midterm Flashcards
what are the 6 types of qi
1-zhen qi (true/right qi) - basis for all other types of qi in the body
2-zong qi - chest/ancestral qi
3-zheng qi - upright qi
4-wei qi - defense qi
5- ying qi - nutritive/construction qi
6-zhong qi - middle qi; spleen and stomach
what is zhen qi
(true qi/right qi)”active part of the essence”“the product of what is received from heaven combined with grain qi and which makes the body full”
what is zong qi
(chest qi/ancestral qi/gathering qi)-gathers in the “sea of qi”-pervades the respiratory tract-controls breathing and penetrates the heart and vessels-drives the heart and regulates the pulse
zong
ancestor, root, source, clan, gather, converge
the warmth and movement of the limbs is largely dependent on what kind of qi?
zong qi”ancestral qi penetrates the heart and the vessels, driving the heart and regulating the pulses. Thus, the circulation of qi and blood and the temperature and movement of the limbs are largely dependent on it.”
the strength of a pulse is related to the strength of what kind of qi?
zong qi”ancestral qi penetrates the heart and the vessels, driving the heart and regulating the pulses.”
where does wei qi circulate?
outside the vessels; unable to be contained by vessels in the exterior through skin and flesh
what are characteristics of wei qi?
fierce, bold, and uninhibited
what is the wei qi’s function in the chest and abdomen?
to warm the organs
what kind of qi regulates the opening and closing of interstices?
wei qi
what kind of qi keeps skin lusterous and healthy?
wei qi
what kind of qi protects the flehy exterior and is the first line of defense against invading evils?
wei qi
what is ying qi & what are its functions?
(constructive/nutritive qi)fxns:forms blood, flows in the vessels with the blood, helps to nourish the entire body
what is zhong qi and what are its functions?
(central qi/qi of the middle) qi of the spleen and stomach fxns:upbears pure downbears turbid
what is zheng qi
(upright qi) the active aspects of the body (organs, blood, essence) that form qi to maintain health and resist disease.usually only used in discussing the body’s response to a pathogen
what is wei qi?
defensive qi
what are the pathologies of qi?
vacuity, fall, stagnation, counterflow
causes of qi vacuity
enduring illness, old age, weak constitution, malnutrition, or taxation fatigue
what is qi vacuity characterized by?
physical weakness/lack of strength
shortness of breath and faint voice are are associated with…
lung qi vacuity
poor appetite and indigestion are associated with…
spleen-stomach qi vacuity
enuresis and seminal efflux are associated with…
kidney qi vacuity
aversion to wind and a susceptibiluity to common colds are associated with…
defense qi vacuity
what is qi fall?
an advanced condition of qi vacuity; downward falling of qi leading to prolapse; mostly occurs in diseases of the spleen (the qi of the spleen normally bears upward)
what is qi fall characterized by?
dizziness, distention, fullness in the stomach duct, endring diarrhea, and prolapse of the rectum/uterus
what is qi stagnation
disruption of the normal flow of qi in any area of the body
what is qi stagnation caused by?
emotional constraint, dietary irregularities, contraction of external evils, trauma
what is qi stagnation characterized by?
local pain, distention, feelings of oppression, distending pain (pain that is associated with feeling of fullness), flucuating intensity, unfixed location, tenesmus (the urgen desire to defecate, with difficulty in defecation characterized by heaviness or pressure in the rectum.
if qi stagnates in the chest/rib-side, what will one experience?
those areas will be painful and distended
if qi stagnates in the liver channel, what will one experience?
painful swelling of the breasts and distention or sagging pain in the lesser abdomen
what is counterflow qi
denotes stagnation and counterflow ascent of qi that normally bears downwards. usually occurs in disorders of the lung and stomach.
counterflow qi in lung =
cough, hasty breathing, wheezing
counterflow qi in stomach =
nausea, vomitting, hiccough, belching, gerd
how to make qi
qi of grain & water (Gu Qi) - enters the stomach, transformed by spleen+great qi (Da Qi) - air drawn into lungs+essential qi (combined congenital and acquired) - motive force for all physiological activities / stored in KD
what is the relationship between the heart and blood?
the heart governs bloodblood flows through the vessels and is pumped by the heart
what is the relationship between the liver and blood?
the liver stores bloodwhen the body moves, the blood flows though the channels; when the body rests blood returns to the liver where it is stored
what is the relationship between the spleen and blood?
the spleen manages bloodblood is prevented from spilling out of the vessels by the containing power of the spleen
what are the pathologies of blood?
blood vacuityblood stasisblood heat
what causes blood vacuity?
heavy blood loss, diminished blood production, impairment of the blood’s nourishing function.may occur as a result of impaired spleen-stomach M&Tmay also result from failure to eliminate static blood and produce new blood.
what are signs and symptoms of blood vacuity?
dizziness, palpitation, lusterless complexion, pale lips and tongue, fine pulse, insomnia, flowery vision, hypertonicity (stiffness, tension, spasm), dry skin, dry/lifeless hair
what is blood stasis?
impairment of the smooth flow of blood
what is blood stasis caused by?
stagnation or vacuity of qi that impairs the free flow of blood, blood cold that causes congealing and stagnation of the blood, blood heat that “boils” the blood, and trauma that causes extravasation of the blood such as internal hemorrhage and contusion.
what are the signs and symptoms of blood stasis?
dull, dark facial complexion, green-blue or purple lips and tongue, stasis speckles on the tongue, a fine or rough pulse AND painful swelling and stabbing pain of a fixed location.
what is blood heat?
a disorder resulting from a heat toxin (evils causing acute febrile disease characterized by sudden shivering, high fever, headache, vomiting, vexation, agitation, & thirst…etc.)
what are two major signs of blood heat?
bright red bleeding and maculopapular eruptions (macules are usually red colored patches that are unraised above the surface of the skin and vary in size. papules are like grains of millet in shape and size, that are raised above the surface of the skin.)
