Final Flashcards
1
Q
Ars Nova
A
A 14th-century style of music characterized by freedom and variety of melody, as contrasted with stricter 13th- century music.
2
Q
Black Death
A
The epidemic form of the bubonic plague, which killed as much as half the population of Western Europe in the mid-14th century.
3
Q
canto
A
.A principal division of a long poem.
4
Q
cantus firmus mass
A
.
5
Q
canzoniere
A
A songbook
6
Q
chanson mass
A
A song that is free in form and expressive in nature; A French word meaning song.
7
Q
chiaroscuro
A
An artistic technique in which subtle gradations of value create the illusion of rounded three-dimensional forms in space; also termed modeling (from Italian for “light-dark”).
8
Q
contrapposto
A
A position in which a figure is obliquely balanced around a central vertical axis. The body weight rests on one foot, shifting
the body naturally to one side; the body becomes curved like a subtle S.
9
Q
courtly love
A
.
10
Q
dialectic
A
Intellectual techniques involving rigorous reasoning to arrive at logical conclusions.
11
Q
fresco
A
A type of painting in which pigments are applied to a fresh, wet plaster surface or wall and thereby become part of the surface or wall (from Italian for “fresh”)
12
Q
frottola
A
A humorous or amorous poem set to music for a singer and two or three instrumentalists.
13
Q
glaze
A
In painting, a semitransparent coating on a painted surface that provides a glassy or glossy finish.
14
Q
Great Schism
A
The division in the Roman Catholic Church during which rival popes reigned at Avignon and Rome.
15
Q
guilds
A
Generally, an association of people with common interests; in medieval times, typically a group of merchants or artisans who sought to maintain their standards and protect their interests.
16
Q
The Hundred Years’ War
A
The Hundred Years’ War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France.
17
Q
illumination
A
.
18
Q
International style
A
.
19
Q
linear perspective (including vanishing point, horizon line, transversal lines and orthagonal lines)
A
.
20
Q
madrigal
A
A song for two or three voices unaccompanied by instrumental music
21
Q
organum
A
An early form of polyphony using multiple melodic lines.
22
Q
patronage
A
In the arts, the act of providing support for artistic endeavors.
23
Q
Perpendicular style
A
A form of Gothic architecture developed in England and characterized by extreme vertical emphasis and fan vaulting
24
Q
polyphony
A
Music with two or more independent melodies that harmonize or are sounded together.
25
polyptych
An arrangement of four or more painted or carved panels that are hinged together.
26
relief
Sculpture in which figures project from a background to varying depths
27
scholasticism
The system of philosophy and theology taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of early church fathers; the term has come to imply insistence on traditional doctrine.
28
sfumato
the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.
29
Talmud
A collection of Jewish law and tradition created ca. fifth century
30
vellum
Calfskin, kidskin, or lambskin used as a surface for writing.
31
uomo universale (“Renaissance Man”)
.
32
What is scholasticism?
a methodology and philosophy that involved logic, questioning, and debate
33
How does Aquinas respond to the argument that God does not exist because evil exists?
Evil exists for a good purpose.
34
What was a reason for the rise of universities?
the growing power of central governments
35
What is one of the objections that Aquinas mentions against God’s existence?
The natural world could be accounted for in other ways without God.
36
What was the goal of Sic et Non?
to discover truth and sharpen the wits of the students who used the book
37
What is the goal of Aquinas' Summa Theologica?
to harmonize human reason and God's revealed truth as contained in the scriptures
38
What kind of life did Abelard lead before his turn to scholasticism?
a soldier's life
39
Who wrote "The Canticle of Brother Sun"?
Saint Francis of Assisi
40
What is true about Heloise?
She was renowned for her learning in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew.
41
What is one of the reasons that Aquinas cites in order to prove God’s existence?
Things are in motion, so something must have originally set them in motion.
42
What does Aquinas argue regarding whether people can be happy in this life?
People can have an imperfect kind of happiness, but true and perfect happiness cannot be obtained in this life.
43
What is one of the ways that Abelard proposed that apparent contradictions could be resolved?
An author’s later writings may clarify and correct the earlier statement.
