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201 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Archivolt:

A

An ornamental molding around an arched wall opening.

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2
Q

Arian controversy

A

The dispute as to whether Jesus was divine and unified with God the Father and the Holy Spirit (the Orthodox Christian view), or whether Jesus, as the created Son, was distinct from the eternal God the Father (the view held by Arius).

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3
Q

Atrium:

A

a courtyard, especially s surrounded by a colonnaded arcade

barrel vault: A continuous arch or vault that looks like a semicircle in cross- section (also called a tunnel vault)

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4
Q

chi-rho monogram

A

A symbol for Christ, consisting of the first two letters of the Greek word christos.

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5
Q

cloister

A

A covered walkway, particularly in a monastery, convent, college, or church, with a wall on one side and a row of columns open to a quadrangle on the other side.

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6
Q

coffering

A

A coffer in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault.

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7
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

The Council of Nicaea was the first council in the history of the Christian church that was intended to address the entire body of believers.

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8
Q

dactylic hexameter:

A

A poetic meter or rhythm consisting of six feet or units of dactyls. A dactyl contains three syllables, the first of which is long is stressed, and the following two of which are shorter or unstressed.

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9
Q

Epicurean:

A

A school of philosophy that argues that the world consists of chance combinations of atoms and that happiness or the avoidance of pain and anxiety are the greatest goods, although pleasure is to be enjoyed in moderation.

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10
Q

Epithet:

A

A descriptive word or phrase that refers to a particular quality in a person or thing.

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11
Q

Feudalism:

A

The dominant social system in medieval Europe from the ninth through the 15th centuries, in which vassals were granted fiefs—estates or property—by their lords and were required to serve under their lords in the event of war.

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12
Q

Gothic

A

A style of architecture that flourished during the High and Late Middle Ages, characterized by pointed arches, rib vaulting, and a visual dissolving of stone walls to admit light into a building.

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13
Q

Icon:

A

symbol or image

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14
Q

Iconoclastic controversy:

A

he dispute as to whether or not it was blasphemous to use images or icons in art, based on the second of the Ten Commandments, in which God forbids the creation and worship of “graven images” the Greek word iconoclasm translates as “image breaking” and refers to the destruction of religious icons within a culture.

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15
Q

Liturgy:

A

The arrangement of the elements or parts of a religious service

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16
Q

lyric poetry:

A

A form or genre of poetry characterized by the expression of emotions and personal feelings; so called because such poetry was sung to a lyre.

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17
Q

monasticism:

A

The style of life under religious vows in which a community of people shares an ascetic existence in order to focus on spiritual pursuits.

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18
Q

Mosaic

A

An image created by assembling small pieces of materials such as glass, stone, or tile.

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19
Q

Neo-Platonism:

A

The school of philosophy that develops Plato’s concept of the One, the source of all life, which is transcendent and unknowable through reasoning.

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20
Q

Oculus:

A

A circular opening in a dome that allows the entry of natural light from above.

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21
Q

Pax Romana

A

the peace which existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire.

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22
Q

pendentives

A

A triangular section of vaulting between the rim of a dome and each adjacent pair of the arches that support it.

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23
Q

Relic:

A

In this usage, a part of a holy person’s body or belongings used as an object of reverence.

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24
Q

Romanesque

A

Referring to a style of European art and architecture from the ninth through 12th centuries, descended from Roman styles; in architecture, characterized by heavy masonry, round arches, and relatively simple ornamentation.

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25
Q

Rule fo St Benedic

A

The Rule of Saint Benedict (Latin: Regula Sancti Benedicti) is a book of precepts written in 516 by Benedict of Nursia ( c. AD 480–550) for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot

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26
Q

Sarcophagus

A

A coffin; usually cut or carved from stone, although Etruscan sarcophagi were made of terra- cotta (plural sarcophagus

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27
Q

Scriptorium:

A

A room dedicated to writing.

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28
Q

Stoic:

A

A school of philosophy with the view that the universe was ordered by the gods and that people could not change the course of events; people could, however, psychologically distance themselves from tragic events by controlling their attitudes toward them.