5 body constituents
sinews [tendons/ligaments] (wood; LV)vessels (fire; HT)muscles [aka flesh] (earth; SP)body hair & skin (metal; LU)bone (water; KD)
skin
Pi; refers to skin and body hair; related to the lung; protects the body, regulates body fluids (lung regulates waterways through proper diffusion and downbearing), regulates body temperature (through opening and closing of pores)
muscles
Ji Rou; spleen governs flesh and four limbs; muscles/flesh are nourished by blood (though M&T of the spleen, blood is created); protects viscera - spleen qi holds the viscera in place
sinews
Jin; governed by liver; allows joints to bend and stretch (think of wood aspect bending and straightening)
Bone
Gu; kidney governs bone and engenders marrow, therefore the strength of bones depend upon the strength of the kidney; protects the viscera; holds marrow
Blood Vessels
Mai; heart governs blood and vessels; transports qi and blood; transports ying qi (construction qi)
where do all yang channels converge at
at the head at du 20
what are the 7 orfices
2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 nostrils, 1 mouth
when a cold enters through the neck, what symptom may one experience
stiff neck
what organ is related to facial complexion
the heart
back shu points are related to
specific organs
what body region is prone to muscular issues and fluid stagnation
neck and nape
the health of the kidney is reflected in what body region
lumbus
the chest is related to what kind of qi
zong qi / ancestrial qi
chest pain can be due to
heart qi vacuity, cold congealing (congealing vessels around heart), stagnant qi, and heart blood stasis
what body region houses the intelligence
the head
soft nodules in the nape and neck are related to
depression of qi and phlegm
hard modules in the nape and neck are related to
stagnation of qi and blood congealing
the UB channel travels where
along the entire back
lung absess
infection, puss, inflammation, destruction of tissue
what part of the body is considered the hypochondrium
axilla to 12th rib
what organs are related to the hypochondrium
liver and gall bladder
hypochondrium aka
ribside, flank
what diseases can lead to ribside pain
liver qi stagnation, liver fire invading the lung, shao yang disease
shao yang disease
pathogen is half in, half out, and the body is not strong enough to get the pathogen out. May occur after illness when one is not 100% better. One may experience alternating chills & fever.
what designates the low back/lumbus
from below 12th rib to gluteal region (includes sacrum)
lumbus is the house of the
kidneys
greater abdomen vs lesser abdomen
above umbilicus is greater abdomen, below umbilicus is lesser abdomen
what organ governs the flesh and four limbs
spleen, by M&T of blood to limbs
two lower yin
anus and genitals
what organ is related to the ear
the kidney
ear pathologies related to kidney
deficiency of kidney can result in hearing impairment or loss, & ear ringing
excess consumption of fatty, greasy food can lead to
dampness and heat
can damp heat be externally contracted?
yes
excess liver yang rising
yin can’t hold down yan; signs in the head
small intestine channel and the ear
SI channel enters at the ear and imbalances in the channel may affect the ears
major cause of pediatric ear infection is
damp heat caused by food stagnation because damp heat rises and clogs the ears
with liver blood deficiency one may experience
floaters, dry eyes, etc
wind and heat would form what sort of an eye pathology
tearing, burning, swelling, twitching
heat and dryness on a continuum so heat affects the eyes would lead to
dry eyes
spleen-dampness accumulation can feel like what as an eye pathology
“sand” in the eye
what organ governs the nose
lung
what channels are found to exhibit pathologies of the nose
lung and spleen
what is the relationship to the lung and kidneys
kidney governs water and the lungs are the upper source of water/governs water metabolism AND lung governs Qi and kidney is the root of Qi
what organ opens at the mouth
spleen
what channels enter the teeth and gums
ST and LI (yang ming). ST channel upper teeth and gums, LI lower teeth and gums
what organ engenders bone and marrow
kidney
what channels connect to the tongue
spleen and kidney
disorders of what orgas are often associated with changes in appetite or ability to taste
spleen and stomach
attack of wind-heat in the lungs could mean
sore dry throat
what organ opens in the tongue
heart
what is responsible for a healthy tongue coat
stomach qi
what organ controls the two lower yin
kidney
what are the 6 exogenous/pathogenic factors
wind, heat, cold, damp, summer heat, dry
what is considered the primary external pathogenic factor
wind because it easily combines with other pathogenic factors such as heat, cold, damp and also phlegm
how can untimeliness of climatic factors be a cause of disease?
in the summer, the yang qi flows closer to the surface, making it easier for interstices to open - allowing for sweating. In the winter the yang qi is dormant and the interstices are slower to respond.