44
Who wrote the Summa Theologica?
Thomas Aquinas
45
What is true about Peter Abelard?
He was placed on trial for heresy by Bernard of Clairvaux.
46
Women's education in the Middle Ages largely took place in the home or at convent schools, but Heloise was an exception to this thanks to her uncle's position.
False
47
Discuss Thomas Aquinas's use of dialectic. How did he implement it and what was he seeking to accomplish by using it? Was it effective? Why or why not?
Dialectic is essentially investigating and evaluating different opinions of truth. Thomas Aquina effectively used dialectic to state different people opinions about both the principle of human happiness and the existence of a god or omnipotent being. He provided objections, such as the objection that God is good and would not create something evil and there is evil in our world therefore God does not exist. Aquina then offers his rebuttal to this idea that evil is allowed by God because it ultimately brings about good in the world which God wants for us. This is just one example of many. He gave a statement, several objections to this statement or belief and then justified his own opinion about the matter swiftly after that. Because he organized his thoughts clearly and precisely, I felt he effectively used dialectic to examine and discuss other peoples' opinions of truth. I personally enjoyed reading these because of their clear nature and display!
48
What is isorhythm?
a repeated melody and rhythmic structure in a polyphonic musical piece
49
Who composed the first polyphonic setting of the Mass by a single composer?
Guillaume de Machaut
50
What is true regarding the overarching results of the major events of the fourteenth century?
a strengthened sense of nationalism
51
Which is true regarding Ars Nova?
It used richer harmonies.
52
Where was the residence of the Papacy from 1309 to 1367?
Avignon
53
How was the plague spread to Europe?
via rats aboard trade ships
54
What musical qualities distinguished Ars Nova from the music of the previous era?
rhythmic and melodic complexity
55
The fourteenth century is often referred to as
the trecento.
56
After the return of the papacy to Rome, what name was given to the split (1378-1417) in the Roman Catholic Church?
the Great Schism
57
What dramatic event in 1348 greatly reduced the population of Europe?
the bubonic plague
58
Which is not part of the ordinary of the Mass?
the Dies Irae
59
What building is the city hall of Venice?
the Doges' Palace
60
The Book of the City of Ladies
Christine de pizar
61
canzoniere
petrarch
62
canterbury tales
chaucer
63
divine comedy
dante alighieri
64
I love the glad time of easter
bertran de born
65
my heart is heavy
beatriz comtessa
66
who offers the prayer to the virgin mary in canto 33 of paridisio?
bernard of clairvaux
67
dantes former love is named
beatrice
68
the sins punished in the inferno are all distortions of?
love
69
The Divine Comedy is written in which poetic form?
terza rima
70
What is true regarding Dante’s depiction of Satan?
He is an unspeaking, hairy beast.
71
What is true regarding punishment in Purgatory?
It is meant to teach a virtue.
72
What do the rogues find under the tree in The Pardoner's Tale?
a treasure
73
Upon entering the neighboring village, the rogues in The Pardoner's Tale find an old man who
wants to die but cannot.
74
In The Pardoner's Tale, the other two rogues
die after killing the youngest.
75
What symbol of correction does the poet wear during his trip through Purgatory in The Divine Comedy?
a reed
76
At what time of year are the pilgrims heading to Canterbury?
April
77
What is the theme of the pardoner’s preaching in Canterbury Tales?
Avarice is the root of all evil.
78
The three rogues in The Pardoner's Tale swear an oath to kill
Death.
79
Discuss Dante's two guides through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. Who are they, and what do they represent? Why did his guide need to change as he entered into Paradise, and what does this signify in terms of Dante's thoughts on moving closer to God?
