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Final Flashcards

1
Q

Ars Nova

A

A 14th-century style of music characterized by freedom and variety of melody, as contrasted with stricter 13th- century music.

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2
Q

Black Death

A

The epidemic form of the bubonic plague, which killed as much as half the population of Western Europe in the mid-14th century.

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3
Q

canto

A

.A principal division of a long poem.

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4
Q

cantus firmus mass

A

.

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5
Q

canzoniere

A

A songbook

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6
Q

chanson mass

A

A song that is free in form and expressive in nature; A French word meaning song.

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7
Q

chiaroscuro

A

An artistic technique in which subtle gradations of value create the illusion of rounded three-dimensional forms in space; also termed modeling (from Italian for “light-dark”).

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8
Q

contrapposto

A

A position in which a figure is obliquely balanced around a central vertical axis. The body weight rests on one foot, shifting
the body naturally to one side; the body becomes curved like a subtle S.

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9
Q

courtly love

A

.

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10
Q

dialectic

A

Intellectual techniques involving rigorous reasoning to arrive at logical conclusions.

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11
Q

fresco

A

A type of painting in which pigments are applied to a fresh, wet plaster surface or wall and thereby become part of the surface or wall (from Italian for “fresh”)

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12
Q

frottola

A

A humorous or amorous poem set to music for a singer and two or three instrumentalists.

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13
Q

glaze

A

In painting, a semitransparent coating on a painted surface that provides a glassy or glossy finish.

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14
Q

Great Schism

A

The division in the Roman Catholic Church during which rival popes reigned at Avignon and Rome.

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15
Q

guilds

A

Generally, an association of people with common interests; in medieval times, typically a group of merchants or artisans who sought to maintain their standards and protect their interests.

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16
Q

The Hundred Years’ War

A

The Hundred Years’ War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France.

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17
Q

illumination

A

.

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18
Q

International style

A

.

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19
Q

linear perspective (including vanishing point, horizon line, transversal lines and orthagonal lines)

A

.

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20
Q

madrigal

A

A song for two or three voices unaccompanied by instrumental music

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21
Q

organum

A

An early form of polyphony using multiple melodic lines.

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22
Q

patronage

A

In the arts, the act of providing support for artistic endeavors.

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23
Q

Perpendicular style

A

A form of Gothic architecture developed in England and characterized by extreme vertical emphasis and fan vaulting

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24
Q

polyphony

A

Music with two or more independent melodies that harmonize or are sounded together.

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25
Q

polyptych

A

An arrangement of four or more painted or carved panels that are hinged together.

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26
Q

relief

A

Sculpture in which figures project from a background to varying depths

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27
Q

scholasticism

A

The system of philosophy and theology taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of early church fathers; the term has come to imply insistence on traditional doctrine.

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28
Q

sfumato

A

the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.

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29
Q

Talmud

A

A collection of Jewish law and tradition created ca. fifth century

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30
Q

vellum

A

Calfskin, kidskin, or lambskin used as a surface for writing.

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31
Q

uomo universale (“Renaissance Man”)

A

.

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32
Q

What is scholasticism?

A

a methodology and philosophy that involved logic, questioning, and debate

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33
Q

How does Aquinas respond to the argument that God does not exist because evil exists?

A

Evil exists for a good purpose.

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34
Q

What was a reason for the rise of universities?

A

the growing power of central governments

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35
Q

What is one of the objections that Aquinas mentions against God’s existence?

A

The natural world could be accounted for in other ways without God.

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36
Q

What was the goal of Sic et Non?

A

to discover truth and sharpen the wits of the students who used the book

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37
Q

What is the goal of Aquinas’ Summa Theologica?

A

to harmonize human reason and God’s revealed truth as contained in the scriptures

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38
Q

What kind of life did Abelard lead before his turn to scholasticism?

A

a soldier’s life

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39
Q

Who wrote “The Canticle of Brother Sun”?

A

Saint Francis of Assisi

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40
Q

What is true about Heloise?

A

She was renowned for her learning in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew.

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41
Q

What is one of the reasons that Aquinas cites in order to prove God’s existence?

A

Things are in motion, so something must have originally set them in motion.

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42
Q

What does Aquinas argue regarding whether people can be happy in this life?

A

People can have an imperfect kind of happiness, but true and perfect happiness cannot be obtained in this life.

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43
Q

What is one of the ways that Abelard proposed that apparent contradictions could be resolved?

A

An author’s later writings may clarify and correct the earlier statement.

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44
Q

Who wrote the Summa Theologica?