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29
Q

tesserae:

A

Small pieces of stone, glass, or ceramic tile used in the creation of a mosaic (singular tessera).

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30
Q

triumphal arch:

A

A monumental structure that takes the form of one or more arched passageways, often spanning a road, and commemorates military victory.

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31
Q

Tympanum:

A

A semicircular space above the doors of a cathedral.

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32
Q

Vulgate

A

A late-fourth-century version of the Bible, largely translated into Latin by Saint Jerome.

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33
Q

verism

A

The style of portraiture favored during the Roman Republic in which the subjects were portrayed in a super-realistic likeness; from the Latin word for true.

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34
Q

barrel vault

A

A continuous arch or vault that looks like a semicircle in cross-section

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35
Q

oculus

A

A circular opening in a dome that allows the entry of natural light from above

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36
Q

Triumphal arch

A

A monumental structure that takes the form of one or more arches passageways, often

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37
Q

Dome

A

a vaulted roof usually having a circular base and shaped like half a sphere

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38
Q

Sarcophagus

A

a coffin

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39
Q

What was the function of the Pont du Gard?

A

It was an aqueduct

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40
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Actium (31 BC) in the history of the Roman Republic?

A

Octavian became supreme ruler of Rome.

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41
Q

Which emperor established Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire?

A

Emperor Constantine

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42
Q

According to legend, which of the following was NOT responsible for the founding of Rome?

A

juno

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43
Q

What event marks the end of the Roman Republic?

A

the Battle of Actium

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44
Q

The principal building material of the Pantheon is

A

concrete

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45
Q

What architectural detail do we find on the Pantheon’s roof?

A

the oculus

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46
Q

What is depicted on Trajan’s Column?

A

the story of the Dacian War

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47
Q

Which monument portrays Rome’s campaign in the Dacian Wars in a spiral band of low-relief sculptures?

A

Trajan’s Column

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48
Q

What was the name of the large open space in the center of Rome used for meetings of the Senate and the assemblies of the people?

A

Forum

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49
Q

Portrait sculptures during the Roman Republic were

A

extremely realistic.

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50
Q

Ari Pacis

A

Ara Pacis signifies both pride and fertility. This monument displays pride through the telling of its history and relief carvings of former influential rulers. Augustus who commissioned this valued specific leadership their land had known. Overall, this emphasis on their land’s development and civilization through leadership indicates a sense of pride in their land and its inhabitants. This monument displays reliefs of women and children and emphasizes their bodies which can be interpreted as an appreciation and valuing of women’s reproductional capabilities. In one of the relief’s, a woman is surrounded by infants which shows the value placed on human life and fertility

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51
Q

What elements of the Temple of Portunus did the Romans borrow from the Etruscans?

A

Elevated podium and columned arches

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52
Q

Etruscan influence can be seen in Roman architecture through

A

A recessed porch entry

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53
Q

What city was the center of imperial life in the Roman Empire in the fifth and early sixth centuries?

A

Constantinople

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54
Q

What are the two main periods of Roman history called?

A

Republican and Imperial Rome

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55
Q

Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire?

A

Augustus

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56
Q

What architectural detail do we find on the pantheon’s roof??

A

The oculus

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57
Q

Which of these is NOT an effect of the construction of aqueducts?

A

The restriction of resources to enemies

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58
Q

“Carpe Diem”

A

Horace

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59
Q

“The Tale of Pyramus and Thisbe”

A

Ovid

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60
Q

Love has come at last

A

Suplicia

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61
Q

Satire III

A

Juvenal

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62
Q

What is the name of the priest that warns the Trojans of the deception of the wooden horse?

A

laocoon

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63
Q

The storm at the beginning of the story leaves Aeneas and his crew on the coast of

A

Libya

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64
Q

Who is the divine messenger who tells Aeneas he must leave Carthage?

A

Mercury

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65
Q

What convinces Aeneas to flee with his family instead of leaving them to fight the Greeks?

A

Divine signs (a flame that appears and a shooting star) indicate that he should leave.

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66
Q

What is Aeneas’s response to Turnus’s plea for mercy?