what directions do wind travel; also what parts of the body does it attack first
up and outward; towards the head and extremities
when is wind most prevalent
spring, but can arise anytime
what is wind characterized by
sudden onset, rapid changes, and movement
what are signs and symptoms of wind
convulsion, tremor, shaking, dizziness, moving, pain, itching, spasms, muscle twitching
what are the three primary patterns of wind
- Liver wind stiring internally: caused by exuberance of LV yang &/or LV fire. 2. Extreme heat engendering wind: related to external pathogenic attack of hot nature. 3. Blood vacuity engendering: more room for yang to be exuberant; created in empty space in vessel with blood
cold pathogens are more prevalent in what season
winter, but can arise in other seasons
where will cold directly invade
abdomen and internal organs, particularly the uterus
what happens to the yang qi when cold invades
cold consumes the yang qi of the body giving rise to signs and symptoms of cold
signs and symptoms of cold
aversion to cold, crave warm drinks, white tongue coat, bright pale complexion, thin/watery/ copious excretions (from nose and urine), headache across forehead
cold contracts and constructs normal movement, leading to:
qi stagnation and blood stasis
when wind combines with cold, it forms
wind-cold
heat pathogens are more prevalent in what season
summer ex: summer heat
heat moves in what direction to cause what symptoms
upward direction causing red face, eyes, tongue, mental agitation
what organ is easily affected by heat/fire?
heart
relationship between heat/fire and wind
heat/fire stirs wind causing convulsions, seizures
does heat speed up or slow down movement
speeds up movement: causing rapid pulse and “reckless” blood
when wind combines with heat, it forms
wind-heat
symptoms of wind heat are
sore throat, sticky phlegm, fever, sweating, aversion to heat
T/F: all external pathogens can/may at some point transform to heat
T
heat/fire excess
red face, forcefull pulse, agitation, profuse sweating, full on fever
heat/fire vacuity
aka: empty heat. KD yin vacuity, flush face, heat in 5 centers, tidal fever in evening, rapid but forceless pulse
what season is damp most prevalent in
late summer
what organ is vulnerable to damp
spleen
how can damp arise
as a result from an EPF or be internally generated
what is damp characterized by
heaviness and turbidity
dryness is most prevalent in what season
fall
what organ is most susceptible to dryness
lungs
externally contracted dryness is related to what
environment: dry regions/weather, heated apartments in winter
internally contracted dryness is related to what
heat
summer heat is seen in what season
summer only
what direction does summer heat move in
upward as it disperses and consumes body fluids
summer heat-heat
exposure to extreme heat; heat stroke
symptoms of summer heat-heat
fever, thirst, vexation, no sweating, surging pulse, damage to fluids, shortness of breath, weakness, dry tongue
summer heat-damp
exposure to hot, humid weather
symptoms of summer heat-damp
fluctuating fever, fatigued limbs, loss of appetite, chest oppression, nausea/vomiting, sloppy stool, soggy pulse, slimy tongue fur, possibly scany red urine
the 7 affects
anger, sadness/grief, fear, fright/shock, anxiety/worry, joy, thought/overthinking
internal damage
prolonged periods of one or more of the 7 affects which cause damage to the vital substances (blood, qi, yin, and yang)
anger is associated with what zang organ
anger - liver. Causes liver qi to rise “so mad I couldn’t see straight”
what does anger do to qi
causes qi to rise
joy is associated with what zang organ
joy - heart. Causes qi to slow/slacken. Excess joy dissipates qi. Affects HT qi (palpitations, insomnia, mental disease)
what does joy to do qi
causes qi to slow/slacken. Excess joy dissipates qi
grief/sadness is associated with what zang organ
grief/sadness - lung. Dissolves and consumes qi. Excess grief causes qi to stop moving and stagnate in the upper burner. May lead to heat
what does grief/sadness do to qi
consumes it. Excess grief causes qi to stop moving and stagnate in the upper burner
worry/anxiety is associated with what zang organ
worry/anxiety - heart. Knots and stagnates qi
worry and anxiety does what to qi
knots and stagnates
overthinking/pensiveness is associated with what zang organ
overthinking/pensiveness - spleen.
fear is associated with what zang organ
fear - kidney. Qi descends and KD is weakened. Decreased ability to store essence
what does fear do to qi
qi descends
fright is associated with what zang organ
fright - heart. Disperses and scatters qi. Uproots shen and weakenes heart
what does fright do to qi
disperses and scatters it
shen
the conscious mind.
what organ is associated with shen
the heart
if the heart is not rooting the shen what are some symptoms
vexation, suceptibility to fright/anxiety, palpitations, insomnia or excessive dreaming
po
corporeal soul or animal spirit. It is the aspect that provides the ability to move and sense our environment. It enters and exits with the essence
what organ is associated with the po
the lung
hun
ethereal soul.
what organ is associated with the hun
the liver
yi
intellect/reflection
what organ is related to the yi
spleen.
