopher Stringer stating that “absence of evidence does not necessarily prove evidence of absence?”
That the fossil record is a representative sample of all the plants and animals that ever lived.
That even paleontology and paleoanthropology are humanistic disciplines.
That taphonomy is not a true science because it lacks accuracy.
That the fields of paleontology and paleoanthropology have established a chronology of the evolution of life.
That the failure to find a fossil species in a particular place does not necessarily mean that it did not live there.
That the failure to find a fossil species in a particular place does not necessarily mean that it did not live there.
What are the two major components of field-work in archaeological anthropology?
Excavation and participant observation.
The genealogical method and excavation.
Systematic survey and the emic perspective.
Stratigraphy and taphonomy.
Systematic survey and excavation.
Systematic survey and excavation.
Many dating methods are based on the geological study of dendrochronology, the science that examines the ways in which earth sediments accumulate in layers known as strata.
True
False
False stratigraphy
Paleopathology is the study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites.
True
False
True
Informed examination refers to people’s agreement to take part in research after they have been fully informed about its purpose, nature, funding, procedures, and potential impact on them.
True
False
False Consent
Phytoliths are microscopic crystals found in many plants. Because they are inorganic and do not decay, they can be a great source of information for archaeologists studying sites in which the plants were present.
True
False
True
Fossils are remains (e.g., bones), traces, or impressions (e.g., footprints) of ancient life.
True
False
True
In the video clip for this chapter, the analysis of burnt bones and wood was useful for reconstructing:
rites and materials used in cremation
types of animals eaten by the population
the eruption of a nearby volcano
type of mummification deceased endured
last meal of the deceased
rites and materials used in cremation
In their analysis of the overall structure of the necropolis, the archaeologists find that the tombs are:
segregated by sex
arranged in a circle around a central grave
exactly parallel to one another
crowded and on top of one another
well spaced out
crowded and on top of one another
In the clip, archaeologists are trying to reconstruct what aspect of life in particular?
funerary practices old hunting patterns gender stratification preferred diets polygamy
funerary practices
which of the following was NOT an archaeological technique or tool seen in use in this video clip?
remote sensing using satellite images marking off of collection units brush trowel pick axe
remote sensing using satellite images
Which of the following was NOT a type of wood examined under the electron microscope, which composed the funerary pyre of one particular grave?
Red oak Juniper Pine nut None of these answers are correct Olive wood
Red Oak
Natural selection
was discovered by Gregor Mendel.
remains the best explanation for genetic evolution.
is the driving principle behind creationism.
operates only on single-celled animals, since their genotypes are readily accessible to specific environments.
is unique to flowering plants
remains the best explanation for genetic evolution.
Mutations
are the major source of genetic variation.
only occur during the development of an individual.
occur in 50 percent of sex cells.
were discovered by Mendel.
always result in phenotypic change
are the major source of genetic variation
What is the term for the exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species through direct or indirect interbreeding? Mutation Gene pool Genetic evolution Genetic drift Gene flow
Gene flow
Which of the following is not part of Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Catastrophism Competition for resources Natural selection Change in form over generations Variety in a population
Catastrophism
Evolution can be most simply defined as
descent with modification. mutations in a breeding population. natural selection. the process of achieving a perfect fit to the environment. competition over strategic resources.
descent with modification
Gene flow refers to the exchange of genetic material through interbreeding, while gene pool refers to all the genetic material in a breeding population.
True
False
True
A balanced polymorphism occurs when alleles maintain a constant frequency in a population over time.
True
False
True
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) developed the first comprehensive and still influential classification, or taxonomy, of plants and animals. He believed, as did many scholars at the time, that biological similarities and differences had been established at the time of Creation and had not changed.
True
False
True
The term punctuated equilibrium refers to long periods of stability, with occasional evolutionary steps.
True
False
True
Linnaeus discovered that traits are inherited independently of one another. This is called independent assortment.
True
False
False
Mendel
According to the video clip the fossil record reveals that
evolution only applies to very complex organisms.
most evolution occurred in ocean waters.
reptiles evolved from birds.
amphibians evolved from early fish life forms.
birds and amphibians both evolved from reptiles.
amphibians evolved from early fish life forms.
Understanding evolution allows us to understand ourselves as
the most sophisticated and important result of biological processes.
part of a lineage of life that is 4 billion years old.
the masterminds behind biological diversity across time and space.
the link between reptiles and birds.
part of a lineage of life that is 6,000 years old.
part of a lineage of life that is 4 billion years old.
Why is the geological record important to make sense of the fossil record?
Actually, the fossil record is important to the geological record, and not the other way around.
The geological record determines where to dig for fossils, but does not help with much else.
It helps determine the genetic makeup of the animals whose fossils were found.
The importance of the geological record to the fossil record has diminished ever since the success of the genome project.
It allows us to date fossils.
It allows us to date fossils
The video clip focuses on two sources of evidence that allow us to know about evolution. They are
dinosaur fossils and sedimentology.
the archaeological and fossil records.
genetics and the primatological record.
the fossil and the geological records.
the geological and climatological records.
the fossil and the geological records.
According to the video clip, evolution
determined not just the fossil record but also the geological record.
applies to all animals but humans.
is supported by the fossil record but contradicted by the geological record.
is a fundamental fact of who we are on the planet and where we fit in a lineage of life 4 billion years old.
is a fundamental fact of who we are on the planet and where we fit in a lineage of life 4 billion years old.
Sexual dimorphism refers to
marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament!
marked differences between terrestrial and arboreal mating patterns.
marked differences between Old World and New World monkeys.
continued sexual discrimination in anthropology departments.
sexual maturation rates of prosimian.
marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament.
Correct!
What do the trends that all primates share (five fingers, opposable thumbs, stereoscopic vision) indicate?
A common ancestral arboreal heritage
A common ancestral terrestrial heritage.
An ancestral culturally complex environment.
The primitive “sexual division of labour,” in which females gathered seeds while males hunted insects and small animals.
A common ancestral frugivorous heritage.
A common ancestral arboreal heritage