A

He kills him.

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67
Q

How does Aeneas and his crew end up at Carthage?

A

Venus directs them there

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68
Q

Who is the mother of Aeneas?

A

Venus

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69
Q

Who does Cupid disguise himself as in order to make Dido fall in love with Aeneas?

A

Ascanius

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70
Q

Which divinity is dedicated to the success of Carthage?

A

Juno

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71
Q

What promise does Jupiter make to Juno?

A

That he will allow the Latins to retain their name

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72
Q

In the poem, Aeneas is often referred to as

A

Father Aeneas

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73
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of Dido?

A

She accepts that Aeneas must leave

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74
Q

Why does Aeneas leave Dido?

A

He is commanded to do so by the gods.

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75
Q

atoms

A

epicurianism

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76
Q

wheel

A

stoicism

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77
Q

externals

A

stoicism

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78
Q

life after death

A

neo platonism

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79
Q

social duty

A

stoicism

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80
Q

moderation

A

epicurianism

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81
Q

According to the Epicureans, how was the earth created?

A

It was the result of random collisions of atoms without any intention or design

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82
Q

Who wrote Meditations?

A

Marcus Aurelius

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83
Q

How did Epicureans seek to maximize their happiness?

A

moderating desires and living simply

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84
Q

The ruling principle in the Stoic universe is

A

order

85
Q

For the Epicureans, the state of a mind free of anxiety and fear is also known as ________.

A

ataraxia

86
Q

Who is the author of On the Nature of Things?

A

Lucretius

87
Q

Who is the father of Neo-Platonism?

A

Plotinus

88
Q

Who founded Epicureanism?

A

Epicurus

89
Q

According to Lucretius, the earth and sky

A

will one day be destroyed.

90
Q

Where do the gods dwell, according to the Epicureans?

A

in some region removed from the known universe

91
Q

What is Plotinus’ concept of the One?

A

a transcendent, unknowable, and good being who had created life

92
Q

What did Stoicism recommend regarding social engagement?

A

There was a philosophical duty to interact with others and help improve things.

93
Q

Carpe Diem

A

relates:
stoicism-cant control life(how much better to endure whatever comes)
epicureanism-embrace pleasure(carper diem)

94
Q

Palaestrio

A

wily slave

95
Q

Philocomasium

A

prostitute with a heart of gold

96
Q

Pleusicles

A

young lover

97
Q

Pyrgopolynices

A

braggart soldier

98
Q

Artotrogus

A

parasite/flatterer

99
Q

Periplectomenus

A

old man

100
Q

Does Pyrgopolynices ever discover the truth about the young lovers?

A

yes

101
Q

How is the lovers’ relationship discovered by Sceledrus?

A

He sees them together from the roof while chasing a monkey.

102
Q

Shorter farcical plays that accompanied tragedies are called

A

satyr plays

103
Q

What is the assignment that Sceledrus has been given?

A

He is to guard Philocomasium.

104
Q

Comedic language was

A

common speech

105
Q

What role is Pleusicles supposed to play in Palaestrio’s scheme?

A

a ship captain

106
Q

When Pyrgopolynices tells her to leave, how does Philocomasium react?

A

She pretends to be sad, but is actually very happy.

107
Q

In The Braggart Soldier, how does the play end for the soldier?

A

He is beaten and almost castrated.

108
Q

Characters in Roman comedy are usually members of what group of people?

A

middle and lower class

109
Q

How does Milphidippa persuade Pyrgopolynices to go into Periplectomenus’s house?

A

She tells him that Acroteleutium owns the house and has kicked out Periplectomenus.

110
Q

In The Braggart Soldier, why is the young woman Philocomasium with the soldier?

A

He carried her off against her will from Athens.

111
Q

How did Palaestrio end up serving Pyrgopolynices?

A

Palaestrio was captured by pirates and sold to Pyrgopolynices.