yi not rooted, what symptoms will be seen
decreased apetite, distention in abdomen, fuzzy headaches, fatigue
The ability to think critically, ingest informaton and formulate new ideas is dependent upon what organ
spleen
zhi
mind, will, determination. The strength of the zhi allows us to fulfill the vision of our higher selves (consciousness)
what organ is assocated with the zhi
the kidney
miscellaneous causes of disease
constitution, trauma, pestilential qi, insect bits, parasites, wrong treatment/medication
pestilential qi
highly contageous diseases; result in epidemics ex:malaria, mumps.
signs and smptoms of pestilential qi
intense heat, fever
what kind of miscellaneous disease can lead to blood stasis and coma
trauma
what kind of miscellaneous disease carries heat and can lead to itching, and swelling
insect bites
what kind of miscellaneous disease can cause SP Qi deficiency
parasites
what kind of miscellaneous disease is caused by iatrigenic causes or inappropriate doses
wrong treatment
symptoms of a yin deficient consitution will appear like_
more yang in nature ie: redness, dryness. Prone to heat diseases and injury to muscles and tendons. Thin/thready pulse
symptoms of a yang deficient consitution will appear like_
prone to cold/accumulation-type diseases. *cold congeals/constricts
what are the three forms of dietary irregularities
- cold, raw or unclean food,
- voracious eating/overindulgence (especially in fatty, greasy, or sweet food)
- voracious eating/overindulgence
- overindulgence in alcohol and hot, spicy, food
what are the factors that effect constitution
diet, overwork/lack of exercise, sexual activity, social/emotional
what determines how well the body can defend against disease or susceptibility to disease
constitution
phlegm and heat accumulation can occur when one lets what factor affect their constitution
pre-heaven/pre-natal constitution
what pathologies can arise from poor diet
wind cold/wind heat, which may combine with damp
physical overwork may lead to_
depletion of the KD leading to lumbar pain, seminal emission, weakness/lassitude
mental overwork may lead to_
depletion of SP leading to digestive issues. May also lead to anxiety
low back pain, knee pain, and heavy exercise are examples of
physical overwork that affects one’s constitution
what determines the body’s basic state in the absence of illness
pre-heaven/pre-natal constitution
wood constitution
blue-green complexion, small head, long face, broad shoulders, straight back, weak body but flexible, quick, sinewey, does well in spring and summer, problems in fall and winter because of the cold, prone to frustration/anxiety, hard working, likes things orderly
fire constitution
thin face, pointy head, tend to be bald, creative, passionate, not materialistic, concerned about what other people think, tend to die young, slightly red complexion, thick back and spinal muscles, enlarged abdomen, sensitive in observation, not confident, good in summer and spring, not good in fall/winter
earth constitution
thick muscles, slightly yellow complexion, big head, round face, nurturing, good in fall/winter, Not goot in spring, summer, friendly, can’t say no,
metal constitution
square jaw, slightly pale complexion, narrow back and shoulders, work seriously and efficiently, can be isolated, my way or the highway, incorruptable (mindset), decisive, good in fall/winter, don_t like spring/summer
water constitution
dusky skin color, dark complexion, complexion may lack luster, big head, big abdomen, likes movement, long/flexible spine, can be isolating, philosopher, introverted, deep, fearless, fluid when they move, insipid, secretive, purposely deceptive,find solitude within themselves
excessive sexual activity will_
deplete KD essence and weaken the constitution
what are the two categories of nourishing fluids of the body
jin & ye. [Really - Jinye, one word] mutually convertible because fluids can move from one state to antother
jin
liquid, thin, mobile, more superficial, yang. Found in the surface, ears, nose, mucous membranes, sweat, urine
ye
humor, thick, less mobile, more internal, yin in nature. Lubractes bowels and viscera, CSF, joints
what are the two types of fluid pathologies
damage to fluids and humer desertion
damage to liquids (as a pathology)
minor depletion of fluids. Temporary vacuity. Sx: dryness (throat, tongue fur, lips, tongue, nose)
humor desertion (as a pathology)
major damage or depletion of fluids. Damage to yin humor due to prolonged illness - slower treatment. Sx: same as damage to liquids but more pronounced.
phlegm
a pathological bi-product of other etological factors
once phlegm is produced, what can happen
it can cause dysfunction and disease
phlegm will _____ along a continuum
congeal
organs involved in fluid pathology
lungs: rule the qi and maintain the waterways through rhythmic downbearing of lung qi and movement of fluids through the san jiao
spleen: T&T of jing essence of food and fluids. Upbears clear with stomach and downbears turbid
kidney: seat of physiological function (source of metabolic activity). warming fxn turns fluid to urine
two types of phlegm
external/substantial:that which we cough up or blow out of our noses, can be seen on the exterior of our body
internal: phlegm that accumulates on the interior of the body can sometimes be seen as nodules. (aka insubstantial, but not good translation because it is NOT insubstantial)
phlegm misting the mind/orifices
sx: depression, anxiety, psychosis. If affecting orifices then one will not have a clear perception of world around them
prolonged vision damages
blood
prolonged lying down damages
qi
prolonged sitting damages
flesh
prolonged standing damages
bones
prolonged walking damages
sinews
factors that affect pre-heaven constitution
strength of parent’s qi and jing, parents’ ages, gestational nourishment, emotions of mother while developing child, regular and appropriate exercise, sexual activity, diseases during pregnancy, medication with teratogenic effect, recreational drug use
any disease or defect or symptomology that a person is born with, or that develops early in life will be related to the strength and vitality of:
jing essence
sleep and recreational drug use are examples of
social and lifestyle factors that effect one’s constitution
phlegm aka
phlegm-rheum or phlegm-water
difference between fluids and water/rheum
fluids:(jin-ye) are the nourishing liquid substances of the body
water/rheum: the pathological collection of fluids in one area of the body due to non movement
difference between phlegm amd water rheum
phlegm is thicker and more viscous while water (rheum) is thinner.