Dante's guide changes from Virgil to Beatrice as he enters into Purgatory. Virgil is a fitting guide through the inferno because he represents understanding and logic. Virgil represents Dante's search for wisdom and understanding of the world. This drive for reason is good since it drives him to learn more of God, but Virgil is his guide to help him see that ultimately he must use his wisdom to make choices that bring him closer to God. Since he was never baptized a Christian, he cannot progress to the purgatory stage and must leave Dante at that point. Beatrice is his former lover and becomes his guide because she symbolizes one of the final things Dante must purge himself of, his earthly love for Beatrice. In order to embrace Godly love he must learn to lay down his earthly love for her. After the section on the Inferno, it seems logical that Beatrice, his earthly love, would be his guide because she is the very thing he still has a weakness in himself. In the inferno, people are punished with the very vice they chose in their lives, for example their are lovers who reject much in their earthly life for each other but in the inferno are forced to be together in unhappiness. This seems to be a theme in Dante's work, that one must face the very thing that cause there suffering or entices them to sin. Thus, Beatrice is a fitting guide because Dante is in the purgatory state where those who are good go to rid themselves of their last problems, which for Dante is earthly love for Beatrice.
80
Which of the following is a characteristic of humanism?
the celebration of an individual’s personal experiences and feelings
81
In Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man, what does God tell Adam?
that Adam can be whatever he chooses to be
82
Which poetic form was Petrarch largely responsible for popularizing?
the sonnet
83
In the 190th poem, Petrarch’s love interest is symbolically represented as
a doe.
84
How does Petrarch describe love in his 61st poem?
He uses a series of paradoxes, such as sweet suffering
85
What Classical reference appears in the 78th poem?
Pygmalion, the sculptor whose statue was brought to life by Venus
86
Petrarch actively sought fame, recognition, and reputation.
True
87
Petrarch regarded as his most important works
his poetry in Latin.
88
In the 333rd poem, what is Petrarch’s “precious treasure in the earth?”
Laura’s dead body
89
On what day is the 62nd poem set?
Good Friday
90
Petrarch’s family moved from Italy to Avignon, France, because
the pope was now living there.
91
What theme does the 62nd poem express?
Petrarch would like to repent and turn back to God.
92
A Petrarchan sonnet is defined by its
content, number of stanzas, rhyming scheme
93
In the 3rd poem, what is unusual about the time when these events take place?
Petrarch falls in love on a very religious day.
94
Which is true regarding Petrarch's love interest Laura?
She died of the Black Plague.
95
I would say the themes differ in that Petrarch speaks very genuinely and with heavy emotion. I could feel his sincerity after reading some of them, especially the one called "Heavenly Father, After the Lost Days." Petrarch discusses in a very human way his relationship and longing for God and forgiveness. He mentions long nights of suffering and asks for forgiveness, I think this best shows his humanist style. Now, Dante's Divine Comedy is also written with heavy emotion, but I would say there is a different spirit to it. From reading both, it feels like Dante's work is a bit more comedic and ironic. It is meant to make light, to some degree, things of a sacred nature such as death, hell, heaven, and the basic ideas of judgement and residence after death. I would say Dante's work is a little less relatable to the average reader, a little less humanist because the average reader may not be able to relate as easily as they are to Petrarch's writing.
petrarch humanist style
96
The technique in which the most important people or pictorial elements are larger.
heirarchal scaling
97
the technique which uses geometry to project space on a plane.
linear perspective
98
A choral work that previously used religious text.
motet
99
A song for two or three unaccompanied voices.
madrigal
100
Animal skin used as a writing surface.
vellum
101
Gradations of value to create the illusion of rounded three-dimensional forms in space.
chiaroscuro
102
What was innovative about Donatello’s portrayal of David?
He combined a classical form with a Christian subject.
103
Which artist wrote the first theoretical treatise about creating perspective in art?
Piero della Francesca
104
The subject matter for the competition to design the Florence baptistery doors was:
the sacrifice of Isaac
105
Which is not part of the ordinary of the Mass?
the Dies Irae
106
Key characteristics of Florentine Renaissance perspective include all but the following:
focus on symbolism in minutely rendered details
107
Johannes Gutenberg's innovative technological invention that led to the widespread adoption of the printing press was:
moveable type
108
Which of the following was not designed by Brunelleschi?
Palazzo Rucellai
109
Who was Savonarola?
a reactionary Dominican friar
110
Who was the greatest Florentine sculptor of the first half of the 1400s?
Donatello
111
Donatello was the first sculptor since classical antiquity to carve a statue that was
free-standing
112
Who composed the first polyphonic setting of the Mass by a single composer?