112
Q

Roman Comedy

A

Two characteristics of Roman comedy are still present today, romance and the celebration of love over typical rules or great odds. Most comedic movies today include some kind of romantic relationship between a man and woman, for example in the movie The Truman Show, the main character falls in love with a woman, however Truman’s life is controlled and he does not know it. He eventually loses the woman he loves and then marries a different woman. In this comedy, it is clear that Truman wishes he were with this other woman who was taken form him. They show flashbacks that he has and in these moments they show chemistry between the two characters before the producers remove her from his life. Not only is romance seen in many comedies today, but there is usually great joy over the triumph of love over great odds. This example is also evident in The Truman Show, they don’t show the reunion of Truman and the woman he loved, but they show both fo the characters rushing to meet each other because they are free at last. They also show the viewers of Truman’s show cheering and clapping out of happiness for him and his ability to now be with his true love.

I think these elements have lasted this long in comedies because the idea of love and romance is something that is so universally related to. To love and be loved is a basic human desire that everyone wants fulfilled is some way or another. I also think that the triumph of love over difficult odds is easily related to even if in comedies the odds seem extreme. Love and relationships are difficult to achieve and I think everyone can relate to that on a certain level as well as when they see others, such as in a comedy, united even though there were many things telling them to give up. Theses idea have remind in comedy up to today because they provide people with not only joy and laughter, but hope for their own lives.

113
Q

clerestory

A

a series of small arched windows

114
Q

atrium

A

an open courtyard surround by an arcade

115
Q

narthex

A

an entrance leading from an atrium into a church

116
Q

fresco

A

wall paintings on wet plaster

117
Q

transept

A

the crossing part of a church creating a cross

118
Q

nave

A

the central part of the church, constructed for the congregation

119
Q

Which theme is popular in Early Christian art?

A

jonah and the whale

120
Q

What famous church was built in Rome during the reign of the Emperor Constantine?

A

Saint Peter’s Basilica

121
Q

What are the four levels of Saint Jerome’s scriptural meaning

A

literal, allegorical, moral, and anagogical

122
Q

What was the spiritual significance of the transept in a Christian basilica?

A

It gave the building the shape of a cross, a symbol of Christ.

123
Q

Which emperor in AD 312 issued in Milan a decree of toleration for Christianity (and other religions)?

A

Emperor Constantine

124
Q

What did the Chi-Rho monogram refer to?

A

the first two letters of the Greek word for Christ

125
Q

What is a reason why early Christians were persecuted by the government of Rome?

A

They refused to worship the state gods.

126
Q

In Early Christian depictions of Christ, he is likely to be

A

beardless

127
Q

Using Saint Jerome’s different levels of scriptural interpretation, what is the allegorical meaning of the story of Jonah?

A

Jonah’s time in the belly of the fish and subsequent safe return to land prefigure Christ’s death and resurrection.

128
Q

What are the four most important sources of information about the life of Jesus?

A

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

129
Q

What happens when Augustine rushes outside in misery about his sins?

A

He hears a child’s voice saying, “Pick it up and read it.”

130
Q

Augustine addresses his autobiography to whom?

A

God

131
Q

What was the chief concern of Augustine’s parents when he was an adolescent?

A

his secular education

132
Q

Augustine first started praying

A

so that he wouldn’t be beaten at school.

133
Q

What is Augustine’s mother’s name?

A

Monica

134
Q

The City of God was an attempt to ______.

A

formulate an all-embracing philosophy of history

135
Q

Augustine claims that he learned how to speak

A

so that he could get things he wanted.

136
Q

What was Augustine’s profession before his conversion to Christianity?

A

teacher

137
Q

As an adult, what keeps Augustine from converting to Christianity?

A

He feels he can’t be chaste.

138
Q

Which is true regarding Augustine’s studies as a boy?

A

He loved literature.

139
Q

What was Augustine’s general philosophy of history?

A

History is linear, predetermined, and controlled by God.

140
Q

How did Augustine explain the sacking of Rome by invading Germanic tribes?

A

It was part of God’s plan to replace human kingdoms with the Kingdom of God.

141
Q

Augustine’s views were likely influenced by what religion?

A

Manichaeism

142
Q

Augustine believed that war could be just.

A

true

143
Q

Where was Augustine born?