Water can collect in certain areas of the body (chest, skin, muscles)
phlegm can move anywhere via the SJ and mvmt of Qi
phlegm can be produced by ANY improper function of what organs
SP, LU, KD
where is phelgm made and stored
made in the SP and stored in the LU
imbalances that may lead to phlegm accumulation
attack of exogenous influences
damange by the seven affects
overindulgence/malnutrition
distruption of qi/yang
what is fire’s influence on fluid metabolism
fire does not affect the qi transformation process but can act on fluid metabolism directly
“phlegm is merely fire with form; fire is merely formless phlegm”
what are sx of phlem in the LU
cough and wheezing, excessive phlegm and expectoration
what are sx of phlem in the HT
stifling sensation in the chest and palpitations (heart is obstructed)
what are sx of phlegm misting the orifices
unconsciousness, incoherent, and mental deficiency
what are sx of phlegm-fire disturbing the heart
mania, possible epilepsy
what are sx of phlem in the ST
nausea, vomiting, fullness, pain in the stomach and abdomen (due to stomach being unable to descend)
what are sx of phlem in the meridians, tendons, and bones
scrofula, numbness, hemiplegia, bone spurs
what are sx of phlem in the head
light-headed/feeling faint
blood stasis
a condition in which blood fluid in part of the body is not moving. This includes blood in the vessels and blood that leaves the vessels and becomes stagnant inside the body
what are some factors that lead to the formation of blood stasis
qi deficiency
qi stagnation
clots in the blood
heat in the blood
external injuries/trauma
Qi is the _____ of blood
commander
if qi is deficient, how will this affect the blood
if qi is deficient there may not be enough qi to adequately move the blood leading to blood stasis
if qi is stagnant, how will this affect the blood
if qi is stagnant it cannot move blood leading to blood stasis
substantial vs insubstantial phlegm
substantial is external, insubstantial is internal
(however the translation for “insubstantial” is not technically accurate)
cold will cause the blood to_
contract and stagnate
heat will cause the blood to_
congeal and lead to stasis
what is the effect on blood when there is SP qi deficiency, heat and/or trauma
blood may be caused to move outside the vessels and stagnate in the body
what are some general signs and sx of blood stasis
sharp/fixed pain which increases with pressure and possibly gets worse at night
masses and swellings - palpable in the muscles & may be observable, slightly blue, hard & fixed
internal masses
bleeding-dark purple; clotting in mentrual blood
thin/choppy pulse (deficiency), deep and wiry (qi stag), regular or irregular intermittent pulse
sx of blood stasis in the heart
palpitations, stifling sensation in the chest and heart pain, cyanosis of lips and nails, in severe cases-mania
sx of blood stasis in the lung
chest pain and hemoptysis
sx of blood stasis in the stomach and intestine
pain in the epigastrium, vomiting blood, black stool (blood in stool)
sx of blood stasis in the liver
hypochondriac pain, palpable abdominal masses
sx of blood stasis in the uterus
lower abdominal pain, menstrual irregularities (dysmenorrhea, clotting dark red or purple flow, excessive bleeding)
sx of blood stasis in the extremities
gangrene, ans possible subcutaneous hematoma
the basic principles that guide the emergence of disease consist of what three principles
- insufficiency of right qu (zheng qi) is the internal factor in the emergence of disease
- evil qi (xie qi) is an essential prerequisite for the emergence of disease
- the outcome of the fight between zheng qi and xie qi determines whether or not a disease emerges
what are the four factors in pathogenesis
- relative strength and weakness of the right qi and evil qi
- disharmony of yin and yang
- imbalances of qi, blood, and body fluid
- dysfunction of viscera, bowels and extraordinary organs
what are the two main types of disease patterns
excess (shi)
deficiency (xu)
zheng qi
right qi (jing, qi, blood, and fluids) compendium of the active aspects of the body (organs, blood, jing, fluids) and all forms of qi (yuan, construction, defense, organ, and channel) that come together to maintain health and resist disease
xie qi
evil qi; including, but not limited to the 6 environments (referred to as the 6 evils when in excess in the body)
“any entity in its active aspect of harming the body”
when the right qi is strong or the pathogen is weak_
the right qi wins the struggle and can fend off the pathogen; therefore disease does not emerge
when the right qi is vacuous and the pathogen is strong_
evils wins the battle and can invade, disrupting natural interrelationships and disease may arise
causes of excess disease patterns
six evils
epidemic pathogens
stagnation and accumulation of: qi, phlegm/water, food blood
signs and sx of excess disease patterns
fullness, pain that does not like pressure, panting, wheezing, inhibited urination, vexation, or delirium
what are sx of excess heat diseases
high fever, aversion to heat
what are sx of excess cold diseases
constriction and pain, aversion to cold
what are sx of excess disease in the heart
vexation, agitation, and in severe cases, delirious speech
what are sx of excess disease lodged in the lung
panting, wheezing.