Guillaume de Machaut
113
The humanist scholar who was responsible for making the first attempt to edit the Greek text of the New Testament by a comparison of extant manuscripts is:
Erasmus
114
Elements of art that were newer to early renaissance and important to that time are the concepts of concern for mathematical concept as well as concern for psychological states. Artists who used these styles in their works are Massacio and Fra Angelico. , One example of this is Masaccio's Expulsion of Adam and Eve. In this painting Massacio shows the distress and real psychological anguish that Adam and Eve probably felt as they were banished form the Garden of Eden. Adam as well as Eve have expressions of great discomfort, Adam is even conserving his face. This painting also icnldues elements of mathematical concept, the angel above them is smaller to show that they ar int he distance, Massacio also used lines to indicate spatial awareness. In Far Angelico's The Annunciation we again see great emphasis on the people's expressions and psychological states. The woman sitting has a look of curiosity which helps symbolize the psychological state she is in relevant to what is happening, curiosity about what comes next. This painting also shows impressive use of mathematical concept because of it's portrayal of the building/roof over their head. You can see the other columns are smaller to show they are in the distance and they progressively get smaller just as they would appear to an eye looking at the scene in real life. This shows profound mathematical thinking as the artist created this work.
.
115
Madonna of the Rocks
leonardo da vinci
116
pieta
michelangelo buc.
117
madonna of the meadow
raphael
118
The School of Athens
raphael
119
the last judgement
michelangelo buc
120
the last supper
leonardo da vinci
121
Leonardo’s intellectual interests, as evidenced by his notebooks, did not include
grammar.
122
The Birth of Venus demonstrates ________.
a Neo-Platonic interest in ideal beauty
123
Which Renaissance sculptor is associated with the belief that his role was to carve away the excess in a block of marble to liberate the figure within?
Michelangelo
124
What moment is portrayed in Leonardo’s Last Supper?
when Jesus announces that one of the disciples will betray him
125
The two central figures in Raphael's "School of Athens" are:
Plato and Aristotle
126
Which Pope commissioned Bramante in 1506 to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica?
Pope Julius II
127
An imitation mass is
a mass that borrows musical material from a polyphonic source.
128
The sitter for the portrait known as Mona Lisa is
the wife of a Florentine merchant.
129
What is sfumato?
the hazy, smoke-like effect in Leonardo’s paintings
130
Michelangelo’s David
was carved out of an enormous piece of abandoned marble.
131
In his letter to Ludovico Sforza, what was something Leonardo da Vinci did NOT cite as one of his many abilities?
Being able to command a small army.
132
A paraphrase mass is
a mass that borrows a melody and uses it in all the polyphonic voices.
133
Machiavelli writes that rulers should be generous ________.
with other people’s money
134
The setting for Castiglione’s work is
Urbino.
135
What does Machiavelli suggest regarding qualities such as compassion, trustworthiness, and honesty?
A ruler should seem to possess them, but should depart from them when necessary.
136
In the final chapter, Machiavelli compares contemporary Italy to
the captive Hebrews in Egypt.
137
Why does Machiavelli write that it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved?
because you can depend on people’s fear
138
What is Machiavelli’s goal in the final chapter?
encourage a powerful leader to unite Italy and expel foreign armies
139
True or false? Castiglione believed that the princes of Italy are corrupt.
true
140
Which is true about Castiglione?
He himself was a courtier and frequented the social elite.
141
In addition to a river, Machiavelli compares Fortune to
a woman.
142
The Prince is dedicated to
Lorenzo de’ Medici.
143
After Duke Valentino uses the powerful Orsini family to gain Romagna, what does he do?
He tricks them into trusting him and has them killed.
144
In The Courtier, Magnifico argues that women imitate men
to gain their freedom
145
What does the term uomo universale mean?
someone who is good at everything
146
Regarding vices and virtues, Machiavelli writes that
some things that are supposed to be virtues will ruin a ruler if he does them.
147
When Machiavelli compares the ideal prince to a lion and a fox, what does the fox represent?
craftiness