A

North Africa

144
Q

western empire

A

ravenna

145
Q

eastern empire

A

constantinople

146
Q

hagia sophia

A

constantinople

147
Q

san vitale

A

ravenna

148
Q

Mausoleum of Galla Placida

A

ravenna

149
Q

church of santapollinare nuovo

A

ravenna

150
Q

What do we learn about the relationship between church and state from the mosaic of Justinian in San Vitale?

A

There was little to no separation between the two, since Justinian saw himself as appointed by God.

151
Q

What happened to Ravenna in AD 540?

A

Justinian sent troops to drive the Ostrogoths out

152
Q

What is the meaning of the Greek word “icon” (eikon)?

A

image

153
Q

What is the Arian controversy?

A

A dispute over whether Jesus was distinct from the God the Father and the Holy Ghost or not

154
Q

For what type of art is the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia famous?

A

mosaics

155
Q

How is an icon different from a normal painting?

A

It is viewed as sacred and is used in religious worship.

156
Q

The exteriors vs interiors of churches and tombs in Ravenna reflect the Christian dichotomy of ________.

A

body & soul

157
Q

What was Justinian’s major architectural achievement?

A

the rebuilding of Hagia Sophia

158
Q

The Church of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo has mosaics in two different styles. The uppermost mosaics, featuring scenes from the Gospels, are in which style?

A

Late Roman

159
Q

The Council of Nicaea allowed for

A

The Christian Churches to become unified

160
Q

The key theoretical element behind the entire conception of the Hagia Sophia is ______.

A

light

161
Q

How does the shape of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna differ from traditional basilica design?

A

It is octagonal.

162
Q

Byzantine mosaics are full of religious imagery and symbols. Using EITHER “Emperor Justinian and courtiers” OR “Empress Theodora and retinue”, explain how the imagery reflects the attitude that Justinian and Theodora held about their role as Emperor and Empress of a Christian Empire.

A

“The Emperor Justinian and Courtiers” shows much about Justinian’s view of himself as the Emperor. He felt strongly that he was appointed by God and in the textbook it sounds like he views himself as a God of sorts. He viewed himself as the bridge between church and state. This mosaic demonstrates that view as it has him physically standing between government officials and religious men. This mosaic also shows that Justinian was a ruler and was the one with power because if you look at the mosaic, his outfit is fancier and contrasts the rest with a shoulder brooch/jewelry. He is also the only one with the sacred halo around his head, this imagery is very common in ancient artwork that portrays deity. This halo or circle around his head was usually reserved for spiritual beings in artwork. This halo in the mosaic further proves that Justinian viewed himself as a spiritual being.

163
Q

cloister

A

the enclosed garden and walkway in the interior of the monastery

164
Q

scriptorium

A

the library and copying area of the monastery

165
Q

refectory

A

eating hall

166
Q

chapter house

A

the meeting room in which part of the rule of st benedict is read everyday

167
Q

ambulatory

A

a continuation of side aisles that extends behind the choirs and apse which allows for flow into chapel

168
Q

tribune gallery

A

a 2nd story space between nave arcade and clerestory used for traffic

169
Q

Charlemagne was king of the

A

franks

170
Q

If you were to walk into a cathedral during mass, which parts of the cathedral could you visit?

A

The ambulatory and the radiating chapels

171
Q

What is the name for the semicircular space above the doors on a Romanesque church?

A

tympanum

172
Q

In what part of the monastery were illuminated manuscripts produced?

A

scriptorium

173
Q

Who was the author of the most famous “Rule” in western monasticism?

A

Saint Benedict

174
Q

What is the Vulgate Bible?

A

a version of the Bible largely translated into Latin by Saint Jerome

175
Q

Which is true regarding Charlemagne and education?

A

He encouraged education, founded several schools, and also sought learning himself.

176
Q

This sculptural group is part of what building? round thing

A

Cathedral of Saint-Lazare

177
Q

What are the hallmark features of Romanesque architecture?

A

Fortress-like appearance, rounded arches, small windows

178
Q

The medieval curriculum established during Charlemagne’s reign included which general categories?