*if phlegm is exuberant, than rattling is heard on auscultation
what are sx of excess disease lodged in intestines
bowel qi is not free, leading to distention, fullness and pain that is worse with pressure
what are sx of replete water-damp evil
may block the formation of urine or inhibit the movement of urine
what is the pulse like of an excess disease
full and forceful
what may the tongue look like with an excess disease
thick and greasy tongue coat (if water turbidity or phlegm steams and rises)
causes of deficient (xu) disease patterns
chronic diseases/consumptive diseases (diminish the vital substances and fluids) weakness develops over time. Chronic/consumptive diseases will weaken the right qi
s/sx of vacuous yang qi
decreased functions in warming, transporting, protecting and holding leading to: pale facial complexion, physical cold with cold limbs, fatigued spirit with sob, spontaneous sweating, loose stool, frequent urination, pale tongue body
s/sx of vacuous yin qi
malar flush afternoon, five centers heat, heart vexation and palpitations, night sweats, red tongue, with little or no fur
pulse of dual vacuity of qi and blood
empty and forceless pulse, or thin and forceless
external, hot and excess diseases are ascribed to
yang
internal, cold and deficient diseases are ascribed to
yin
what are the 4 basic patterns of yin/yang disharmony
excess of yang, excess of yin, deficienty of yang, deficiency of yin
causes of excess heat
the hyperactivity of yang qi:
heat (or fire) or other yang pathogen
cold pathogen which has transformed into heat
emotional imbalances which can turn into heat
qi and blood stagnation turned into depressed heat
diet (spicy, greasy food, alcohol_) and improper use of warm herbs
s/sx of excess heat
fever, aversion to heat, red face, red eyes, vexation and agitation, rough breathing, loud voice, bitter taste, desire for cold liquids, red urine, boud stool, red tongue body, yellow and dry fur, surging/rapid/forceful pulse
causes of excess cold
cold, damp, yin pathogen
excessive consumption of raw cold food/herbs or cold medicinals
s/x of excess cold
cold body and limbs, aversion to cold, pale tongue, pulse is slow and forceless
causes of yang deficiency
congenital deficiencies (weakness of pre-heaven)
aquired deficiency (lack of nutrition, overexertion, or chronic disease [organ dysfunction])
old age
s/sx of yang deficiency
bright white facial complexion, fatigue, lack of strength, fear of cold, cold limbs and body, lying curled up in fetal position, spontaneous sweating, arge and tender tongue body, slow forceless pulse
causes of yin deficiency
congenital deficiencies, pathogenic yang that damages yin, unbalanced emotions (qi stag) that turn into fire and damage yin, chronic disease, overexertion, hot food/herbs, old age
s/sx of yin deficiency
dryness, thirst, tidal fever, malar flush, heat of the 5 centers, night sweats, insomnia, tender red tongue with little or no fur, fine pulse
in mixed patterns of deficient yin and yang, we assume that what organ is also either yin or yang deficient
Kidney
T/F_deficient yin causes damage to yang & deficient yang causes damage to yin
TRUE
deficient yin damaging yang
in longstanding cases of yin deficiency the attendant hyperactivity of yang can over time weaken the essential qi of the kidney and weaken the yang
s/sx of deficient yin damaging yang
aversion to cold, cold limbs, deep weak pulse, heat signs caused by yin deficiency
deficient yang damaging yin
in longstanding cases of yang deficiency essential qi of the kidney is damaged. This leads to generalized qi deficienty and an inability to produce yin fluid
s/sx of deficient yang damagint yin
thin body, irritibility, dryness, heat signs in upper burner, cold signs from yang vacuity
collapse of yin and yang
a situation in which either yin-fluid or yang-qi is suddenly and excessively lost.
The substance collapses.
Terminal stage of disease if not promptly and correcly treated death is imminent
causes of collapse of yang
pathogen is so strong right qi cannot resist and yang suddenly collapses.
Yang qi is Constitutionally weak and with overexertion it collapses.
Excessive sweating, bleeding or diarrhea can cuase excessive loss of yang qi
s/sx of yang collapse
profuse cold sweat, very cold limbs, sleeping in fetal position, listlessness, faint deep pulse
causes of yin collapse
severe pathogenic heat
chronic pathogenic heat that consues/exhausts the yin fluid
severe bleeding, diarrhea, sweating, vomiting (anything that rapidly depletes yin fluid)
s/sx of yin collapse
profuse sticky sweat, warm limbs, shortness of breath, thirst, irritability, rapid and faint pulse
what are the two possible patterns that could arise with some imbalance of Qi
Qi Deficiency; Qi prolapse; Qi fall, Qi collapse
Qi Stagnation (excess condition): Qi depression; Qi counterflow/rebellious Qi
what are the causes of Qi deficiency
- Congenital deficiencies
- Lack of acquired essence –> deficiency of original qi —> decresed organ fxn —> weak zheng qi / reduced resistance to invading evils
- Chronic disease
- Overexertion
- Dysfunctio of lung, spleen, and kidney
what three organs are most prone to qi deficiency?
what are these organs’ relationships to qi that will be lessened by qi deficiency?
lung, spleen and kidney
- lung governs qi and has a dual function of diffusion and depurative downbearing.