A

Thomas Aquinas

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45
Q

What is true about Peter Abelard?

A

He was placed on trial for heresy by Bernard of Clairvaux.

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46
Q

Women’s education in the Middle Ages largely took place in the home or at convent schools, but Heloise was an exception to this thanks to her uncle’s position.

A

False

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47
Q

Discuss Thomas Aquinas’s use of dialectic. How did he implement it and what was he seeking to accomplish by using it? Was it effective? Why or why not?

A

Dialectic is essentially investigating and evaluating different opinions of truth. Thomas Aquina effectively used dialectic to state different people opinions about both the principle of human happiness and the existence of a god or omnipotent being. He provided objections, such as the objection that God is good and would not create something evil and there is evil in our world therefore God does not exist. Aquina then offers his rebuttal to this idea that evil is allowed by God because it ultimately brings about good in the world which God wants for us. This is just one example of many. He gave a statement, several objections to this statement or belief and then justified his own opinion about the matter swiftly after that. Because he organized his thoughts clearly and precisely, I felt he effectively used dialectic to examine and discuss other peoples’ opinions of truth. I personally enjoyed reading these because of their clear nature and display!

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48
Q

What is isorhythm?

A

a repeated melody and rhythmic structure in a polyphonic musical piece

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49
Q

Who composed the first polyphonic setting of the Mass by a single composer?

A

Guillaume de Machaut

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50
Q

What is true regarding the overarching results of the major events of the fourteenth century?

A

a strengthened sense of nationalism

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51
Q

Which is true regarding Ars Nova?

A

It used richer harmonies.

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52
Q

Where was the residence of the Papacy from 1309 to 1367?

A

Avignon

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53
Q

How was the plague spread to Europe?

A

via rats aboard trade ships

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54
Q

What musical qualities distinguished Ars Nova from the music of the previous era?

A

rhythmic and melodic complexity

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55
Q

The fourteenth century is often referred to as

A

the trecento.

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56
Q

After the return of the papacy to Rome, what name was given to the split (1378-1417) in the Roman Catholic Church?

A

the Great Schism

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57
Q

What dramatic event in 1348 greatly reduced the population of Europe?

A

the bubonic plague

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58
Q

Which is not part of the ordinary of the Mass?

A

the Dies Irae

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59
Q

What building is the city hall of Venice?

A

the Doges’ Palace

60
Q

The Book of the City of Ladies

A

Christine de pizar

61
Q

canzoniere

A

petrarch

62
Q

canterbury tales

A

chaucer

63
Q

divine comedy

A

dante alighieri

64
Q

I love the glad time of easter

A

bertran de born

65
Q

my heart is heavy

A

beatriz comtessa

66
Q

who offers the prayer to the virgin mary in canto 33 of paridisio?

A

bernard of clairvaux

67
Q

dantes former love is named

A

beatrice

68
Q

the sins punished in the inferno are all distortions of?

A

love

69
Q

The Divine Comedy is written in which poetic form?

A

terza rima

70
Q

What is true regarding Dante’s depiction of Satan?

A

He is an unspeaking, hairy beast.

71
Q

What is true regarding punishment in Purgatory?

A

It is meant to teach a virtue.

72
Q

What do the rogues find under the tree in The Pardoner’s Tale?

A

a treasure

73
Q

Upon entering the neighboring village, the rogues in The Pardoner’s Tale find an old man who

A

wants to die but cannot.

74
Q

In The Pardoner’s Tale, the other two rogues

A

die after killing the youngest.

75
Q

What symbol of correction does the poet wear during his trip through Purgatory in The Divine Comedy?

A

a reed

76
Q

At what time of year are the pilgrims heading to Canterbury?

A

April

77
Q

What is the theme of the pardoner’s preaching in Canterbury Tales?

A

Avarice is the root of all evil.

78
Q

The three rogues in The Pardoner’s Tale swear an oath to kill

A

Death.

79
Q

Discuss Dante’s two guides through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. Who are they, and what do they represent? Why did his guide need to change as he entered into Paradise, and what does this signify in terms of Dante’s thoughts on moving closer to God?