A

grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic

179
Q

How is the Carolingian Renaissance a renaissance or rebirth of ideas from the classical world of Rome and Greece?

A

?

180
Q

pinabel

A

friend and champion of Ganelon

181
Q

bramimunde

A

queen of spain

182
Q

thierry

A

champion knight of charlamegne

183
Q

blancadrin

A

vassal of king marsile

184
Q

ganelon

A

roland step father

185
Q

oliver

A

rolands best friend

186
Q

What is the name for the sections of The Song of Roland?

A

laisses

187
Q

What assignment is Ganelon given by Charlemagne?

A

He is to deliver terms of surrender to Marsilion.

188
Q

Who is Pinabel?

A

Ganelon’s kinsman and champion

189
Q

Of Turpin, Oliver, and Roland, who survives the battle?

A

None of them

190
Q

Who is assigned to lead the army’s rearguard?

A

Roland

191
Q

What is a chanson de geste?

A

a poem about valorous deeds

192
Q

Which is true about Archbishop Turpin?

A

He fights and kills a number of enemy soldiers

193
Q

The warrior character Turpin is a/an:

A

archbishop

194
Q

Ganelon decides to plot with the Muslims in order to betray and kill

A

roland

195
Q

How does Ganelon argue that he is not guilty of treason?

A

He was only taking justified revenge against Roland.

196
Q

Feeling that he is dying, Roland says a lengthy farewell to Durendal, who is

A

his sword

197
Q

When Roland sees that he and his men have been ambushed

A

he refuses to blow his horn and prepares for battle.

198
Q

Roman

Cicero, “On Duties”:

A

“The better and more noble, therefore, the character with which a man is endowed, the more does he prefer the life of service to the life of pleasure. Whence it follows that man, if he is obedient to Nature, cannot do harm to his fellow-man. Finally, if a man wrongs his neighbor to gain some advantage for himself he must either imagine that he is not acting in defiance of Nature or he must believe that death, poverty, pain, or even the loss of children, kinsmen, or friends, is more to be shunned than an act of injustice against another” Cicero first explains what honor is - a combination of wisdom, justice, spirit, and moderation. To be honorable, you must make actions that consider all of these premises in the best manner possible. He explains that it is easy to fall into the trap of doing what is easiest for oneself, but it is not what is best.

199
Q

Roman

Plautus, The Braggart Soldier:

A

The Braggart Soldier is the story of a man who kidnaps the love of another man and is tricked into giving her up without bloodshed. Themes of The Braggart Soldier include loyalty, self-image, and manipulation.
Pyrgopolynices. the soldier; the braggart.
Palaestrio. the clever slave; actually Pleusicles’ slave, and has gone off to resume Philocomasium.
Periplectomenus. old man of Ephesus and neighbor to Pyrgopolynices.
“Why should I tell you what all mortals know, that you,
Pyrgopolinices, live on earth in a category of your own with regard to bravery, looks, and absolutely unbeatable deeds? All women are in love with you, and rightly so, since you’re so handsome; for instance those who grabbed me by my cloak yesterday.”