- Spleen governs movement and transformation of grain and water and distribution of its essence
- kidney stores essential qi, and is responsible for growth, development, and reproduction
what are general s/sx of qi deficiency
fatigue, weakness, and forceless/soft/fine pulse
other signs include low voice, shortness of breath, and spontaneous sweating
describe lung qi deficiency
the impairment of LU ability to govern qi.
s/sx: cough, asthma, wheezing, easily catch a cold, fluid buildup, facial edema
describe heart qi deficiency
the inability to govern blood and vessels and store the shen
s/sx: palpitations, insomnia, anxiety
describe spleen-stomach qi deficiency
diminished movement and transformation and center qi fall
s/sx: bleeding, prolapse, diarrhea, inability to process food leading to food stagnation, reduced appetite, distention in abdomen, indigestion
describe kidney qi deficiency
impairment of essence storage, engendering marrow, and the qi transformation function of the kidney
s/sx: spermatorrhea, nocturnal emissions, scanty/difficult/decreased urination, tinnitus, aching lumbus/knees, reduced sexual function
Would someone with qi deficiency feel better or worse with movement
They feel worse with movement. ex: as the day progresses, this person feels worse and worse
what is the tongue and pulse of someone who is qi deficient
pale tongue, thin white coat / deep, forceless pulse
what are the causes of Qi stagnation
- emotional problems
- phlegm, damp or food retention
- injury
what are the s/sx of Qi stagnation
pain and distention, varies in intensity and unfixed in location
Would someone with qi stagnation, feel better or worse with movement
They feel better with movement. Ex: the person may have a strong headache in the morning but realize by the middle of the day that they feel better
what are the organs prone to qi stagnation
Liver, lung, spleen & stomach
why would the liver be prone to qi stagnation
the liver governs the free-coursing of qi
what are the causes of Qi counterflow / rebellious Qi
anything that impairs the proper flow:
- emotional problems
- improper diet
- phlegm-fluid
what are some s/sx of counterflow Qi / rebellious Qi
s/sx are dependant upon where the qi is stagnant:
lung: cough, wheeze, asthma, sneezing
stomach: vomiting, nausea, GERD (although occassionaly caused by the liver over acting on the stomach), acid reflex_.upper GI issues
liver: headache/distention, red face and eyes, prone to anger
what are the causes of qi prolapse, qi fall, & qi collapse
severe and sudden depletion of qi
what are s/sx of qi prolapse, qi fall, & qi collapse
diarrhea, prolapsed anus, bleeding (pale red & watery), excessive sweat, vomiting, profuse hemorrhage, hemorrhoids
in infants: depressed fontanel
what are the three possible pathologies of blood
blood deficiency
blood stagnation
heat in the blood
what can blood deficiency lead to
insufficient nourishment of flesh, channels, and organs
what are the causes of blood deficiency
- great loss of blood
- deficiency of stomach and spleen (failure of movement and transformation)
- lack of nutrients
- chronic disease
- blood stagnation (failure to eliminate and engender new blood)
what are s/sx of blood deficiency
pale, whithered complexion, dizziness, flowered vision, pale tongue and fine pulse, palpitations, insomnia, and numbness of extremities
*similar signs as yin deficiency but we do not usually see heat signs with blood deficiency
what are the causes of blood stasis
qi stagnation, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, cold, heat, hemorrhage/trauma
what are the s/sx of blood stasis
- pain-fixed and stabbing
- masses and swellings ie: external or internal swelling or bruising
- bleeding-generally dark purple or clotted blood ie: menstrual irregularities
- general-dark complexion, dark tongue, fine pulse, dry lusterless skin
- red speckles and macules ie: subcutaneous hemorrhage, spider veins and prominent veins on the abdomen (caput medusa)
what can be said about excess and defieincy conditions and pressure
excess conditions do not like pressure, deficiency conditions do feel better with pressure
what are the causes of blood heat
- pathogenic heat/externally contracted disease (febrile disease)
- emotional factors
- internal imbalances that create fire which enters the blood
what are s/sx of blood heat
bleeding (bright red) -in stool, vomit, urine, expectorate, nosebleeds, profuse menstruation
red tongue, thirst, vexation, rapid pulse
what are the three types of dual disease patterns of qi and blood
- Qi stagnation and Blood stasis
- Dual vacuity of Qi and Blood
- Qi not managing Blood
what are causes of a dual disease pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis
- blood stasis can cause qi stagnation
- qi stagnation can cause blood stasis
- qi deficiency
- blood deficiency can lead to Qi deficiency then stagnation/stasis
- blood heat cooking the blood
- cold
- trauma ie: external injury
- related to LV (Stores blood and ensures movement of Qi)
- related to HT as heart governs blood
what are s/sx of qi stagnation and blood stasis
absence of menstruation, stasis clots in menstrual blood, abdominal pain during menstruation, or painful distension of the breasts.