A

Dante’s guide changes from Virgil to Beatrice as he enters into Purgatory. Virgil is a fitting guide through the inferno because he represents understanding and logic. Virgil represents Dante’s search for wisdom and understanding of the world. This drive for reason is good since it drives him to learn more of God, but Virgil is his guide to help him see that ultimately he must use his wisdom to make choices that bring him closer to God. Since he was never baptized a Christian, he cannot progress to the purgatory stage and must leave Dante at that point. Beatrice is his former lover and becomes his guide because she symbolizes one of the final things Dante must purge himself of, his earthly love for Beatrice. In order to embrace Godly love he must learn to lay down his earthly love for her. After the section on the Inferno, it seems logical that Beatrice, his earthly love, would be his guide because she is the very thing he still has a weakness in himself. In the inferno, people are punished with the very vice they chose in their lives, for example their are lovers who reject much in their earthly life for each other but in the inferno are forced to be together in unhappiness. This seems to be a theme in Dante’s work, that one must face the very thing that cause there suffering or entices them to sin. Thus, Beatrice is a fitting guide because Dante is in the purgatory state where those who are good go to rid themselves of their last problems, which for Dante is earthly love for Beatrice.

80
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of humanism?

A

the celebration of an individual’s personal experiences and feelings

81
Q

In Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man, what does God tell Adam?

A

that Adam can be whatever he chooses to be

82
Q

Which poetic form was Petrarch largely responsible for popularizing?

A

the sonnet

83
Q

In the 190th poem, Petrarch’s love interest is symbolically represented as

A

a doe.

84
Q

How does Petrarch describe love in his 61st poem?

A

He uses a series of paradoxes, such as sweet suffering

85
Q

What Classical reference appears in the 78th poem?

A

Pygmalion, the sculptor whose statue was brought to life by Venus

86
Q

Petrarch actively sought fame, recognition, and reputation.

A

True

87
Q

Petrarch regarded as his most important works

A

his poetry in Latin.

88
Q

In the 333rd poem, what is Petrarch’s “precious treasure in the earth?”

A

Laura’s dead body

89
Q

On what day is the 62nd poem set?

A

Good Friday

90
Q

Petrarch’s family moved from Italy to Avignon, France, because

A

the pope was now living there.

91
Q

What theme does the 62nd poem express?

A

Petrarch would like to repent and turn back to God.

92
Q

A Petrarchan sonnet is defined by its

A

content, number of stanzas, rhyming scheme

93
Q

In the 3rd poem, what is unusual about the time when these events take place?

A

Petrarch falls in love on a very religious day.

94
Q

Which is true regarding Petrarch’s love interest Laura?

A

She died of the Black Plague.

95
Q

I would say the themes differ in that Petrarch speaks very genuinely and with heavy emotion. I could feel his sincerity after reading some of them, especially the one called “Heavenly Father, After the Lost Days.” Petrarch discusses in a very human way his relationship and longing for God and forgiveness. He mentions long nights of suffering and asks for forgiveness, I think this best shows his humanist style. Now, Dante’s Divine Comedy is also written with heavy emotion, but I would say there is a different spirit to it. From reading both, it feels like Dante’s work is a bit more comedic and ironic. It is meant to make light, to some degree, things of a sacred nature such as death, hell, heaven, and the basic ideas of judgement and residence after death. I would say Dante’s work is a little less relatable to the average reader, a little less humanist because the average reader may not be able to relate as easily as they are to Petrarch’s writing.

A

petrarch humanist style

96
Q

The technique in which the most important people or pictorial elements are larger.

A

heirarchal scaling

97
Q

the technique which uses geometry to project space on a plane.

A

linear perspective

98
Q

A choral work that previously used religious text.

A

motet

99
Q

A song for two or three unaccompanied voices.

A

madrigal

100
Q

Animal skin used as a writing surface.

A

vellum

101
Q

Gradations of value to create the illusion of rounded three-dimensional forms in space.

A

chiaroscuro

102
Q

What was innovative about Donatello’s portrayal of David?

A

He combined a classical form with a Christian subject.

103
Q

Which artist wrote the first theoretical treatise about creating perspective in art?

A

Piero della Francesca

104
Q

The subject matter for the competition to design the Florence baptistery doors was:

A

the sacrifice of Isaac

105
Q

Which is not part of the ordinary of the Mass?

A

the Dies Irae

106
Q

Key characteristics of Florentine Renaissance perspective include all but the following:

A

focus on symbolism in minutely rendered details

107
Q

Johannes Gutenberg’s innovative technological invention that led to the widespread adoption of the printing press was:

A

moveable type

108
Q

Which of the following was not designed by Brunelleschi?

A

Palazzo Rucellai

109
Q

Who was Savonarola?

A

a reactionary Dominican friar

110
Q

Who was the greatest Florentine sculptor of the first half of the 1400s?

A

Donatello

111
Q

Donatello was the first sculptor since classical antiquity to carve a statue that was

A

free-standing

112
Q

Who composed the first polyphonic setting of the Mass by a single composer?