200
Q

Roman

Virgil, The Aeneid

A

“And here, O youth most worthy to be praised, You, and the hard fate of your piteous death, And your most noble deeds, I shall not pass In silence, if an act so great as yours Shall be believed by any future age!” Sense of duty, Virgil’s Aeneid will take issue with this celebration of individual achievement through combat. In his poem, the hero is not someone primarily concerned with his own glory or honor but rather someone who understands his ties to the community or the collective and who is willing to give up his own goals and desires for the greater good of the whole. To demonstrate those values, Virgil centers his poem around a main character who is very different from traditional Greek heroes. Aeneas will demonstrate his greatness not only through his combat prowess (as he is certainly a capable fighter) but primarily through his ability to shepherd the group of Trojan refugees that he leads until he establishes them safely in their new home. To do so requires him to voluntarily take on difficult tasks that will only be of benefit for those who come after him. Emphasis on arete.
“Hither now bend thy twin-eyed gaze; behold this people, the Romans that are thine. Here is Caesar and all Iülus’6 posterity that shall arise under the mighty cope of heaven. Here is he, he of whose promise once and again thou hearest, Caesar Augustus, a god’s son, who shall again establish the ag”
Aeneas
The protagonist of the Aeneid. Aeneas is a survivor of the siege of Troy, a city on the coast of Asia Minor. His defining characteristic is piety, a respect for the will of the gods. He is a fearsome warrior and a leader able to motivate his men in the face of adversity, but also a man capable of great compassion and sorrow.
Dido
The queen of Carthage, a city in northern Africa, in what is now Tunisia, and lover of Aeneas. Dido left the land of Tyre when her husband was murdered by Pygmalion, her brother. She and her city are strong, but she becomes an unfortunate pawn of the gods in their struggle for Aeneas’s destiny. Her love for Aeneas proves to be her downfall. After he abandons her, she constructs a funeral pyre and stabs herself upon it with Aeneas’s sword.
Turnus
The ruler of the Rutulians in Italy. Turnus is Aeneas’s major antagonist among mortals. He is Lavinia’s leading suitor until Aeneas arrives.

201
Q

Roman

Horace Carpe Diem

A

“Ask not, Leuconoë (we cannot know), what end the gods have set for me, for thee, nor make trial of the Babylonian tables! How much better to endure whatever comes, whether Jupiter allots us added winters or whether this is last, which now wears out the Tuscan Sea upon the barrier of the cliffs! Show wisdom! Busy thyself with household tasks; and since life is brief, cut short far-reaching hopes! Even while we speak, envious Time has sped. Reap the harvest of today [carpe diem], putting as little trust as may be in the morrow!”

202
Q

Roman

Sulpicia“Love has come at last”

A

“Love has come at last, and such a love as I should be more shamed to hide than to reveal. Cytherea,8 yielding to my Muse’s prayers, has brought him here and laid him in my arms. Venus has kept her promise. Let people talk, who never themselves have found such joys as now are mine. I wish that I could send my tablets to my love unsealed, not caring who might read them first. The sin is sweet, to mask it for fear of shame is bitter. I’m proud we’ve joined, each worthy of the other” Love is not platonic-it is joyous and joining.

203
Q

Roman

Juvenal Satire III

A

“Tis frequent here, for want of sleep, to die, Which fumes of undigested feasts deny, And, with imperfect heat, in languid stomachs fry. What house secure from noise the poor can keep, When even the rich can scarce afford to sleep? So dear it costs to purchase rest in Rome, And hence the sources of diseases come. The drover,9 who his fellow-drover meets In narrow passages of winding streets; The wagoners, that curse their standing teams, Would wake even drowsy Drusus10 from his dreams. And yet the wealthy will not brook delay, But sweep above our heads, and make their way, In lofty litters borne, and read and write, Or sleep at ease, the shutters make it night; Yet still he reaches first the public place. The press before him stops the client’s pace; The crowd that follows crush his panting sides, And trip his heels; he walks not, but he rides. One elbows him, one jostles in the shole, A rafter breaks his head, or chairman’s pole;

204
Q

Roman

Ovid Metamorpheses

A

a poem that recounts mythological tales from the creation of the world and the gods through to the death of Julius Caesar. “ In Ovid’s story of the young lovers Pyramus and Thisbe, the rival families of the ill-fated couple, rivals, forbid them to marry. Pyramus com- mits suicide and Thisbe, finding his body, kills herself as well. The story has its counterparts in Romeo and Juliet ( “ What parents could not hinder, they forbad. For with fierce flames young Pyramus still burn’d, And grateful Thisbe flames as fierce return’d. Aloud in words their thoughts they dare not break, But silent stand; and silent looks can speak. The fire of love the more it is supprest, The more it glows, and rages in the breast. Before Thisbe joins Pyramus in death, she has a final request for their parents. Now, both our cruel parents, hear my pray’r; My pray’r to offer for us both I dare; Oh! see our ashes in one urn confin’d, Whom love at first, and fate at last has join’d. The bliss, you envy’d, is not our request; Lovers, when dead, may sure together rest.