why do qi vacuity and blood vacuity commonly concur together
because blood is the mother of qi, blood vacuity gives rise to qi vacuity (and vice versa)
what are some s/sx of blood and qi vacuity
SOB, lack of vitality, lusterless complexion, pale nails, dizziness, palpitations
what is the cause of qi not managing blood
qi deficiency causing excess bleeding
what are the s/sx of qi not managing blood
fatigue, lack of strength, pale tongue, soft soggy pulse
what are the 4 reasons blood would move outside the vessels
- qi deficiency-blood can’t be managed because person is deficient
- heat-causes reckless movement of blood
- stasis-pressure causes the blood to move
- trauma-causes blood physically to move due to trauma
what is ZHEN QI
True Qi (or also Yuan Qi)
ZONG QI
ancestral qi / chest qi / gathering qi
ZHENG QI
upright qi
ZHONG QI
middle (SP & ST) qi
which qi is the product of that which is received from Heaven combined with grain Qi, and which makes body full, according to Hwangdi Neijing?
Zhen or Ture Qi
which qi gathers in the “sea of qi”? and pervades the respiratory track?
zong qi
which qi controls breathing and penetrates the Heart and vessels?
zong qi
which qi drives the Heart and regulates the pulses?
zong qi
the health of Zong qi is reflected in the strength of _____ and in the ____?
breathing & voice
the warmth and movement of the limbs are depended largely upon which qi?
zong qi
which qi is fierce, bold, and uninhibited, and is unable to be contained by the vessels?
wei qi
which qi warms the organs in the chest and abdomen, and in the exterior flows through the skin and flesh?
wei qi
which qi regulates opening and closing of interstices and keeps the skin lustrous and healthy?
wei qi
which qi protects fleshy exterior and is 1st line of defense against invading evils?
wei qi
which qi forms blood, flows in the vessels with the blood, and help nourish the entire body?
ying qi
which qi is this statement describing “The Middle Burner takes in qi, extracts its essence, and turns it into the red substance that is blood.”?
ying qi
YING QI
construction qi / nutritive qi
which qi upbears the pure and downbears the turbid, and the failure of damage of this function can lead to prolapse?
zhong qi
which qi is the term usually used only in discussing the body’s response to pathogens (evil qi / xie qi)?
zheng qi
qi vacuity usually refers to the vacuity of which qi?
zhen / yuan qi
what are the functions of skin?
protects the bodyassists in regulating body fluidsregulates body temperature
what are the functions of muscles?
protects viscera - spleen qi holds the viscera in place, strong abdominal muscles protect-together with the sinews and bones facilitates body movement
sinews are related to which organ?
liver
bones, muscles, and tendons are …?
pulleys and levers
what allows the joints to bend and stretch?
sinews
bone depends on the strength of the…?
kidney qi
what are the functions of bone?
uphold the bodyprotects the visceraholds marrowworks with sinew and muscles to facilitate body movt
all Yang converges where?
at the head (at bai wei du 20) called the Hundred Meetings
which area is prone to muscular tissues and fluid stagnation?
neck, nape
where doe the UB channel traverse?
the back
which part of the body house the heart and lung?
chest (xiong)
what are some causes of chest pain?
can be due to heart qi vacuity, cold congealing, stagnant qi, and heart blood stasis
breathing issues, issues effecting the proper function of lung, phlegm turbidity and lung abscess can lead to what kind of pain?
chest pain
rib side pain can be presented with…?
liver qi stagnation or liver fire invading the lung
Shao Yang disease can lead to pain in what region of the body?
ribside pain
where is the hypochondrium / ribside?
axilla to 12th rib
where is low back / lumbus?
from below 12th rib to gluteal region
lumbus houses the …?
kidney
low back pain may be an indication of what?
kidney imbalance, generally deficiency
excess consumption of fatty, greasy food can lead to what, and is related to which organ?
dampness and heat, which damages SP, and effect GB and LV (def of KD Yin, excess liver yang rising)
what is a major cause of pediatric ear infection?
damp heat caused by food stagnation (spleen and stomach dampness)
eyes can be affects by what other pathology besides liver pathologies?
kidney qi can affect visual acuitywind and heat can cause tearing, burning, swelling, twitchingheat and dryness spleen-dampness accumulation can feel like sand in the eye
lung governs which orifice?
nose
what are pathologies of nose with Lung and Spleen?
lung and spleen (tai yin channel): phlegm & dampness: SP creates it, LU stores it
what are pathologies of nose with lung0kidney
kidney governs water and lung is upper source of water and governs water metabolism-lung governs qi and kidney is root of qi
yang min channel enter the teeth and gums refers to which organs?
Stomach (upper teeth & gums)Large Intestine (lower teeth & gums)
which organ controls the 2 lower yin orifices (anus & genitals)?
kidney
abnormal discharge, leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, seminal emmision refers to malfunctioning of which organ? why?
kidneybc one function of kidney qi is to drive the transformation of fluids into urine, and disruption of kidney function (as may or may not be reflected in changes in lumbus) may lead to these pathologies.
what is enuresis?
bed wetting
which organs are assoicated with posterior yin?
-it’s ruled by kidney-anus opens to Large Intestine-Lung enters LI channel-Spleen forms stool
Which qi is a compendium of the active aspects of the body (organ, blood, essence) that form qi to maintain health and resist disease?
Zheng qi (upright qi)