A

Guillaume de Machaut

113
Q

The humanist scholar who was responsible for making the first attempt to edit the Greek text of the New Testament by a comparison of extant manuscripts is:

A

Erasmus

114
Q

Elements of art that were newer to early renaissance and important to that time are the concepts of concern for mathematical concept as well as concern for psychological states. Artists who used these styles in their works are Massacio and Fra Angelico. , One example of this is Masaccio’s Expulsion of Adam and Eve. In this painting Massacio shows the distress and real psychological anguish that Adam and Eve probably felt as they were banished form the Garden of Eden. Adam as well as Eve have expressions of great discomfort, Adam is even conserving his face. This painting also icnldues elements of mathematical concept, the angel above them is smaller to show that they ar int he distance, Massacio also used lines to indicate spatial awareness. In Far Angelico’s The Annunciation we again see great emphasis on the people’s expressions and psychological states. The woman sitting has a look of curiosity which helps symbolize the psychological state she is in relevant to what is happening, curiosity about what comes next. This painting also shows impressive use of mathematical concept because of it’s portrayal of the building/roof over their head. You can see the other columns are smaller to show they are in the distance and they progressively get smaller just as they would appear to an eye looking at the scene in real life. This shows profound mathematical thinking as the artist created this work.

A

.

115
Q

Madonna of the Rocks

A

leonardo da vinci

116
Q

pieta

A

michelangelo buc.

117
Q

madonna of the meadow

A

raphael

118
Q

The School of Athens

A

raphael

119
Q

the last judgement

A

michelangelo buc

120
Q

the last supper

A

leonardo da vinci

121
Q

Leonardo’s intellectual interests, as evidenced by his notebooks, did not include

A

grammar.

122
Q

The Birth of Venus demonstrates ________.

A

a Neo-Platonic interest in ideal beauty

123
Q

Which Renaissance sculptor is associated with the belief that his role was to carve away the excess in a block of marble to liberate the figure within?

A

Michelangelo

124
Q

What moment is portrayed in Leonardo’s Last Supper?

A

when Jesus announces that one of the disciples will betray him

125
Q

The two central figures in Raphael’s “School of Athens” are:

A

Plato and Aristotle

126
Q

Which Pope commissioned Bramante in 1506 to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica?

A

Pope Julius II

127
Q

An imitation mass is

A

a mass that borrows musical material from a polyphonic source.

128
Q

The sitter for the portrait known as Mona Lisa is

A

the wife of a Florentine merchant.

129
Q

What is sfumato?

A

the hazy, smoke-like effect in Leonardo’s paintings

130
Q

Michelangelo’s David

A

was carved out of an enormous piece of abandoned marble.

131
Q

In his letter to Ludovico Sforza, what was something Leonardo da Vinci did NOT cite as one of his many abilities?

A

Being able to command a small army.

132
Q

A paraphrase mass is

A

a mass that borrows a melody and uses it in all the polyphonic voices.

133
Q

Machiavelli writes that rulers should be generous ________.

A

with other people’s money

134
Q

The setting for Castiglione’s work is

A

Urbino.

135
Q

What does Machiavelli suggest regarding qualities such as compassion, trustworthiness, and honesty?

A

A ruler should seem to possess them, but should depart from them when necessary.

136
Q

In the final chapter, Machiavelli compares contemporary Italy to

A

the captive Hebrews in Egypt.

137
Q

Why does Machiavelli write that it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved?

A

because you can depend on people’s fear

138
Q

What is Machiavelli’s goal in the final chapter?

A

encourage a powerful leader to unite Italy and expel foreign armies

139
Q

True or false? Castiglione believed that the princes of Italy are corrupt.

A

true

140
Q

Which is true about Castiglione?

A

He himself was a courtier and frequented the social elite.

141
Q

In addition to a river, Machiavelli compares Fortune to

A

a woman.

142
Q

The Prince is dedicated to

A

Lorenzo de’ Medici.

143
Q

After Duke Valentino uses the powerful Orsini family to gain Romagna, what does he do?

A

He tricks them into trusting him and has them killed.

144
Q

In The Courtier, Magnifico argues that women imitate men

A

to gain their freedom

145
Q

What does the term uomo universale mean?

A

someone who is good at everything

146
Q

Regarding vices and virtues, Machiavelli writes that

A

some things that are supposed to be virtues will ruin a ruler if he does them.

147
Q

When Machiavelli compares the ideal prince to a lion and a fox, what does the fox represent?

A

craftiness

201 (3 decks)

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