205
Q

Roman

Pliny the Younger, “Letter to Tacitus on the Eruption of Vesuvius”

A

bequeathed to history his eyewitness report on the destruction in a letter written to the historian Tacitu“My mother came rushing into my bedroom; I was just getting up, intending in my turn to arouse her if she were asleep. We sat down in the rather narrow courtyard of the house lying between the sea and the buildings. I don’t know whether I should call it iron nerves or folly—I was only seventeen: I called for a book of Titus Livy and as if at ease I read it and even copied some passages, as I had been doing. Then one of my uncle’s friends, who had recently come from Spain to visit him, when he saw my mother and me sitting there, and me actually reading a book, rebuked her apathy and my unconcern. But I was as intent on my book as ever.”

206
Q

Romans

Pliny younger and “Correspondence with Trajan about the Christians”

A

Pliny to trajan It is my custom, Sire, to refer to you in all cases where I am in doubt, for who can better clear up difficulties and inform me? I have never been present at any legal examination of the Christians, and I do not know, therefore, what are the usual penalties passed upon them, or the limits of those penalties, or how searching an inquiry should be made. … In the meantime, this is the plan which I have adopted in the case of those Christians who have been brought before me. I ask them whether they are Christians, if they say “Yes,” then I repeat the question the second time, and also a third— warning them of the penalties involved; and if they persist, I order them away to prison. For I do not doubt that—be their admitted crime what it may—their pertinacity and inflexible obstinacy surely ought to be punished.

207
Q

Roman

Marcus Aurelius, Meditations

A

“We live for an instant [but to be swallowed in] complete forgetfulness and the void of infinite time. . . . Of the life of man the duration is but a point, its substance streaming away, its perception dim, the fabric of the entire body prone to decay, and the soul a vortex, fortune incalculable and fame uncertain. In a word all things of the body are as a river, and the things of the soul as a dream and a vapor. [It matters not how long one lives,] for look at the yawning gulf of time behind thee and before thee at another infinity to come. In this eternity the life of a baby of three days and [a span] of three centuries are as one.” he was a stoic philosopher. never asked why events were as ugly as they were or whether it was right that there should be such pain in the world. The world was as it was; it had always been that way, and one could only choose one’s attitude toward it. “A cucumber is bitter,” he wrote. “Throw it away. There are briars in the road. Turn aside from them. This is enough. Do not add, ‘And why were such things made in the world?’”

208
Q

Early Christian

Augustine confessions

A

Confessions, a spiritual autobiography and the first of its kind (as far as we know) in the Western tradition, describes how God guided him stage by stage away from the enticements of the world and of the flesh toward a higher spiritual calling. Augustine details in each period of his life what God intended him to learn from his experiences. The pear tree incident is a famous one; Augustine wants to talk about it to show how evil can be attractive for its own sake. Augustine and his young cohorts were not hungry; they stole just for the thrill of stealing, of doing the forbidden. Doing the forbidden, he shows, is to substitute our own will for that of God, to displace God and issue to ourselves only those laws we care to follow. For Augustine, life is a search for the true object of love; if we allow God to guide us, he will lead us through all the inferior stages of love, that is, love of things, love of fame, love of others, and even love of ourselves, until we can finally taste of the highest order of love, which is love of God. When we love God, we do his will and we do good. When we love lesser things, we do our own will and we do evil. Evil is not therefore some “thing” but rather a deprivation of good, a choice to do something less or love something less than the highest good, which is God.

209
Q

Early chirstian city of god

A

augustine framed the concept of the church as an eternal spiritual City of God in his book The City of God (De civitate Dei). The City of God was distinct from the material and flawed City of Man. The City of God asserts that history has a direction willed by God and that in the end all will be made right as the City of Man gives way to the City of God. The City of God, of course, is closely identified with the church and Rome, and survives regardless of invasions— For if two men meet, and are forced by some compelling reason not to pass on but to stay in company, then if neither knows the other’s language, it is easier for dumb animals, even of different kinds, to associate together than these men, although both are human beings. For when men cannot communicate their thoughts to each other, simply because of difference of language, all the similarity of their common

201 (3 decks)

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