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Vocal Pedagogy > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

define twang / loft

A

qualities of vocal resonance. brassy, edgy timbre vs warm, “yawny” timbre.

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2
Q

define resonance with two quotes

A

big vibrations that are induced by little vibrations. the intensification and enriching of a musical tone by supplementary vibration.

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3
Q

unpack the term ‘intensification” with respect to resonance

A

intensification entails amplification (sound growing louder) and enrichment (sound becomes purtier)

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4
Q

define the term “supplementary vibration” with respect to resonance

A

supplementary vibration is the vibration of something beyond the original sound source

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5
Q

what are the two types of resonance?

A

forced resonance and free resonance

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6
Q

define forced resonance

A

resonance where vibrations are transferred through contact; requires direct, physical contact. aka conductive resonance. e.g. violin, piano, guitar.

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7
Q

define free resonance

A

resonance which requires a hollow structure with volume (not dynamics/ LWH) and an opening. aka sympathetic resonance.

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8
Q

what is the vocal tract?

A

the amplifier and graphic equalizer of the human voice

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9
Q

what is a formant?

A

a formant is a resonance of the vocal tract

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10
Q

what is the singer’s formant?

A

the singer’s formant is created by clustering together the third, fourth, and fifth vocal tract formants tightly together within a narrow frequency range. this new, combined formant - a sort of “super” formant” - gives extra amplification to harmonics in the frequency range of approximately 2,400 - 3,200 Hz.

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11
Q

define chiaroscuro

A

a term borrowed from visual art that literally means “light/ dark.” in singing, it describes a balance of both brilliance and warmth in the sound.

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12
Q

define and explain the spectrogram

A

a device for displaying the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which is similar to a power spectrum but with the added dimension of duration (time). frequency moves to the vertical (Y) axis with time appearing on the horizontal (X) axis. Amplitude (loudness) is shown by changes in color on a gray-scale.

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13
Q

define appoggio

A

“to lean upon the breath” (direct translation). implies the modern understanding of the supported singing sound. from the Italian root word “appoggiare” which means “to lean.”

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14
Q

define subglottic pressure

A

air pressure that builds up beneath the closed glottis. this can occur either before onset or during each individual cycle of vocal phonation.

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15
Q

define la gola aperta

A

“the open throat”, Italian. refers to the sensation of relaxation in the throat area that is typically associated with laryngeal freedom and proper laryngeal positioning.

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16
Q

define subglottal / supraglottal

A

below and above the glottis (- the vocal fold contract area). sub = below, supra = above.

17
Q

define lutte vocale

A

“vocal struggle,” Italian. term used to describe the systems of inhalation and exhalation working in opposition to one another in order to achieve a balance that results in a continuous flow of air required for phonation.

18
Q

define vocal register

A

?

19
Q

the 4 interrelated properties of musical sound (SA)

A
  1. frequency (pitch)
  2. amplitude (loudness)
  3. spectral envelope (timbre or tone color)
  4. duration (time)
20
Q

name three common features of all sound / identify those within the voice (SA)

A

in order to make sound, you must have a power source, a vibrator, and a resonator.
in the voice, the power source is the breath. the vibrator is the vocal folds, and the resonator is the vocal tract.

21
Q

name the three free resonators in the human body (SA)

A

the trachea, the larynx, and the vocal tract

22
Q

identify the four regions of division within the vocal tract (SA)

A

the laryngopharynx, the oropharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasopharynx

23
Q

define the laryngopharynx (SA)

A

area between the glottis and the tip of the epiglottis. one of four regions w/in the vocal tract.

24
Q

define the oropharynx (SA)

A

area between the tip of the epiglottis and the soft palate. one of four regions w/in the vocal tract.

25
Q

define the oral cavity (SA)

A

the mouth. one of four regions w/in the vocal tract.

26
Q

define the nasopharynx (SA)

A

the passageway from the soft palate through the nose. one of four regions w/in the vocal tract.

27
Q

identify five principles for the successful teaching of singing (SA)

A
  1. teacher and student rapport
  2. diagnosis and prescription
  3. specificity of language
  4. efficient use of time
  5. measurable results
28
Q

identify three self-help, “self-teaching” principles of singing (SA)

A
  1. look
  2. listen
  3. discern or empathize
29
Q

identify the two basic principles of technical instruction (SA)

A

diagnosis and prescription, aka what is taking place in the singing and what can / should be done about it

30
Q

5 universal principles on which to base a philosophy of vocal production (SA)

A
  1. consistency of airflow
  2. laryngeal freedom
  3. relaxed external laryngeal forces: tongue, jaw, brow, neck, shoulders
  4. proper posture
  5. healthy registration: in men, typical flow is from bottom up; in women, typical flow is from top down.
31
Q

brainstorm for the essay (1/3)

A

describe the two different kinds of resonance and give specific examples of each. be sure to include discussion of the application of both different kinds of resonance to singing.

32
Q

brainstorm for the essay (2/3)

A

describe the use of imagery in the teaching of singing. include both proper and improper strategies.

33
Q

brainstorm for the essay (3/3)

A

describe the use of demonstration in teaching. what are its advantages / disadvantages as regards effective teaching?

34
Q

break from flashcards: check diagram!

A

diagram identification

Vocal Pedagogy (2 decks)

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